• 대한화학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.200-207
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• 1994

Wistar계 쥐의 신장 조직을 암모니아 기체 감응전극에 고정화하여 조직센서를 제작하고, L-glutamine을 정량하기 위한 최적 조건을 조사하였다. 그 결과, $30^{\circ}C$, pH 7.8의 0.05M 인산완충용액과 30 ${\mu}m$ 두께의 신장을 사용하였을 경우, 정량 가능한 직선범위는$ 8.0{\times}10^{-5}{\sim}1.0{\times}10^{-2} M$이었으며, 감응도는 53.8 mV/decade로 나타났고, 감응시간은 3~5분 소요되었다. 또한 같은 최적 조건하에서 조직을 파쇄하여 얻은 세포소기관을 전극에 고정화시킨 센서의 경우, 정량 가능한 직선범위는 $1.2{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}5.0{\times}10^{-3} M$이었으며, 감응도는 54.0 mV/decade, 감응시간은 6~7분이 소요되었다. 이와 같이 본 연구에서는 쥐의 신장 조직 및 세포 소기관을 이용하여 L-glutamine을 정량 분석할 수 있는 조직센서 개발에 관하여 연구하였다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.18-22
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• 2009

돌나물 (Sedum sarmentosum)의 형질전환 및 유전자원 기내보존을 위한 효율적인 식물체 분화 체계를 확립하기 위하여, 잎절편 유래의 켈러스로부터 식물체 분화에 미치는 glutamine과 $AgNO_3$의 영향과 분화 식물체의 순화 후 생존율을 조사하였다. 캘러스 유도는 3 mg/L 2,4-D와 1 mg/L BA, 식물체 분화는 0.2 mg/L NAA와 3.0 mg/L BA를 각각 첨가한 MS배지를 사용하였다. 금산 수집종에서 glutamine 첨가는 50일째에 100%의 식물체 분화를 보였으며, 350mg/L glutamine 첨가시 켈러스당 17.6개의 가장 많은 식물체가 분화되었다. $AgNO_3$ 첨가배지에서도 금산 수집종은 100% 식물체 분화를 보였으며, $15{\mu}M$ 첨가배지에서 캘러스당 16.1개의 식물체가 분화되어 가장 양호하였다. 완주 수집종은 glutamine 첨가에 관계없이 식물체가 전혀 분화되지 않았고, $5-15{\mu}M$ $AgNO_3$ 첨가배지에서만 소수의 식물체가 분화되었다. 분화 식물체는 생장조절제를 첨가하지 않은 MS 배지로 옮겨 shoot생장과 발근을 유도한 다음, vermiculite와 perlite를 혼합한 인공토양에서 순화시킨 결과 88-100%의 생존율을 보였다. 생존 식물체들은 강모래:밭흙 (1:1, v/v)을 혼합한 토양에 정식한 후에도 양호한 생장을 보였으며, 모식물과 형태적으로 차이가 없었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.125-128
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• 1979

In the formation of L(+) -glutamine from L(+) -glutamic acid-5-hydrazide, large amount of Raney-Ni was effective under normal pressure but hydrogenation or amonolysis of ester under pressure was useless. Preparation of glutamine with .alpha.-ketoglutaric acid (by way of 1, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydro-6-oxo-3-pyridazine carboxylic acid) is intersting but not so efficient in yield.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.1963-1973
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• 2021

