• Toxicological Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.137-150
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• 2008

Sexually mature male and female rats were orally intubated with the organophosphorus insecticide, Pestban at a daily dosage of 7.45 or 3.72 mg/kg bwt, equivalent to 1/20 and 1/40 $LD_{50}$, respectively. Male rats were exposed for 70 days, while the female rats were exposed for 14 days, premating, during mating and throughout the whole length of gestation and lactation periods till weaning. The results showed depressed acetylcholinesterase(AChE) activity in the brain of parents, fetuses and their placentae in a dose-dependent manner. The fertility was significantly reduced with increasing the dose in both treated groups, with more pronounced suppressive effects in the male treated group. The number of implantation sites and viable fetuses were significantly reduced in pregnant females of both treated groups. However, the number of resorptions, dead fetuses, and pre-and postimplantation losses were significantly increased. The incidence of resorptions was more pronounced in treated female compared to male group and was dose dependant. The behavioral responses as well as fetal survival and viability indices were altered in both treated groups during the lactation period. The incidence of these effects was more pronounced in the treated female group and occurred in a dose-related manner. The recorded morphological, visceral, and skeletal anomalies were significantly increased with increasing the dose in fetuses of both treated groups, with more pronounced effects on fetuses of treated females. In conclusion, the exposure of adult male and female rats to Pestban would cause adverse effects on fertility and reproduction.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.131-133
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• 2016

Background: Combination chemotherapy regimes are common treatments for cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluation the effect of individual chemotherapeutic agents in comparison with a first line chemotherapy regime treatment in the AGS gastric cancer cell line by MTT assay. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, AGS cells were grown in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 100 IU/ml penicillin, and $10{\mu}g/ml$ streptomycinin, under a humidified condition at $37^{\circ}C$ with 5% CO2. All cells were washed with PBS and detached with trypsin, centrifuged and 8000 cells re-plated on to 96- well plates. LD50 doses of Epirubicin, Cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil were added to each well in mono or triple therapy. Anti-proliferative activities were determined by MTT assay after 24, 48 or 72 h. Results: Results of MTT assays showed that there were no significant differences among 3 drugs in monotherapy (p=0.088), but there was significant difference between combination therapy with epirubicin (P=0.031) and 5FU (p=0.013) on cell survival at 24 h. After 48 and 72 hours, cell viability showed significant differences between the 3 drugs (p=0.048 and P=0.000 for 48 and 72 h, respectively) and there was significant difference between combination therapy with epirubicin (P=0.035 and P=0.002 for 48 and 72 h, respectively). Conclusions: The results showed no significant differences between these chemotherapy drugs each given alone, but combination therapy with 3 drugs had significant effects on cell viability in comparison with epirubicin alone.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.sup3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2016

Excessive exposure to chemicals in the workplace can cause poisoning and various diseases. Thus, for the protection of labor, it is necessary to examine the exposure of people to chemicals and risks from these materials. The purpose of this study is to evaluate semi-quantitative health risks of exposure to harmful chemical agents in the context of carcinogenesis in a latex glove manufacturing industry. In this cross-sectional study, semi-quantitative risk assessment methods provided by the Department of Occupational Health of Singapore were used and index of LD50, carcinogenesis (ACGIH and IARC) and corrosion capacity were applied to calculate the hazard rate and the biggest index was placed as the basis of risk. To calculate the exposure rate, two exposure index methods and the actual level of exposure were employed. After identifying risks, group H (high) and E (very high) classified as high-risk were considered. Of the total of 271 only 39 (15%) were at a high risk level and 3% were very high (E). These risks only was relevant to 7 materials with only sulfuric acid placed in group E and 6 other materials in group H, including nitric acid (48.3%), chromic acid (6.9%), hydrochloric acid (10.3%), ammonia (3.4%), potassium hydroxide (20.7%) and chlorine (10.3%). Overall, the average hazard rate level was estimated to be 4 and average exposure rate to be 3.5. Health risks identified in this study showed that the manufacturing industry for latex gloves has a high level of risk because of carcinogens, acids and strong alkalisand dangerous drugs. Also according to the average level of risk impact, it is better that the safety design strategy for latex gloves production industry be placed on the agenda.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.915-921
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• 2015

