• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.338-346
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to examine nutrient intakes, food and daily habits, and serum lipids for female college students. The subjects consisted of 70 female college students aged 20 to 29 years old. Their dietary intakes were assessed by means of 24 hour dietary recall method. Food models and other measuring tools were also used. Concentrations of serum lipids were measured. The energy intake of the subjects averaged 1837Kcal, whereas the expended energy was 1871Kcal. The subjects consumed 310g of carbohydrates, 66g protien, 37g lipid, 14mg iron, 586mg calcium, 513R.E. vitamin A, 1.0mg vitamin B1, 1.3mg vitamin B2 1.5mg niacin, and 69mg vitamin C, respectively. Vitamin A and iron intakes were lower than the RDA. The percentages of total calorie from carbohydrate, fat, and protein were 67%, 18%, 14%, showing desirable calorie construction. The mean serum triglyceride(TG), cholesterol (Chol), HDL-Chol and LDC-Chol concentrations were 72.4mg/dl, 161.3mg/dl, 44.5mg/dl, and 102.3mg/dl, respectively. All of these values seem to fall in the desirable range. There were positive correlations between serum Chol and HDL-Chol or LDL-Chol or TG ; negative correlations between serum Chol and HDL-Chol/LDL-Chol ratio, between serum TG and HDL-Chol or HDL-Chol/LDC-Chol ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.887-892
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• 2003

The effects of liquid culture of Agaricus blazei Murill on the body weight gain, lipid metabolism, protein levels, and enzyme activities were studied in growing male rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups ; control group (A. blazei free water), 20 or 30% A. blazei groups (20 or 30% A. blazei in water) according to the levels of A. blazei supplementation. The rats were fed ad libitum each of the experimental beverage for 5 weeks. The body weight gain, food intake, food efficiency ratio, and organ weight of the 20 or 30% A. blazei groups were similar to those of the control group. There were no differences in the concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, total protein and albumin, and the activities of GOT, GPT, LDH and alkaline phosphatase of the serum among the experimental groups. The calcium and phosphorus concentrations of serum in the 20 or 30% A. blazei group were significantly decreased compared with those of the control group. The concentrations of LDL-cholesterol and the atherogenic index of the 20 or 30% A. blazei groups were significantly lower than those of the control group, but the serum HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio was higher. These results showed that the 20 or 30% A. blazei feeding decreased the LDL-cholesterol and the atherogenic index, and increased HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio in serum of rats.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.113-123
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• 2008

This study was performed to find and compare the characteristics of dietary factors and obesity indices on serum lipid profiles using 407 healthy adult males that had physical examinations conducted at the general hospital located in Suwon. The subjects were divided 56.3% for the normal group, 16.7% for TG, 14.5% for TC and 12.5% for TC TG group, respectively. When comparing the blood lipid profiles to normal group, TC group was high in both total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, TG group was high in triglyceride and low in HDL-cholesterol, TC TG group was high in triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and low in HDL-cholesterol. In comparison of blood lipid profiles with normal group, among anthropometric factors, body weigh, BMI (Body Mass Index) and WHR (Waist Hip Ratio) showed significant differences. TC group was high in both total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, and TG group was high in triglyceride and low in HDL-cholesterol. TC TG group was high in triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, and was low in HDL-cholesterol. Body weigh of TG group was significantly higher than that of normal group (p<0.05). BMI and WHR of TG group and TC TG group were significantly higher than those of normal group (p<0.05). Total cholesterol was mainly related to the intake of animal lipids and alcoholic beverage. Serum triglyceride levels were closely related with lipid intake and high BMI in this group. In TC TG group, BMI and WHR were high. As well, serum LDL-cholesterol was high and HDL-cholesterol was low which indicates TC TG group had the most undesirable blood lipid profiles. Therefore, it may be necessary to manage BMI and WHR to prevent hyperlipidemia and obesity for adult males in Suwon.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2014

