• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.227-234
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• 2012

In this study, the masking effect of olfactory stimulus on the awakening state due to sound stimuli while driving using Graphic Driving Simulator was observed through the response of autonomic nervous system. The test was conducted for 11 males in their twenties. The siren of ambulance car was presented to them as auditory stimulus for 30 secs while driving in a situation of high way in the condition of both peppermint and control, respectively, and LF/HF ratio of HRV (Heart Rate Variability), the activity index of sympathetic nerve, and GSR (Galvanic Skin Response) response were examined. The test was proceeded in the order of three stages, that is, sound stimuli (test 1), driving performance, and sound stimuli (test 2), and fragrance stimulus, driving performance, and sound stimuli (test 3), and the physiological signal of GSR, HRV was measured in the whole stages. As a result of test, comparing the results of before and after auditory stimulus test (1) (p < 0.01), test (2) (p < 0.05), and test (3) (p < 0.01), driving performance test (2) (p < 0.01), test (3) (p < 0.01), and olfactory stimulus test (3) (p < 0.05), respectively, GSR response increased, showing significant difference in all the tests. It indicates that when auditory stimulus was presented to the subjects, they were in the awakening state as sympathetic nervous system got activated. As a result of comparing auditory stimulus while driving before and after presenting olfactory stimulus, there was no significant difference in GSR response. The LF/HF ratio of HRV increased, showing a significant difference only in test (2) (p < 0.05), and in driving performance test (2) (p < 0.05) in auditory stimulus, however, it showed no significant difference in olfactory stimulus. As a result of comparing auditory stimulus while driving before and after presenting olfactory stimulus, there was a decrease, showing significant difference (p < 0.05) in LF/HF ratio of HRV. That is, it means that the activation of sympathetic nervous system decreased, and that parasympathetic nervous system got activated. From these results, it was observed that while driving, the awakening level due to auditory stimulus was settled with olfactory stimulus. In conclusion, it was drawn that while driving, olfactory stimulus could have the masking effect on auditory stimulus.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.237-244
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• 2009

We investigated the effects of acupuncture stimulation on pulse wave variables and heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy adults. To evaluate twenty healthy volunteers (10 men, 10 women) had acupuncture into both Hapkok (Ll4) and Taechung (Liv3) for 15 minutes. Radial pulse, Heart Rate Variability, body temperature and blood pressure were checked before and after acupuncture to evaluate Pulse Wave Variability and Autonomous Function. The results were as follows; Heart rate was significantly increased while systolic blood pressure (mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) were significantly increased after acupuncture treatment. Sixteen subjects didn't change representative pulse wave variables after acupuncture treatment. Energy, height of main peak (H1), height of pre-dicrotic valley (H2) and height of descending valley (H4) were decreased while height of dicrotic peak (H5) was significantly decreased after acupuncture treatment. Time to main peak (T1), time to pre-dicrotic valley (T2), time to dicrotic peak (T5), total time (T) and T-T4 were decreased while time to descending valley (T4) was increased after acupuncture treatment. Total area (At), area of main peak (Aw) and ratio of diastolic period area (Ad) were decreased while ratio of systolic period area (As) and angle of main peak (MPA) were increased after acupuncture treatment. The standard deviation of all normal RR intervals (SDNN) was increased while the root mean square of successive differences between the normal heart beats (RMSSD) was significantly increased after acupuncture treatment by time domain analysis. Low frequency power (LF) and LF/HF ratio were decreased while high frequency power (HF) was significantly increased after acupuncture treatment by frequency domain analysis. This study suggests that acupuncture treatment changes pulse wave variability and heart rate variability. Further study on various acupuncture treatment for pulse wave variability and heart rate variability is required.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.126-135
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• 2007

This study was conducted to identify the effects of the oriental medicine Qigong Exercise on the brain power, HRV, pulsation, live blood condition among young boys and girls. The study was performed with two group(control group and experimental group) in a pre-test/post-test design. The subjects were 44 young boys and girls selected by a some middle school in Busan. The oriental medicine Qigong Exercise program consists of 80-minute sessions three times a week over 5 months. All of the subjects were examined on the congnition assessment tool, stress assessment tool, oriental medicine pulsation 3-D MAC, live blood condition analyzer Prior and post surveys were measured before and after the experiment. In the cognition assessment, the amplitude of ERS were increased afer Qigong Exercise. The Success and the Concentration were significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise, the Error was significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. The Cognition strength was significantly increased, but the Reponse time was not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. And the Workload was not significantly decreased, the Total Score was not significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. Among the stress assessment, RRV tachogram's ‘mean RR’ was significantly increased, ‘mean HRV’ was significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. SDNN was not significantly increased, Complexity was not significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. And TP(RRV power's total power) was not significantly increased, VLF and HF was significantly increased, and LF was significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. ANS's norm LF was not significantly decreased, but norm HF was significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. In the RRV's Phase Plot, RMSSD and SDSD were not significantly increased, pnn50 was not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. On the whole, Parasympathetic Activity and Stress Endurance were significantly increased, but Cardiac Activity and Physical Arousal were not significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. Cardiac Aging was not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. Sympathetic Activity, Autonomic Nervous System Balance and Heart-load were not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. In the pulsation, press power was increased(15%), and w/t(pressurization time / pulsation time) was decreased(20%) afer Oigong Exercise. And the live blood condition was not changed afer Qigong Exercise. As mentioned above; the oriental medicine Qigong Exercise program was identified the effects of the inspiration of the brain power, heart rate and anti-stress.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.510-524
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• 2009