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of including L-glutamine along with glutamic acid as a supplement in weaned piglets' diets with and without whey powder. Methods: Two assays were carried out. A total of 40 piglets ([Landrace×Large White]×Pietrain) weaned at 24 days of age with an initial body weight of 6.6±0.6 kg were used in the first assay, and the following parameters were evaluated: growth performance, the incidence of diarrhea, morphometry, intestinal integrity, and hepatic glycogen index. The animals were then blocked into four groups according to different diets: diet all-grain feeding (G); diet all-grain feeding with whey powder (GW); and with vs without 1% supplementation of the commercial product containing L-glutamine and glutamic acid (A or NA). Whey powder was added according to the stage of life, corresponding to 17%, 10%, and 5%, respectively, in order to meet the need for lactose. The animals were evaluated at 24 to 42 days and at 24 to 55 days of age. The nutrient digestibility for the second assay was carried out by using 24 animals with an average weight of 11.49±1.6 kg, and the same diets were tested. Results: The supplementation of L-glutamine + glutamic acid or the addition of whey powder in diets for weaned piglets provided (p<0.05) greater feed intake, greater weight gain and improved feed conversion in the initial period (24 to 42 days age). However, in the whole period (24 to 55 days age) only amino acid supplementation affected (p<0.05) growth performance. There was a positive interaction (p<0.05) between the type of diet and L-glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation on villus height, crypt depth and the villus:crypt ratio in the duodenum. In addition, L-glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation reduced (p<0.05) the crypt depth and improved the villus:crypt ratio in the jejunum. The inclusion of whey powder affected (p<0.05) positively the digestibility coefficients analyzed except mineral matter digestibility coeficients. The supplementation of 1% the commercial product composed of L-glutamine and glutamic acid improved (p<0.05) only the digestibility coefficient of crude protein. Conclusion: These results indicate that supplementation of 1% commercial product containing L-glutamine + glutamic acid in diets for piglets from 24 to 55 days of age, dispenses with the use of whey powder when evaluating growth performance. Amino acid supplementation alone or associated with whey powder affects (p<0.05) positively the indicators of the intestinal integrity.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.296-300
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• 1990

자외선 조사와 NTG를 처리하여 Brevibacterium flavum 10AHR(arg his $Rif^r$)과 Corynebacterium glutamicum 11TS(trp $Sm^r$의 돌연변이주를 분리하였다. B.flavum 10AHR과 C.glutamicum 11TS를 300$\mu g$/ml의 lysozyme으로 18시간 처리하여 원형질체를 형성하고, 융합시 30의 PEG 6,000으로 처리하였을 때 가장 높은$3.7\times 10^{-6}$의 융합빈도를 나타내었다.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.299-306
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• 1995

본 실험은 강활(O. koreanum)과 지리강활(A.purpuraefolia)의 체세포배 발생을 위한 효율적인 세포배양시스템을 확립하고자 실시하였다. 강활과 지리강활의 개화후 3주된 미숙종자는 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D와 0.1 mg/L BA 혼용처리구에서 배발생캘러스와 체세포배 발생이 가장 양호하였고, 0.1-3.0mg/L NAA가 처리된 배지에서 재분화된 식물체의 자엽과 배축의 가장자리로부터 직접 체세포배가 발생하였다. 미숙종자의 휴면을 고려하여 저온처리한 결과, 5$^{\circ}C$에서 10일동안 저장 후, 25$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$에서 배양하였을 때 반응이 없던 배양체로부터 배발생 캘러스와 체세포배가 발생하였고 이 체세포배는 줄기와 뿌리로 분화되었다. 지리강활에서는 배지내 첨가한 glutamine과 coconut milk의 뚜렷한 효과가 인정되지 않았다. 그러나 강활의 경우에는 대조구에 비하여 glutamine과 10% coconut milk가 포함된 배지에서 체세포배 발생률이 항상되었고 특히 glutamine은 coconut milk에 비해 NH$_4$NO$_3$ 대체효과가 인정되었다. 체세포배의 器內 식물체전환율은 MS 기본배지에서 89.1%로 가장 양호하였고 배발생 캘러스의 증식용 배지로는 0.01 mg/L 2,4-D와 0.01 mg/L BA혼용처리구에서 가장 좋았다.

