• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.124-129
• /
• 2001

Crotalaria sessiflora is one of a few medicinal herbs among the legumes used as antitumor herb medicine but has lower seed germination and afterward seedling emergence. This study was carried out to elucidate the effects of cold stratification as presown treatment as well as $GA_3$, $KNO_3$ and acetone on its seed germination and seedling emergence. Cold stratification, $GA_3$, $KNO_3$ and acetone treatments were performed with different concentrations and period levels. Cold treatment was done under 14 hour red light illumination a day or darkness and the two others under darkness. On the basis of the best germination rate of each treatment, $GA_3$ and cold stratification treatments showed the highest germination rates at 0.1 mM but 12 hours and 2 week periods under darkness, respectively. $KNO_3$ and acetone treatments came out at 400 mM and 200 mM lasted for, respectively. The best germination rates from $KNO_3$ and acetone were comparatively higher than those from the former $GA_3$ and cold treatments. In evaluation of seedling emergence using the last two treatments, $KNO_3$ treated seeds were better performed than acetone treated seeds showed somewhat higher germination rate, implying that presown seed treatments must be evaluated by the combination with indoor and field tests.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.358-373
• /
• 1997

Resin modified glass ionomers were introduced in 1988 to overcome the problems of moisture sensitivity and low early mechanical strength of conventional glass ionomers and to maintain their clinical advantages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color stability of four resin modified glass ionomers(Fuji II LC, Vitremer, Dyract and VariGlass), one resin composite material(Z-100), and one conventional glass ionomer(GC Fuji II) under several conditions. These conditions were as follows: 1) before curing, 2) after curing, 3) after polishing, 4) after 500 thermocycling, 5) after 1,000 thermocycling, 6) after 1,500 thermocycling and 7) after 2,000 thermocycling. Three specimens of each material/shade combination were made. Materials were condensed into metal mold with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 2.0 mm, and were pressed between glass plates. The material was polymerized using a light polymerizing unit(Visilux II, 3M, USA). After removal of excess, the surface was polished sequentially on wet sandpapers. A reflection spectrophotometer(Model TC-6FX, Tokyo Denshoku Co., Japan) was used to determine CIELAB coordinates($L^*,a^*$ and $b^*$) of each specimen. CIE standard illumination C was used as the light source. The results were as follows : 1. In comparing different shades of same material, CIELAB color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) value was not significantly different from each other(p>0.05). 2. CIELAB color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) values between after-curing and after-polishing were ranged from 5.53 to 27.08. These values were higher than those of other condition combinations. 3. CIELAB color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) values between before-thermocycling and after-thermocycling were ranged from 1.40 to 7.81. Despite the number of thermocycling increased, CIELAB color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) value was low. 4. The color stability of resin modified glass ionomers was more stable than that of conventional glass ionomers but less stable than that of Z100.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.58 no.3
• /
• pp.319-323
• /
• 2013

Red rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important weeds in most of rice cultivating area. Seed germination related experiments were done to evaluate germination percentage, emerging speed, and initial growth by seeding depth and soil moisture level. The four experiments, 1) temperature, 2) seeding depth, 3) soil moisture level, and 4) seeding position, were done with combination each other on phytotron for germination and seedling growth related experiments of redrice. The treatments levels were: 1) Temperatures were 20/15(Low), 25/20 (Mid.), $30/25{\circ}C$ (High), (day/night), 2) seeding depths were 0, 3, 6 cm, 3) soil moisture levels were 25, 35, 45, 55, 65% (VWC, %), and seeding position were furrow, ridge, ridge-top. The germination percentage and germination speed of red rice were higher and faster than Daeanbyeo in low temperature. Yoeongcheon redrice of seed germination percentage and seedling length was more vigor than Hapcheon red rice. Red rice was not germinated on 6 cm seeding depth until 11 days after seeding except high temperature treatment. Germination percentage increased with increasing soil water percentage in low temperature, however it was greatest in 45% in high soil moisture level between 25% to 65% in low temperature. Seed germination percentage and seedling length were not significantly different among the soil water level in mid- and high temperature levels. In conclusion, red rice could germinate in top soil (<6 cm) in mid- and high temperature range, so we might be control red rice by spraying herbicide after germination of red rice combined with delayed rotary cultivation.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.15-26
• /
• 1996