Objective : This study was designed to find the correlation between Sasang Constitution and heart rate variability(HRV). Method : There were 665 subjects (280 men and 385 women), between 39 and 72 years old. in a rural community. Sasang Constitution was diagnosed by a Sasang constitutional specialist using PSSC (Phonetic System for Sasang Constitution), face and tongue photo and checkup-list. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the general characteristics. HRV was recorded using SA-2000 (medi-core). HRV was assessed by time domain and by frequency domain analysis. Metabolic syndrome was defined on the basis of clustering of risk factors, when three or more of the following cardiovascular risk factors were included : blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglyceride HDL-cholesterol, and abdominal obesity (waist). Because of the skewness of the data, logarithmic transformation was performed on the absolute units of the spectral components of HRV, and the resulting logarithmic values and normalized units were compared between the groups by a logistic regression. The 95% confidence interval (CI) of the odds ratio was used and calculated from the data laid out for a cross sectional study. Results : 1. Odds ratios of Taeeumin and Soeumin in female adults below 60 years old were significantly lower than that of Soyangin in LF norm and LF/HF ratio. Odds ratios of Taeeumin and Soeumin in female adults below 60 years old were significantly higher than that of Soyangin in HF norm. 2. There was no significant correlation between HRV and Sasang Constitution in female adults from 60 years old and over. 3. There was no significant correlation between HRV and Sasang Constitution in male adults. Conclusion : There is a statistically significant correlation between the HRV and Sasang Constitution. There is a tendency of increase in the sympathetic activity in Soyangin. There is a tendency of decrease in the parasympathetic activity in Taeeumin and Soeumin.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.157-169
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• 2003

Objective : The effects of electroacupuncture(EA) stimulation on heart rate variability(HRV) for healthy adults are investigated with power spectrum analysis(PSA) of HRV. Methods : The HRVs of every 10 minute for 22 healthy volunteers(13 men and 9 women) were measured for an hour with SA-3000P(Medicore Co., Ltd., Korea). The median age with arithmetic range of 13 men and 9 women was 26.00 years with 22.75~27.00 years. The initial 20 minutes were defined as baseline period(pre-EA period), the following 20 minutes as the EA period and the last 20 minutes as the post-EA period. In each EA periods, volunteers received EA(2Hz, 0.6~0.8ms duration, maximal tolerated stimulation without discomfort) on the right Zusanli(ST36), Shangjuxu(ST37) acupoints while supine, resting. Results : Heart rate of volunteers at post-EA period was significantly decreased compare to that of pre-EA period, while SDNN at post-EA period was significantly increased. Heart rate at EA period was significantly decreased compare to that of pre-EA period, but Ln(LF) and LF/HF at EA period were significantly increased. Ln(HF) at post-EA period was significantly decreased compare to that of EA period, while the other variables were not significantly changed. Conclusions : The results suggest that EA in healthy adults is associated with changed activity in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Further study is needed for investigating the effects of EA on HRV and autonomic nervous system.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 1986

This study is focused on the correct measurement of the equations for the determination of the impedance parameters-the differential capacity of the double layer $C_d$, solution resistance $R_Q$, transfer resitance $R_i$, and adsorption pseudcapacity $C_{\phi}$/ The application of only an imaginary part of complex function of ${\omega}$ at the sinusoidal steady state indicates the following equations of total impedance: at low frequency $|Z_{LF}|=1/{\omega}_1\;C_{\phi}\;{\sqrt{1+{{\omega}_1}^2/{\omega}^2}$, at high frequency $|Z_{HF}|={\omega}_2/({\omega}_1{\omega}_3C{\phi})({\omega}^2+{{\omega}_2}^2)\;{\sqrt{{({\omega}^2+{\omega}_2{\omega}_3)}^2+{({\omega}_2{\omega}-{\omega_3{\omega})^2}}$. The values of the total impedance of cell, phase angle, and cell current that are necessary for the calculations of impedance parameters were experimentally measured from 200 to 6000Hz for the following supporting electrolytes, 0.5M $Na_2SO_4$, 1M NaCl, 19.373% sea water, 1M HCl, 1M $KNO_3$ and for $10^{-2}M$ KI and 60mM DBNA (Di-iso-Butylnitrosoamine) in these supporting electrolytes. The derived equations in this study shows that the values of impedance parameters of $C_d,\;C_{\phi},\;R_i\;and\;R_Q\;are\;15{\sim}40\;{\mu}F/cm^2,\;162{\sim}758\;{\mu}F/cm^2\;11.5{\sim}57.6\;ohm{\cdot}cm^2\;and\;0.5{\times}10^{-2}{\sim}4.1{\times}10^{-2}\;ohm{\cdot}cm^2$ respectively.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.85-96
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• 2016