• 약학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.128-133
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to examine whether administration of glutamine are able to prevent the NSAID induced bacterial translocation and lipid peroxidation in the rats. The an imals with glutamine were fed with L-glutamine for 5 days before diclofenac administration (100 mg/kg orally). 48 hour after diclofenac administration, intestinal permeability, serum biochemical profiles, and malondialdehyde levels of ileum were measured for evaluation of gut damage. Also, enteric aerobic bacterial counts, number of gram-negatives in mesenteric Iymph nodes, liver, spleen and kidney and malondialdehyde levels in liver, spleen, kidney and plasma were measured. Diclofenac caused the gut damage, enteric bacterial overgrowth, increased bacterial translocation and increased lipid peroxidation. Co-administration of glutamine reduced the gut damage, enteric bacterial overgrowth, bacterial translocation and lipid peroxidation induced by diclofenac. This study suggested that glutamine might effectively prevent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced bacterial translocation and lipid peroxidation in the rat.

• 한국미생물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 1986년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.506-508
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• 1986

Metabolic activity of inorganic nitrogenous compounds affects not only microbial growth but also metabolite production in fermentation technology. We have worked on the enzymes participating in ammonia assimulation of some fermentation bacteria. This paper summarizes the results on glutamine synthetase and its application in practical field. Glutamine synthetase (L-glutamate:ammonia ligase, EC. 6.3.1.2) catalyzes the formation of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia at the expense of cleavage of ATP and inorganic phosphate. The enzyme plays a dual role in nitrogen metabolism in bacteria; it is a key enzyme not only in the biosynthesis of various compounds through glutamine but also in the regulation of synthesis of some enzymes involved in the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds. The detailed works with the Eschericia coli and other enterobacterial enzymes revealed that glutamine synthetase is controlled by the following complex of mechanisms: (a) feedback inhibition by end products, (b) repression and derepression of enzyme synthesis, (c) modulation of enzyme activity in response to divalent cation and (d) covalent modification of enzyme protein by adenylylation and its cascade control. Comparative studies have also been made on the enzymes from other organisms.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.184-190
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• 1993

Rhodobacter sphaeroides 균주가 생산하는 ${\delta}-aminolevulinic\;acid(ALA)$의 생산성에 관하여 in vivo, in vitro 상에서 기질 및 관련 화합물을 이용하여 검토하였다. $C_5\;ALA$ 생합성계에 의한 ALA yield 대비의 $C_4$ 생합성계에 의한 비율은 in vive 상에서 0.78인 반면, in vitro 상에서의 비율은 1.37이었다.$C_4\;C_5$ 각 계의 기질 첨가 배양에 의한 cell-free system의 $C_4,\;C_5$ 계의 발현도는 미첨가 배양에 의한 system과 비교하여 각각 1.35, 1.52로 증가하였으나, 증가한 계에 대한 상대계의 발현도가 억제되어, $C_4$ 와 $C_5$ 계가 각각 0.91, 0.83으로 나타났다. ${\gamma}-Glutamyl\;derivatives$의 세포내 uptake rates는 L-glutamic acid를 기준으로 비교해서 D-glutamic acid, 0.55: D-glutamine, 0.5: L-glutamine, 0.4: ${\gamma}-L-glutamyl\;ethylester$, 0.3: GSH 및 Glu-pNA, 0의 순서를 보였다. Uptake rate와 관계없이 in vivo 상에서 L-과 D-glutamine이 L-, D-glutamic acid보다 균체 외 ALA의 생산에 있어서 각각 높은 yield의 효과를 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.238-242
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• 2002

Seventy-four piglets were used to investigate the effects of dietary glutamine (Gln) and glutamate (Glu) on the mucosal structure and active absorption of small intestinal, DNA and RNA concentrations of skeletal muscle tissue in piglets during d 28 to 42 of age. Postweaning piglets were fed for 14 d corn- and soybean meal-based diets supplemented with 0.0 or 1.0% L-Gln or L-Glu. On d 7 and 14 postweaning, pigs' small intestinal sections and longissimus dorsi were collected, at the same time, the D-xylose absorption test was conducted. The results suggested that in comparison to control piglets, jejunal atrophy during the first week postweaning was prevented by the glutamine and glutamate supplementation (1%) and the capability of small intestine to absorb Dxylose was improved. Furthermore the RNA concentration in skeletal muscle tissue was increased. These results provide an experimental basis for use of glutamine and glutamate on alleviating the weaning stresses and improving piglets' growth performance.