Context: In the last half century, discovering, developing and introducing of clinical agents from marine sources have seen great successes, with examples including the anti-cancer compound trabectedin. However, with increasing need for new anticancer drugs, further exploration for novel compounds from marine organism sources is strongly justified. Objective: The major aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumor and antioxidant potential of Sargassum tenerrimum J.Agardh (Sargassaceae) on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: An ethanol extract of S. tenerrimum (EEST) from whole algae was used to evaluate cytotoxicity followed by in vivo assessment of toxicity, using biochemical parameters including hepatic and non-hepatic enzymes. Antioxidant properties were examined in animals bearing EAC treated with daily oral administration of 100-300 mg/kg extract suspension. Results: Antitumor effects of EEST in EAC bearing mice was observed with LD50 1815 mg/kg. Parameters like body weight, tumor volume, packed cell volume, tumor cell count, mean survival time and increase in life span in animals in the EAC bearing animals treated with EEST 300 mg/kg was comparable with control group. Significant differences were also seen with changes in total protein content, hepatic enzymes contents, MDA level, and free radical scavenging enzymes in untreated vs. EEST treated group animals. Conclusions: Evaluation of antioxidant enzymes and hepatic enzymes in the EAC animal model treated with EEST exhibited similar effects as the positive control drug 5-flurouracil. S. tenerrimum extracts contain effective antioxidants with significant antitumor activity.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.265-271
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• 1986

To screen biologically active components of the higher fungi of Korea, the dried carpophores of Auricularia polytricha were extracted with water. The extract was examined for acute toxicity in ICR mice. A low molecular weight toxin of this fungus was purified by a acetone precipitation followed by cellulose, silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Major symptoms of this toxin were decreasing of normal motility, eye extrusion, hair erection, shivering, trembling of head, paralysis, rapid running or moving before death and depression of respiration. The median lethal doses of the total extract were 1. 28 g/kg and 4. 31 g/kg by i.p. and p.o. administrations, respectively. The amounts of one mouse lethal unit of the total extract and final fraction that killed a 20 g mouse within 30 minutes were 28.5 and 12.0 mg/mouse, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 2002

A microsporidium, from cabbage white bntteflies, Pieris rapae, collected in Korea, was purified and characterized according to its gene structure, spore morphology and pathogenicity. From the observation of the isolate by SEM and TEM, the endospores, exospores and nuclei, about 12 polar filament coils of the polar tube and posterior vacuoles were all identified. The nucleotide sequence was determined for a portion of genomic DNA which spans the V4 variable region of the small subunit rRNA gene. Comparison with the GenBank database for 15 other microsporidia species suggests that this isolate is most closely related to Nosema species. The pathogenicity against cabbage white butterflies was quantified by inoculating variable doses of spores to the second instar larvae. Peroral inoculation at a dosage of 10$\^$8/ spores/ml resulted in the death of all larvae prior to adult eclosion, but at lower spore dosages of 10$\^$4/-10$\^$5/ spores/ml, many adults successfully emerged. The median lethal dose (LD$\_$50/) was deter-mined to be 4.6$\times$10$\^$6/ spores/ml and the isolate also transmitted transovarially to the progeny eggs at a frequency of 92%.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.172-172
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• 2002

Previously, we reported a novel polymeric micellar solubilizer, Aceporol 330, that showed relatively low toxic effects when it was compared with that of Cremophor EL which is currently being used for paclitaxel. In this study, we have developed a new micellar solubilizer, Aceporol 460, that has 3-4 times higher loding capacity for paclitaxel than Aceporol 330. The single-dose and the repeated-dose toxicity of Aceporol 460 were evaluated in ICR mice. For single dose toxicity test, male and female mice were randomly assigned to one of five study groups to receive, and injected intravenously with dosages of 0, 3, 4mL Cremophor EL/kgbody weight, and 3, 4mL Aceporol 460/kg body weight, respectively. In both male and female mice, LD50 for Aceporol 460 can not he determined even at the maximal administrable dosage, 4mL/kg due to the high viscosity of chemical and there was no significant change in body weight, hematological and serum biochemical analysis, organ weight, and histopathological examination compared with that of Cremophor EL. For the repeated dose toxicity test, male and female mice were given the dosage of 0, 1.6mL Cremophor EL/kgbody weight/day, and 1.6mL Aceporol 460/kg body weight/day for 2 weeks. Results of repeated dose toxicity tests for 2 weeks suggested that Aceporol 460 treated group show no significant toxicological findings with body weight, hematological and serum biochemical analysis, organ weight, urinalysis, and ophthalmoscopic and histopathological examination compared with that of Cremophor EL. These results indicate that Aceporol 460 have higher paclitaxeL-loading capacity than Aceporol 330 and less toxic effects than Cremophor EL in male and female mice.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.117-121
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• 1981