This study was conducted to improve the in vitro maturation(JVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro developmental capacity of oocytes derived from slaughtered Korean native cattle. The recoverd oocytes, obtained from a local slaughter house, were used completely surrounded by at least 3 layers of cumulus cells in combination with a homogeneous cytoplasmic pigmentation. In vitro maturation was induced in TCM-199 or Ham's F-10 supplemented with LH(1O $\mu$g/rnl), FSH(35 $\mu$g/ml), estradiol-17$\beta$(1 $\mu$g/ml) at 39$^{\circ}C$ under 5% $CO_2$ in air for 24 hours. Sperm from caudal epididyrnis and previously matured cumulus-oocytes complexes were cultured for 24 hours in 100 $\mu$l droplets of fertilization media under paraffin oil. The zygotes were cultured with media(TCM-199 with bovine oviductal epithelial cells or CRlaa) for 7 to 10 days. The cleavage rate of IVM-IVF oocytes was significantly (P<0.05) higher following maturation using Ham's F-10 (59.9%) than TCM-199 (51.6%). Development to the blastocysts among cleaved embryos was not signficantly different between maturation media: Ham's F-10 (16.0%) and TCM-199(11.9%). However, the hatching rate was affected significantly (P<0.05) on rnaturation media as 62.9% in Ham's F-10, compared with 41.2% in TCM-199. The cleavage rate of IVM-IVF oocytes was significantly (P<0.05) higher following IVF using m-TALP medium (80.1%) than BO medium (51.6%). The percentage of in vitro developed blastocysts among cleaved embryos was not signficantly different between fertimization media: BO (11.7%) and m-TALP (17.6%). The cleavage and the developmental rate to the blastocysts after IVF in m-TALP or condition medium(CM) with or without oviduct epithelial cell monolayer(OECM) was similar(80.1% and 17.6% in m-TALP, 83.8% and 19.4% in M-TALP with OECM. 82.9% and 18.9% in CM, 87.6% and 16.0% in CM with OECM, respectively). The percentage of in vitro developed blastocysts among cleaved embryos was significantly (P<0.05) higher in TCM-199 medium co-cul tured with bovine oviduatal epithelial cell monolayers(35.2%) than CRlaa medium(1.9%). These results stggest that the most transferable IVF embryos could be produced from Ham's F-10, m-TALP and TCM-199 medium with bovine oviductal epithelial cell monolayers for IVM, IVF and IVC, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Crystallographic Association Conference
• /
• 2002.11a
• /
• pp.5-6
• /
• 2002

The new spectrometer for X-ray Induced Electron Emission Spectroscopy (XIEES) .has been recently developed in KRISS in collaboration with PTI (Russia). The spectrometer allows to perform research using the XAFS, SXAFS, XANES techniques (D.C.Koningsberger and R.Prins, 1988) as well as the number of techniques from XIEES field(L.A.Bakaleinikov et all, 1992). The experiments may be carried out with registration of transmitted through the sample x-rays (to investigate bulk samples) or/and total electron yield (TEY) from the sample surface that gives the high (down to several atomic mono-layers in soft x-ray region) near surface sensitivity. The combination of these methods together give the possibility to obtain a quantitative information on elemental composition, chemical state, atomic structure for powder samples and solids, including non-crystalline materials (the long range order is not required). The optical design of spectrometer is made according to Johannesson true focusing schematics and presented on the Fig.1. Five stepping motors are used to maintain the focusing condition during the photon energy scan (crystal angle, crystal position along rail, sample goniometer rail angle, sample goniometer position along rail and sample goniometer angle relatively of rail). All movements can be done independently and simultaneously that speeds up the setting of photon energy and allows the using of crystals with different Rowland radil. At present six curved crystals with different d-values and one flat synthetic multilayer are installed on revolver-type monochromator. This arrangement allows the wide range of x-rays from 100 eV up to 25 keV to be obtained. Another 4 stepping motors set exit slit width, sample angle, channeltron position and x-ray detector position. The differential pumping allows to unite vacuum chambers of spectrometer and x-ray generator avoiding the absorption of soft x-rays on Be foil of a window and in atmosphere. Another feature of vacuum system is separation of walls of vacuum chamber (which are deformed by the atmospheric pressure) from optical elements of spectrometer. This warrantees that the optical elements are precisely positioned. The detecting system of the spectrometer consists of two proportional counters, one scintillating detector and one channeltron detector. First proportional counter can be used as I/sub 0/-detector in transmission mode or by measuring the fluorescence from exit slit edge. The last installation can be used to measure the reference data (that is necessary in XANES measurements), in this case the reference sample is installed on slit knife edge. The second proportional counter measures the intensity of x-rays transmitted through the sample. The scintillating detector is used in the same way but on the air for the hard x-rays and for alignment purposes. Total electron yield from the sample is measured by channeltron. The spectrometer is fully controlled by special software that gives the high flexibility and reliability in carrying out of the experiments. Fig.2 and fig.3 present the typical XAFS spectra measured with spectrometer.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.1577-1582
• /
• 1999

Carrot juice inoculated with $2\;{\times}\;10^8\;cfu/mL$ of Escherichia coli was treated with pulsed electric fields(PEF) for the purpose of a development of new cold pasteurization processes. Inactivation of E. coli in carrot juice increased with increase in intensity of the electric field strength and treatment time. The cells were suspended at concentration of ca. $2\;{\times}\;10^8$ cells per ml. A reduction of 4D was obtained at 40 kv/cm and 256 exponential decay pulses at room temperature. Critical electric field strength(Ec) and treatment time(tc) needed for inactivation of E. coli were 11.74 kV/cm and $3.6\;{\mu}s$ at room temperature, respectively. The combination of PEF and thermal treatment inactivated E. coli more effectively. The reductions of up to 5.5D were observed when the carrot juice was treated with PEF of 22.5 kV/cm and $205\;{\mu}s$ at $50^{\circ}C$. PFF treatment did not effect in color, pH, $^{\circ}Brix$, titratable acidity and ${\alpha}-,\;{\beta}-carotene$ contents of carrot juice.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.56-62
• /
• 1985