Objective: Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have some adverse effects on the serum lipid profile. Because hyperlipidemia is one of the risk factors in cardiovascular diseases, lipid abnormalities should be evaluated in women consuming COCs. Vitamins E and C are known to have beneficial effects on serum lipid profiles. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effects of vitamins E and C on serum lipids in women using COCs. Methods: The study compared changes in lipid parameters with and without vitamin therapy in women consuming COCs compared to those of a control group (40 non-contraceptive users or NCU) for 4 weeks. Total cholesterol and triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels along with HDL/LDL ratios were measured for all participants. Results: COC users experienced significantly higher increases in the levels of triglycerides and LDL than non-users (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were noted in the total cholesterol and HDL levels. In the treated COC group receiving vitamins E and C, the HDL level and the HDL/LDL ratio increased and the LDL and triglycerides levels decreased significantly compared with those of the other groups. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that supplementation with antioxidant vitamins E and C restores a normal lipid profile in COC users.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1254-1262
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• 1998

This study has done to investigate the relationship between the icreased lipid oncentration caused by smoking and plama levels of vitamin A and vitamin E, antiodative enzyme activity, and lipid peroxidation , in 52 male smokers and 32 non-smokers, Dietary vitamin A and vitamin E intake was imilar in both smokers and non-smokers. Absolute plasma concentrations of vitamin A and vitamin E were not significantly different between two groups, whereas vitamin E/cholesterol ration in plasma was low or in smokers than in that of non-smokers(p<0.05). It was considered that this lowered effect was due to the elevated plasma lipid concentration rather than oxidant stress derived from smoking, in view of the fact that smokers had higher cholesterol (15.2%) adn LDL-C(26.6%) levels than non-smokers. In non-smokers, plasma thiobarbiturin acid reactive substances(TBARS) conrrelated positively with total cholesterol(r=0.63466, p<0.001), LDL-C level(r=0.57166, p<0.01) , and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio(r=0.45926, p<0.05) . Activities of glutathione perosidase(GSH-Px) , superoside dismutase(SOD), and catalse made no difference in both groups. However, it was observed in non-smokers that GSH-Px activity had negative correlations with total cholesterol(r=-0.67293, p<0.001), LDL-C level(r=-0.62878, p<0.001), and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (r=-0.58824, p<0.01), indicating that there was a dependent relationship between lipid perosidation and plasma lipid level. The smokers also showed negative correlations for GSH-Px activity with total cholesterol (r=-0.29946, p<0.05) and LDL-c level (r=0.45914, p<0.001), and LDL-C/HDL-c ratio(r=-0.35438, p<0.05). It seemed that the lipid that the lipid level elevated by sustaines smoking resulted in reducing vitamin E/cholesterol ratio and proportion of antioxidant to oxidant load, and then GSH-Px activity, with insufficient removal of free radicals(TBARS 2.43$\pm$0.51 and 1.81$\pm$0.15nmol/ml in smokers and non-smokers, respectively). These findings suggest that higher plasma lipid levels may play a more important role in perturbing the antioxidant defense system including vitamin E status and GSH-Px activity, at least in circumstances that increase lipid concentration . In addition, in exposure to free radicals like those in cigarette smoke. In those cases the ratio of vitamin E/lipid in plasma can be a more indicator of vitamin E status than plasma levels of vitamin E alone.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.5009-5022
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to obtain the serum lipid levels according to the lifestyles, and examine the influence of lifestyles on the serum lipid levels among adults who examined the health checkup in an university hospital. The subjects for this study were 4,112 adults who underwent medical examinations at the health center of a university hospital in Daejeon city from Jan 2012 to Dec 2013. The lifestyles and serum lipid levels of study subjects were obtained from self-recorded questionnaires and medical examination charts of the hospital. As a result, the mean values of the serum lipid levels (TC, HDL-C. LDL-C and TG) and atherogenic index (AI) of the study subjects showed a significantly difference according to the lifestyle, such as age, alcohol consumption, smoking, regular exercise, overeating and meat consumption in both sexes. The TC, HDL-C. LDL-C, TG and AI showed a positive correlation with age, AUDIT score, but the HPI score showed a negative correlation in both sexes. In the age-adjusted odds ratio, the risk ratio of an abnormality of TC, HDL-C. LDL-C, TG and AI increased significantly because there was an increase in the group of everyday overeating and meat consumption, smoking group, no exercise group, and low HPI group than their respective counterparts in both sexes. The above results suggested that the serum lipid levels of the subjects was closely related to increasing age, and lifestyles, such as alcohol consumption, smoking, regular exercise, overeating, and meat consumption.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.464-468
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• 2003

