• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.42
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• pp.22.1-22.6
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• 2020

Introduction: Facial fractures (FFs) occur after high- and low-energy trauma; differences in associated injuries and outcomes have not been well articulated. Objective: To compare the epidemiology, management, and outcomes of patients suffering FFs from high-energy and low-energy mechanisms. Methods: We conducted a 6-year retrospective local trauma registry analysis of adults aged 18-55 years old that suffered a FF treated at the Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital. Fracture patterns, concomitant injuries, procedures, and outcomes were compared between patients that suffered a high-energy mechanism (HEM: motor vehicle crash, bicycle crash, auto versus pedestrian, falls from height > 20 feet) and those that suffered a low-energy mechanism (LEM: assault, ground-level falls) of injury. Results: FFs occurred in 123 patients, 25 from an HEM and 98 from an LEM. Rates of Le Fort (HEM 12% vs. LEM 3%, P = 0.10), mandible (HEM 20% vs. LEM 38%, P = 0.11), midface (HEM 84% vs. LEM 67%, P = 0.14), and upper face (HEM 24% vs. LEM 13%, P = 0.217) fractures did not significantly differ between the HEM and LEM groups, nor did facial operative rates (HEM 28% vs. LEM 40%, P = 0.36). FFs after an HEM event were associated with increased Injury Severity Scores (HEM 16.8 vs. LEM 7.5, P <0.001), ICU admittance (HEM 60% vs. LEM 13.3%, P <0.001), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) (HEM 52% vs. LEM 15%, P <0.001), cervical spine fractures (HEM 12% vs. LEM 0%, P = 0.008), truncal/lower extremity injuries (HEM 60% vs. LEM 6%, P <0.001), neurosurgical procedures for the management of ICH (HEM 54% vs. LEM 36%, P = 0.003), and decreased Glasgow Coma Score on arrival (HEM 11.7 vs. LEM 14.2, P <0.001). Conclusion: FFs after HEM events were associated with severe and multifocal injuries. FFs after LEM events were associated with ICH, concussions, and cervical spine fractures. Mechanism-based screening strategies will allow for the appropriate detection and management of injuries that occur concomitant to FFs. Type of study: Retrospective cohort study. Level of evidence: Level III.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.185-197
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• 2001

Human gastric adenocarcinomas are fixated with low energy of microwave (LEM) to study fixation effects in level of ultrastructure and antigenicity of the cancer. For the Ag-Ab reactions , the LEM fixated sdenocarcinomas are incorporated with monoclonal mouse anti-human p53 (IgG2b, kappa) and rabbit anti human cerbB-2. The retrieval of antigenicity are easily recognizable in the LEM fixated sections compared with that of frozen sections which show often diffused colour reactions. And the LEM fixation methods have preserved ultrastructures of the adenocarcinoma, but it was often difficult to maintain constancy in fixation effects. For the constancy, LEM was coupled with low concentration of chemical fixatives, such as glutaraldehyde (<1%) and $OsO_4$ (<0.5%). The results were acceptable, but there are tendencies that the adenocarcinoma requisitioned rather weak microwave energy to come into the optimal fixation effects. Therefore , cultured HeLa cells were fixated with lower energy of microwave than that used to the adenocarcinoma. The ultrastructures of the single HeLa cell have been preserved. The results may imply that a different energy levels of microwave are requisitioned in accordance with kinds of cells and tissues for the optimal fixation effects. It is reported and discussed that the fixation methods of LEM used in this work could be applied routinely to conceal a insufficient diffusion rate of chemical fixatives into some kinds of cancer without compromising the ultrastructures as well as to improve antigenic quality of frozen sections.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2013

This study investigated the ability of extracts from Lentinus edodes (LE) and rice with Lentinus edodes mycelium (LEM) to inhibit diabetes and obesity. Lipid accumulation significantly decreased by 78% and 74% upon treatment with 300 ${\mu}g/mL$ of LE and LEM, respectively (p<0.01). Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibition activity increased by 94% and 99% upon treatment with 300 ${\mu}g/mL$ of LE and LEM, respectively. In order to investigate the effect of LE and LEM on diabetes, the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphate 1B (PTP1B) activity from the LE and LEM extracts at various concentrations (1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 ${\mu}g/mL$) was assessed. PTP1B activity by treatment with 10, 30, and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ of LE, was inhibited at a rate of 7, 9, and 7% respectively. Also, PTP1B activity from treatment with increasing concentration of LEM led to a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of PTP1B activity (p<0.01). LE and LEM were orally administered for 28 days after a high fat diet (HFD). LE and LEM significantly reduced triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. GOT and GPT were not significantly effected. These results indicate that extracts of LE and rice with LEM have potent activities useful in the treatment of obesity and diabetes mellitus.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2011.06a
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• pp.302-304
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• 2011