Effects of butachlor [N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl acetanilide] and 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (NA) on post-germination growth, mesocotyl and root anatomy and root-cell membrane permeability of rice (Orvza saliva L.) were investigated. Lengths of mesocotyl and radicle were markedly decreased as the application rates of butachlor increased from 0.1 to 100 ppmW and NA from 1 to 100 ppmW, but there was no effect on coleoptile elongation. Application of butachlor-NA resulted in increase in coleoptile elongation, but decrease in mesocotyl elongation. Partial breakdown of cortical cells in root and mesocotyl was caused by either trutachlor or NA treatments, resulting in increase in intercellular air space. Further increase in the intercellular air space of root and mesocotyl was obtained when butachlor was applied in combination with NA. Increase in root-cell membrane permeability occurred when either butachlor or NA was applied. However, butachlor-NA treatments resulted in reduction in the permeability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.27-27
• /
• 1987

The purpose of this study is to find the light intensity which induced maximum gathering rate and to observe the variation of the gathering rate both at daytime and night by using Sea-bass, Epinephelus septemfasciatus (Thunberg). An experimental tank (360 L×50 W×55H cm) was set up in a dark room. An illumination system was attached to the end of one side of the tank to control horizontal light intensity. Eight artificial light sources were prepared by combination of three with white light bulbs (10W, 60W, 100W) and eight filters. During the experiment water depth was maintained 50cm level in the tank. The tank was marked into six longitudinal sections each being 60cm long to observe the distribution of fish. The fish were acclimatized in dark condition for 50 minutes before the main experiment. Upon turning on the light, the number of fish in each section was counted 60 times every 30 seconds, and the gathering rate was obtained from the average number of fish in each section. The light intensity inducing maximum gathering rate was 24.13 lux (15.25~35.93 lux) at daytime and 0.41 lux (0.25~0.63 lux) at night. The variation of the gathering rate of fish in illumination time was great and did not show any definite pattern but fluctuated irregularly. Its different between daytime and night is remarkable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.137-143
• /
• 1987

The purpose of this study is to find the light intensity which induced maximum gathering rate and to observe the variation of the gathering rate both at daytime and night by using Sea-bass, Epinephelus septemfasciatus (Thunberg). An experimental tank (360 L$\times$50 W$\times$55H cm) was set up in a dark room. An illumination system was attached to the end of one side of the tank to control horizontal light intensity. Eight artificial light sources were prepared by combination of three with white light bulbs (10W, 60W, 100W) and eight filters. During the experiment water depth was maintained 50cm level in the tank. The tank was marked into six longitudinal sections each being 60cm long to observe the distribution of fish. The fish were acclimatized in dark condition for 50 minutes before the main experiment. Upon turning on the light, the number of fish in each section was counted 60 times every 30 seconds, and the gathering rate was obtained from the average number of fish in each section. The light intensity inducing maximum gathering rate was 24.13 lux (15.25~35.93 lux) at daytime and 0.41 lux (0.25~0.63 lux) at night. The variation of the gathering rate of fish in illumination time was great and did not show any definite pattern but fluctuated irregularly. Its different between daytime and night is remarkable.

• The Journal of Traditional Korean Medicine
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.113-127
• /
• 2006

Objectives: This study was produced to examine the effects of moxibustion that had been played important role to traditional oriental medical treatment on disease. Recently, it was reported that moxi-tar which is generated in the process of moxibustion as burning combustibles decreased nitric oxide(NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) generation in cellular experiments. Methods: Carrageenan-induced arthritis rat model was used to test the effect of moxi-tar as a chronic pain model. Diluted moxi-tar was single injected in several acupoints or combined with electroacupuncture (l ms, 2 Hz, and 2 mA) into contralateral ST36 acupoint for 30 min to assess the synergic effects. After the treatment, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 12 hours. Endogenous NO and iNOS, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord were examined on a rat model of carrageenan-induced arthritis. Results : After the induction of arthritis, rats subsequently showed a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for at least the next 4 days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful knee, since oral injection of indomethacin produced temporary improvement of weight bearing. Maxi-tar produced significant improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis lasting at least 9 hours. The magnitude of this improvement was equivalent to that obtained after an oral injection of 3 mg/kg of indomethacin and this improvement of stepping force was interpreted as an analgesic effect. Maxi-tar produced the improvement of stepping force of the affected hindlimb in a dose-dependent manner. Both NO production and iNOS, COX-2 protein expression increased by arthritis were suppressed by maxi-tar. Moxi-tar on combination with electroacupuncture (EA) produced more powerful and longer lasting improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis than either moxi-tar or EA did. Conclusion : The present study suggest that maxi-tar produces a potent analgesic effect on the chronic knee arthritis pain model in the rat and that moxi-tar-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of iNOS/COX-2 protein expression.