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the effects of acupuncture treatment and heart rate variability (HRV) in pre-menopausal obese women. Methods Thirty-seven obese women who met the inclusion criteria were recruited. To estimate the effects of acupuncture, obesity indices, such as body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and the waist-hip ratio (WHR), were measured before and after the treatment. The HRV test was conducted before treatment and analyzed using the frequency domain method. Results The lnLF/HF ratio (natural logarithm of low frequency power/high frequency power ratio of the HRV value) before treatments was negatively correlated with differences in WC, HC, and WHR during treatment. The correlation coefficients between the lnLF/HF ratio and the differences in WC, HC, and WHR were r=-0.459 (p<0.01), r=-0.327 (p<0.05), and r=-0.339 (p<0.05) respectively. Conclusions As the baseline ratio of sympathetic activity to parasympathetic activity decreases, WC, HC, and WHR reduction significantly increased during treatment. Further study is needed to uncover the relationship between obesity-related variables and the autonomic nervous system to predict the effect of acupuncture.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2017

Objectives A normal circadian rhythm of autonomic nervous system function stands for the daily change of sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation, which can be measured by heart rate variability (HRV). Generally, patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are prone to sleep-wake cycle dysregulation, therefore, it may have an influence on the circadian rhythm of autonomic nervous system. This study was designed to interpret possible dysregulation of autonomic nervous system in ICU patients by using HRV. Methods HRV was assessed every 3 hours in 21 ICU patients during a 7-minute period. The statistical differences of HRV features between the morning (AM 6 : 00-PM 12 : 00), and the afternoon (PM 12 : 00-PM 18 : 00) periods were evaluated in time domain and frequency domain. Results Patients showed significantly increased normalized power of low frequencey (nLF), absolute power of low frequencey (LF)/absolute power of high frequencey (HF) in the afternoon period as compared to the morning period. However, normalized power of high frequency (nHF) was significantly decreased in the afternoon period. There was no statistically significant difference between the morning period and the afternoon period in the time domain analysis. Conclusions The increased sympathetic tone in the afternoon period supports possible dysregulation in the circadian rhythm of autonomic nervous system in ICU patients. Future studies can help to interpret the association between autonomic dysregulation and negative outcomes of ICU patients.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.798-810
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate heart rate variability(HRV) in patients with abnormality on EKG by power spectrum analysis of HRV. Methods : The patient group consisted of 147 patients diagnosed as abnormal on EKG at the Oriental Medical Hospital of Dong-eui University from November 2003 to September 2005. We divided the patient group into 9 subgroups (bradycardia, arrhythmia, PVC, AF, AV block, RBBB, LVH, cardiac ischemia, LAD ). The control group consisted of 117 patients who were diagnosed as normal on EKG at the same hospital during the same period. We checked HRV of the two groups over 5 minutes and compared the HRV index between groups. Results and Conclusions : In the time domain analysis, SDNN was significantly higher in the PVC and AF groups than control group and RMSSD was significantly higher in the all patient group and the bradycardia, PVC and AF groups than in the control group. In the frequency domain analysis, Ln(LF) was significantly higher in the all patient group and the PVC and AF groups than the control group but lower in the LAD group. Ln(HF) was significantly higher in The all patient group and bradycardia, PVE and AF groups than control group. LF/HF ratio was significantly lower in the all patient group and bradycardia, arrhythmia, AF, AV block and LAD groups than control group. The autonomic nerve system and parasympathetic nerve system were higher in the patient group with abnormal EKG compared with the control group.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.822-826
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• 2006

Objectives : Essential hyperhidrosis is a socially and occupationally disabling disorder. There are many suggestions that hyperhidrosis is associated with the autonomic nervous system, especiallythe sympathetic system. This study was designed to investigate the autonomic nerve system in patients with essential hyperhidrosis and healthy controls by the frequency domain analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). Methods : 17 head-hyperhidrosis patients in the ambulatory care were investigated. All were inspected at the first medical examination. using the PSA of HRV. HRV was measured for minutes after 5 minutes bed rest. We checked the frequency domain analysis of HRV (i.e. TP, VLF, LF, HF) which were transformed into natural logarithm of patients against the standard measures of the HRV components. Then we compared the values of patients with means of normal Korean subjects. Results : The values of natural logarithmic measure of HRV (LnTP, LnHF, LnLF, LnVLF) of patients With head-hyperhidrosis we examined were $6.85{\pm}1.61$, $4.93{\pm}$2.00, $5.40{\pm}1.83$, and $6.13{\pm}1.37$, respectively. None of these values were higher than means of normal subjects. Conclusions : This study suggests that the function of the autonomic nervous system does not increase in patients with head-hyperhidrosis.