Rule based machine learning techniques are very important in our real world now. We can list out some important application which we can apply rule based machine learning algorithm such as medical data mining, business transaction mining. The different between rules based machine learning and model based machine learning is that model based machine learning out put some models, which often are very difficult to understand by expert or human. But rule based techniques output are the rule sets which is in IF THEN format. For example IF blood pressure=90 and kidney problem=yes then take this drug. By this way, medical doctor can easy modify and update some usable rule. This is the scenario in medical decision support system. Currently, Rough set is one of the most famous theory which can be used for produce the rule. LEM2 is the algorithm use this theory and can produce the small set of rule on the database. In this paper, we present an improvement of LEM2 algorithm which incorporates the variable precision techniques.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.266-275
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• 1994

Brewer's yeast extract can be used as a good substrate for the culture of Lentinula edodes Mycelia(LEM). We found that it was better to filter the extract through three kinds of sieves and then to heat for hydrolysis and concentration at $90^{\circ}C$ prior to use. Also the maximum condition for the growth of LEM was investigated. We found that addition of inorganic salts such as calcium enhanced the growth of LEM. On the other hand, addition of carbon and nitrogen sources to the medium did not affect, and even inhibited under certain conditions, the growth of LEM. The maximum temperature for the growth of LEM was around $25^{\circ}C$. Also, it grows better when agitated by shaking at 100 rpm for airration. The appropriate concentration of the extract to use was 10%. Under these conditions, LEM could reach to the confluency after cultivation of 12 days. Our extract formula seems better than other available media for LEM growth, producing higher crude protein content and better taste.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2015

In the slope stability analysis and design, Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) and Shear Strength Reduction technique (SSR) are mainly used. Both methods are able to perform two and three dimensional analysis. SSR is considered to be more sensitive and more reasonable than LEM by many researchers. However, in practice LEM is still widely used because of the increase of analysis time and complexity of the model in SSR. In this study, three dimensional analysis of the protruding rock slope is performed by SSR in order to study the effects of protruding length using rock slope FLAC 3D. In this study, as results of analysis variations of the safety factor have been studied according to slope angle, slope height, the soil strength, protruding slope length projected variables. The results show that the factor of safety as more affected by the shapes of the protruding rock slope than the rock strength.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.253-256
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• 2011

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.596-603
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• 1998

Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome(LEMS) is a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by defects in the secretion of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane of nerve terminals and is strongly associated with small cell lung carcinoma. The pathogenesis of LEMS is the destruction of voltage gated calcium channels by an autoimmune process resulting in clinical manifestations consisting of lower extremity weakness. decreased deep tendon reflexes and autonomic dysfunctions. The diagnosis can be confirmed by the characteristic clinical features and repetitive nerve stimulation. The neurological symptoms and signs of LEMS may manifest themselves months before the clinical manifestation of the underlying malignancy. Therefore early diagnosis and treatment of the primary malignancy may become possible through the diagnosis of this rare paraneoplastic syndrome. We report a case of a patient diagnosed with LEMS who upon further evaluation for an underlying malignancy was found to have a 0.2 cm sized nodular and infiltrative mass lesion at the bifurcation of the left apicoposterior segmental and anterior segmental bronchi by bronchoscopy. Although repeated bronchoscopic biopsies of the lesion was not able to disclose malignancy, under strong clinical suspicion left upper lobectomy was performed and subsequently the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma of the lung was confirmed. Muscle weakness began to improve starting from a week after the surgery, then reached a plateau 2 weeks later. Muscle weakness improved further after the trial of anticancer chemotherapy.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.31-39
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• 2012

This study has analyzed the effect of the housing affordability improvement of the residents in the metropolitan areas, applying Transit Supportive Home Loan (TSHL) which extends the loan amount according to the transportation cost saving based on Location Efficiency Mortgage (LEM) System in the USA. The previous studies focused on introducing LEM system to Korea, whereas this study has analyzed TSHL effect for the first time, taking into account the situation in Korea. For analysis, The Transportation Savings (TS) is calculated and Housing Affordability Index (HAI) is drawn by applying increased TS and DTI (Debt to Income), so the improvements of housing purchasing ability is examined by HAI's improvement. As a result, transit commute 1 (having own car) and transit commute 2 (without having own cars) respectively produce the TS of monthly average 36 thousand won and 110 thousand won in comparison with car using commute. Each additional loan (TSHL) amounts to 16.57 million won and 54.07 million won. As the distance is farther and the house price cheaper, the improvement of HAI is more outstanding. City hall area showed the highest improvements of HAI by 9.3% (transit commute 1) and 21.9% (transit commute 2) increase, in comparison with car using commute.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.659-665
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• 2016

The limit equilibrium method (LEM) is commonly used for slope design and stability analysis because it is easy to simulate slope and requires short calculating time. However, LEM cannot adequately simulate ploughing failure in a footwall slope with a joint set dipping parallel with slope, e.g. bedding joint set. This study performed parametric study to analyze the influence factors on ploughing failure using UDEC which is a commercial two-dimensional DEM (Distinct Element Method)-based numerical program. The influence of joint structure and properties on stability of a footwall slope against ploughing failure was investigated, and the factor of safety was estimated using the shear strength reduction method. It was found that the stability of footwall slope against ploughing failure strongly relies on dip angle of conjugate joint, and the critical bedding joint spacing and the critical length of slab triggering ploughing failure are also affected by dip angle of conjugate joint. The results obtained from this study can be used for effective slope design and construction including reinforcement.