• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2000년도 국제심포지움
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• pp.10-12
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• 2000

Members of the glycoprotein family, which includes CG, LH, FSH and TSH, comprise two noncovalently linked $\alpha$- and $\beta$-subunits. Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), known as PMSG, has a number of interesting and unique characteristics since it appears to be a single molecule that possesses both LH- and FSH-like activities in other species than the horse. This dual activity of eCG in heterologous species is of fundamental interest to the study of the structure-function relationships of gonadotropins and their receptors. CG and LH $\beta$ genes are different in primates. In horse, however, a single gene encodes both eCG and eLH $\beta$-subunits. The subunit mRNA levels seem to be independently regulated and their imbalance may account for differences in the quantities of $\alpha$ - and $\beta$ -subunits in the placenta and pituitary. The dual activities of eCG could be separated by removal of the N-linked oligosaccharide on the $\alpha$-subunit Asn 56 or CTP-associated O-linked oligosaccharides. The tethered-eCG was. efficiently secreted and showed similar LH-like activity to the dimeric eCG. Interestingly, the FSH-like activity of the tethered-eCG was increased markedly in comparison with the native and wild type eCG. These results also suggest that this molecular can implay particular models of FSH-like activity not LH-like activity in the eCG/indicate that the constructs of tethered molecule will be useful in the study of mutants that affect subunit association and/or secretion. A single-chain analog can also be constructed to include additional hormone-specific bioactive generating potentially efficacious compounds that have only FSH-like activity. The LH/CG receptor (LH/CGR), a membrane glycoprotein that is present on testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca, granulosa, luteal, and interstitial cells, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gonadal development and function in males as well as in nonpregnant and pregnant females. The LH/CGR is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors and its structure is predicted to consist of a large extracellular domain connected to a bundle of seven membrane-spanning a-helices. The LH/CGR phosphorylation can be induced with a phorbol ester, but not with a calcium ionophore. The truncated form of LHR also was down-regulated normally in response to hCG stimulation. In contrast, the cell lines expressing LHR-t63I or LHR-628, the two phosphorylation-negative receptor mutant, showed a delay in the early phase of hCG-induced desensitization, a complete loss of PMA-induced desensitization, and an increase in the rate of hCG-induced receptor down-regulation. These results clearly show that residues 632-653 in the C-terminal tail of the LHR are involved in PMA-induced desensitization, hCG-induced desensitization, and hCG-induced down-regulation. Recently, constitutively activating mutations of the receptor have been identified that are associated with familial male-precocious puberty. Cells expressing LHR-D556Y bind hCG with normal affinity, exhibit a 25-fold increase in basal cAMP and respond to hCG with a normal increase in cAMP accumulation. This mutation enhances the internalization of the free and agonist-occupied receptors ~2- and ~17-fold, respectively. We conclude that the state of activation of the LHR can modulate its basal and/or agonist-stimulated internalization. Since the internalization of hCG is involved in the termination of hCG actions, we suggest that the lack of responsiveness detected in cells expressing LHR-L435R is due to the fast rate of internalization of the bound hCG. This statement is supported by the finding that hCG responsiveness is restored when the cells are lysed and signal transduction is measured in a subcellular fraction (membranes) that cannot internalize the bound hormone.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2000