The antihypertensive and cholesterol- lowering effects of Monascus koji (M. koji) prepared with Monascus ruber IFO32318 were examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Control was fed a normal diet and groups I, II or III were fed diets containing 0.03%, 0.1% or 0.3% M. koji for 8 weeks, respectively. After 8 weeks, all animals were fed normal diets in the following 2 weeks. The blood pressure of rats fed M. koji added diets were significantly attenuated as compared with control and the diet containing high concentration of M. koji had a tendency of stronger antihypertensive effect. These differences lasted throughout the experimental period when they were fed experimental diet. For 2 weeks after the 8 weeks of experimental diet all groups were fed the same normal diet and the differences of blood pressure caused by M. koji disappeared. In rats fed the M. koji added diet, the serum total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) were not differed compared with control, but VLDL cholesterol (VLDL-C) was significantly lowered. M koji also significantly decreased serum risk factors, both TC/HDL-C ratio and non HDL-C/HDL-C ratio. Consequently, it is suggested that M. koji may play an important role to attenuate hypertension and to improve serum lipid Profiles.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.192-201
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• 2003

The purposes of this research were to assess dietary fatty acid patterns and to elucidate the relationship between the serum cholesterol levels and dietary fatty acid patterns, plasma fatty acid compositions, BMI (body mass index), and other lipid profile. The subjects were 151 adults aged 23 to 80 years, selected from the Outpatient Clinic and Cardiova-scular Department of the Seoul Municipal Hospital. Dietary data were obtained using three day food records. Sixteen dietary fatty acids were analyzed using Korean and US nutrient databases. The subjects were divided into three serum cholesterol levels: desirable (< 200 mg/dl, N = 44), borderline-risk ($\geq$ 200 - < 240 mg/dl, N = 35), and high-risk ($\geq$ 240 mg/dl, N = 72) groups. The high-risk group had higher BMI, waist, and waist to hip ratio (WHR) than the desirable and borderline-risk groups. Serum concentrations of triglyceride, LDL cholesterol and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio were significantly higher in the high-risk group as compared to those in the other two groups. The serum cholesterol levels were highly correlated with BMI (r = 0.435), triglyceride (r = 0.425) and LDL/HDL cholesterol (r = 0.870) ratio. The highest fatty acid intake was from oleic acid (33 - 34% of total fatty acid intakes), which was followed by linoleic acid (27%), palmitic acid (19%), and stearic acid (7%). There was no correlation between the serum cholesterol levels and the dietary fatty acid intakes, polyunsaturateumonounsaturateusaturated fatty acids (P/M/S) and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios. The correlation between plasma fatty acids such as myristic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid and serum cholesterol levels was also weak. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(2) : 192~201, 2003)

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2017

Objective: Growing evidence suggests that increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is associated with female infertility caused by conditions such as polycystic ovarian disease, obesity, thyroid dysfunction, and endometriosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether any relationship exists between CVD and unexplained infertility. Methods: Sixty-five women with unexplained infertility and 65 fertile controls were enrolled in the study. CVD risk markers such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), insulin resistance (defined by the homeostasis model assessment ratio), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assessed. Results: TG, TC, LDL, and hs-CRP levels were higher and HDL levels were lower in patients with unexplained infertility than in fertile controls (p<0.05 for all). Positive associations were found between unexplained infertility and TG, TC, LDL, and hs-CRP levels, and a negative correlation was found for HDL (p<0.05 for all). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that TG, HDL, and hs-CRP were independent variables associated with unexplained infertility. Conclusion: Our study showed that women with unexplained infertility had an atherogenic lipid profile and elevated hs-CRP levels, suggesting a higher risk of developing CVD in the future. Further studies with larger groups are needed to investigate the nature of this link.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.201-204
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• 2003

Plasma lipoproteins transporting cholesterol through blood vessels are divided into three major classes, VLDL, LDL, and HDL. The ratio of HDL cholesterol over the total can be used as an indicator for prognosis of coronary artery diseases. In this study, we have developed two analytical systems for %HDL cholesterol with different flow modes toward gravity and analyzed them for their characteristics and performances.