Safety of yellow pigment produced by Monascus sp. CS-2 was evaluated. Acute oral toxicity, pyrogen test, and histamine test, as well as antimicrobial activity were determined. The results obtained were; LD oral in mice was 132.5 mg/20 g, pyrogen test in rabbit was 5 mg/kg, and histamine test in cat was 10 mg/kg. Also the pigment was particularly sensitive to Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Sarcina lutea (ATCC 9341) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538 P), whereas not sensitive to Pseudomonas pyosyanea (ACTC 10490), Bacillus var. mycoides (ATCC 11778), Bordetella bronchiseptica (ATCC 4617) and Staphylococcus epidermidis(ATCC 12228).

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 1997

Acute delayed neurotoxicity of KH-502 [O.O-Diethyl O-(1-phenyyl-3-trifluoromethyl-5-pyrazoyl) thiophosphoric acid ester], an insecticide synthesized newly in Korea, was studied in White Leghorn hens. The doses were determined on the basis of preliminary $LD_{50}$ study. High, middle and low doses were determined to be 1123 mg/kg, 762 mg/kg and 518 mg/kg, respectively. The animals were pretreated with atropine (30 mg/kg) prior to administration of KH-502. The chemical was administrated at the first and 21st day of the study. As positive controls, animals were admlnistrated with triorthocresylphosphate (TOCP 1000 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg). Animals administrated with TOCP or KH-502 were sacrificed by perfusion-fixation at 21st and 42nd day of the study, respectively. The central and peripheral nerve tissues were routinely treated for microscopic observation. As results, eight, three, one, and one chickens died within 2 day after adminiatration with signs of cholinergic acute toxicity in high, middle low and TOCP dose-group (500 mg/kg), respectively. No abnormal clinical signs were observed in the survived chickens administrated with KH-502 in the duration of the study. The chickens in positive control groups showed ataxia and incoordination at the 14th day after administration of TOCP. From necropsy, macroscopic changes were not observed in all groups including positive control groups. Histopathologically, oxonal swelling with myelin loss, focal gliosis, distention around axonal space were observed in the spinal cords of the chickens administrated with TOCP 1000 mg/kg. The lesions were distinct in the dorsal and lateral funiculi of cervical spinal cord, in the lateral and ventral funiculi of thoracic spinal cord and in ventral funiculi of lumbosacral spinal cord. Axonal swelling and mlcrogliosis were infrequently observed in the chickens of other groups including negative control one. However, they were nonspecifically distributed in the spinal cords. In this study, we concluded that the new chemical, KH-502 did not have acute delayed neurotoxicity in White Leghorn hens.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2002

Recently, recombinant human erythropoietin (rHu-EPO) has been used to treat various types of anemia. YHB216 is a new rHu-EPO developed by Yuhan Research Institute. In this study, we investigated the single dose and 4-week repeated dose toxicity of YHB216 in Beagle dogs. In the single dose toxicity study, YHB216 was administered intravenously at single dose levels of 0 and 25,000 IU/kg to dogs (2 dogs/sex/group). There were no treament-related changes in survivals, clinical signs, body weight gain, hematological values, blood chemical values, and necropsy finding during experimental period. In the repeated dose toxicity study, YHB216 was administered intravenously to dogs for 4 weeks at the dose levels of 0, 100, 500, and 2,500IU／kg (3 dogs/sex／group). There were no toxicologically significant changes in clinical signs, body weights, food and water consumptions, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis and blood chemistry. There were increased values of red blood cell, hemoglobin, and hematocrit at all treated groups. Spleen revealed increased weight and extramedullary hematopoiesis at 500 IU/kg or more. These changes are all considered to be Pharmacology-related effects and were recovered after 4-week recovery period. From these results, it is concluded that LD50 value was above 25,000 IU/kg in the single dose toxicity study of YHB216 in dogs and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 100 IU/kg day in the repeated dose toxicity study of YHB216 in dogs.