Members of the glycoprotein family, which includes CG, LH, FSH and TSH, comprise two noncovalently linked $\alpha$- and $\beta$-subunits. Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), known as PMSG, has a number of interesting and unique characteristics since it appears to be a single molecule that possesses both LH- and FSH-like activities in other species than the horse. This dual activity of eCG in heterologous species is of fundamental interest to the study of the structure-function relationships of gonadotropins and their receptors. CG and LH $\beta$ genes are different in primates. In horse, however, a single gene encodes both eCG and eLH $\beta$ -subunits. The subunit mRNA levels seem to be independently regulated and their imbalance may account for differences in the quantities of $\alpha$ - and $\beta$-subunits in the placenta and pituitary. The dual activities of eCG could be separated by removal of the N-linked oligosaccharide on the $\alpha$-subunit Asn 56 or CTP-associated O-linked oligosaccharides. The tethered-eCG was efficiently secreted and showed similar LH-like activity to the dimeric eCG. Interestingly, the FSH-like activity of the tethered-eCG was increased markedly in comparison with the native and wild type eCG. These results also suggest that this molecular can implay particular models of FSH-like activity not LH-like activity in the eCG/indicate that the constructs of tethered molecule will be useful in the study of mutants that affect subunit association and/or secretion. A single-chain analog can also be constructed to include additional hormone-specific bioactive generating potentially efficacious compounds that have only FSH-like activity. The LH/CG receptor (LH/CGR), a membrane glycoprotein that is present on testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca, granulosa, luteal, and interstitial cells, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gonadal development and function in males as well as in nonpregnant and pregnant females. The LH/CGR is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors and its structure is predicted to of a large extracellular domain connected to a bundle of seven membrane-spanning a-helices. The LH/CGR phosphorylation can be induced with a phorbol ester, but not with a calcium ionophore. The truncated form of LHR also was down-regulated normally in response to hCG stimulation. In contrast, the cell lines expressing LHR-t631 or LHR-628, the two phosphorylation-negative receptor mutant, showed a delay in the early phase of hCG-induced desensitization, a complete loss of PMA-induced desensitization, and an increase in the rate of hCG-induced receptor down-regulation. These results clearly show that residues 632~653 in the C-terminal tail of the LHR are involved in PMA-induced desensitization, hCG-induced desensitization, and hCG-induced down-regulation. Recently, constitutively activating mutations of the receptor have been identified that are associated with familial male-precocious puberty. Cells expressing LHR-D556Y bind hCG with normal affinity, exhibit a 25-fold increase in basal cAMP and respond to hCG with a normal increase in cAMP accumulation. This mutation enhances the internalization of the free and agoinst-occupied receptors ~2- and ~17- fold, respectively. We conclude that the state of activation of the LHR can modulate its basal and/or agonist-stimulated internalization. Since the internalization of hCG is involved in the termination of hCG actions, we suggest that the lack of responsiveness detected in cells expressing LHR-L435R is due to the fast rate of internalization of the bound hCG. This statement is supported by the finding that hCG responsiveness is restored when the cells are lysed and signal transduction is measured in a subcellular fraction (membranes) that cannot internalize the bound hormone.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2008

목 적: 본 예비 연구는 비만하지 않은 다낭성난소증후군 환자들에게서 인슐린 저항성, 혈중 호르몬 농도 및 혈중 지질 농도에 관한 metformin의 효과를 알아보기 위해 수행하였다. 연구방법: 본 연구는 2006년 6월부터 2007년 9월까지 본원에서 다낭성난소증후군으로 진단받은 16명의 비만하지 않은 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 혈액 검사는 metformin 치료 전과 치료 후 6개월이 경과한 후에 실시하였으며 공복 혈당과 공복 인슐린 치, 75 g의 액상 포도당 섭취 후 2시간째의 혈당과 혈중 인슐린 농도를 측정 하였다. 혈중 호르몬 및 혈중 지질 농도는 FSH, LH, estradiol, testosterone, free testosterone, serum lipid profile을 포함하였다. 인슐린 저항성을 평가하기 위해 공복 시 혈당/인슐린 비율 (fasting glucose/insulin ratio; FGIR)과 액상 포도당 섭취 후 2시간째의 혈당/인슐린 비율을 산출하여 추정하였다. 또한 HOMA beta cell function 및 HOMA IR을 산출함으로써 인슐린 저항성 및 췌장 베타세포 기능을 조사하였다. 결 과: Metformin으로 치료한 후, 75 g 경구 당 부하 후 2시간째 측정한 glucose/insulin 비율은 증가되었으며 (p=0.04), HOMA IR은 치료 후 유의하게 감소가 있었다 (p=0.000). 그러나 혈중 지질 농도는 의미 있는 변화를 보이지 않았다. 혈중 free testosterone 농도는 치료 후 감소하였고 (p=0.001), LH 농도 및 LH/FSH 비도 감소하였다 (p=0.000, p=0.034). 결 론: 본 예비 연구는 metformin이 비만하지 않은 다낭성난소증후군 환자들에게서 인슐린 감수성을 개선하고, 고안드로겐혈증을 완화시키는 효과가 있을 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. Metformin의 역할을 결정하기 위하여 향후 보다 다수의 환자 군을 대상으로 하여 장기적인 추적 관찰을 수반한 심도 있는 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.223-230
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• 1990

This experiment was carried out to investigate in vitro maturation rate of pig follicular oocytes cultured from 30 to 48hr in TCM 199 supplemented with gonadotropins(FSH, LH) and estradiol-17$\beta$ and in vitro fertilization with ejaculated sperm preincubated in BO medium containing 2mM caffein and development of IVF oocytes. The results obtained in this experiments were as follows ; 1. In addition of hormones, in vitro maturation rate of follicular oocyte increased gradually from 36hr and 74.47% at 48hr in addition of hormones, but there was no differences among in vitro maturation rates after 36hr of culture. 2. Penetration rate of pig oocytes matured in FSH＋LH＋E2 and FSH＋E2 was 71.8%, 71.0% and significantly increased by the addition of hormones. 3. Percentage of developed oocytes was 44.4% for oocytes matured in FSH＋LH＋E2-added medium and 48.7% for oocytes matured in FSH＋E2-added medium, respectively. 4. Two to 16 cells stage embryos were obtained only when pig oocytes matuerd in vitro in hormones-added medium and 72hr after IVF. 5. From present results, it is concluded that gonadotropins and estradiol17$\beta$ can enhance in vitro fertilization and subsequent development as well as in vitro maturation pig follicular oocytes.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.350-352
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• 2002

We examined the bacteriochlorophyill/bacteriopheophytin ratios in several species of purple bacteria containing only LHI. The pigment ratios depended greatly on species. Further, Rhodospirillum rubrum showed wide variation when grown under different light intensity, and Rhodobium marinum showed significant variation from culture to culture even under the same light conditions. The protein ratios of a/RC and $\beta$/RC estimated by SDS-PAGE of chromatophores of Rsp. rubrum and Rbi. marinum exhibited the ratio of $\beta$/$\alpha$ > 1. These findings gave us the novel idea that there are two types of LHl; one is a C-shaped open antenna composed by $\alpha$$\beta$ units surrounding a RC, and another is a small closed ring antenna composed by $\alpha$$\beta$ units located peripherally in a variable ratio to the core complex like LH2.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.15-34
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• 1995

1970년말부터 뇌하수체 성선자극호르몬(gonadotropic hormone ; GTH)의 유전자 구조(FSH$\beta$, LH$\beta$ 및 공동의 $\alpha$쇄)가 다양한 종에서 밝혀지기 시작하였으나 이러한 유전자의 조직/세포 특이적 분비양식과 세포외 신호에 의한 조절양식은 정확히 밝혀져 있지 않다. 그러나 최근 들어 형질전환 맞추스 제작기법에 의해 $\alpha$쇄 유전자 상류에 세포특이적 발현을 조절하는 특이부위가 존재함이 보고됨을 시작, FSH$\beta$ 및 LH$\beta$쇄 유전자발현을 조절하는 특이부위 또한 가까운 시기내 발견되리라 기대된다. 한편, 성선자극 호르몬 방출호르몬(GnRH), 스테로이드 호르몬 및 여러 결합단백질과 같은 세포의 신호는 각기 다른 신호전달체계를 통하여 GTH유전자 발현을 일으킨다. 또한 뇌하수체에서도 그 존재가 확인된 전사인자들 (cFos, cJun)과 미지의 인자들은 상호간에 다양한 이량체를 형성하여 유전자 발현을 조절하는 각 특이부위에 결합함으로써 전사단계에서의 다양한 제어가 존재함이 밝혀지고 있으며 이러한 유전자상의 특이발현영역과 세포의 신호별 전사인자에 관한 연구는 번식에 있어 중요한 성선자극호르몬에 관한 분자수준의 조절기전을 밝혀내리라 기대되어진다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2017

This study investigated the effect of different photoperiods (14L: 10D, 12L:12D and 10L:14D) on the gonadal development and GtH mRNA expression in the pituitary of damselfish. The results showed that gonadosomatic index (GSI) was significantly lower in shot photoperiod (10L:14D), in comparison with other photoperiodic group during the spawning season. After 60 days treatment, histological analysis of gonad tissue showed that the gonad of 10L:14D and 12L: 12D treatment groups were resting phase with spermatogonia and perinucleolus stage oocytes but the gonad of 14L:10D treatment group was still ripe phase with spermatozoa and mature stage oocyte. The $FSH{\beta}$ and $LH{\beta}$ mRNA expression in pituitary drastically decreased shot photoperiod treatment from July (spawning period). These results suggest that photoperiod is considered to be the most effective environmental factor in controlling the reproductive cycle of damselfish.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.437-446
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• 2018

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein which is present in colostrum, milk, and other body secretions. Lactoferrin activities are associated with inflammatory and immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lactoferrin hydrolysates (LH) on the production of immunomodulatory factors such as inflammatory related cytokines (tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, interleukin (IL)-6, and interleukin (IL)-13) in Raw264.7 cells, which originated from murine macrophages. The results show that the Raw264.7 cells cultured in 3 types (whole, and above and below 10 kDa) of lactoferrin hydrolysates (LH) did not show any cytotoxicity in the cells. $TNF-{\alpha}$ decreased dose-dependently to 1,500 - 2,000 ng/mL by treatment with the 3 types of LH at 1, 50, $100{\mu}g/mL$, whereas the positive control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and negative control produced 2,450 and 1,000 ng/mL of $TNF-{\alpha}$, respectively, in the Raw264.7 cells. The treatment with the 3 types of LH (whole and above and below 10 kDa) at $50{\mu}g/mL$ produced about 20 - 28 ng/mL of $IL-1{\beta}$ at 3, 6, and 9 h, respectively, while the negative control produced 7 ng/mL, and LPS as the positive control produced 48 - 60 ng/mL. $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 expression was decreased dose-dependently by the 3 types of LH. The mRNA levels of IL-13 were slightly increased dose-dependently by the whole and above 10 kDa LH, but decreased dose-dependently by the below 10 kDa LH in the Raw264.7 cells. The results show that LH had immunomodulating effects on cytokine production in anti- and pro-inflammatory reactions as well as anti-allergic reactions.

• 약학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.5-10
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• 1999

As one of the serial studies on the specific and indigenous plants of Mt. Chiri the constituents of aerial part from filipendula formosa (Rosaceae) were investigated. From of the MeOH extract, five flavonol glycosides, kaempferol-3-O-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside, querecetin-3-O-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-$\alpha$-Lrhamopyranosyl (1 6)-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-$\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1 6)-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside and quercetin-7-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosy-3-O-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside were isolated by column chromatographic separation using Amberlite XAD-2 and Sephadex LH-20, and identified physicochemical evidences (IR, FAB-Mass, $^1H,{\;}^{13}C-NMR$).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.427-430
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• 2001

The antioxidant activity of Lactuca scariola (Compositae) was investigated by measuring the radical scavenging effect on DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical. The methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Lactuca scariola showed strong radical scavenging activity. The EtOAc soluble fraction exhibited a stronger activity than the others, and was purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Quercetin-3-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin, quercetin and kaempferol, together with 11$\beta$,13-dihydrolactucin were isolated from the EtOAc soluble fraction as active ingredients.