• Journal of Aquaculture
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.303-308
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• 2000

Effects of the sediments on water quality, and the consequent survival and growth of cultured fleshy prawns, Penaeus chil1ensis were determined under selected sediment types for 6 weeks. Dissolved oxygen was 5.1-5.9 mgll in both the sediments containing sand alone, and soft sand (50%) and mud (50%). It decreased to 4.6 mgll in the mud after 6 weeks. Nitrite, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide of the seawater were 0.07-0.12, 0.16-0.29 and 0.009~0.014 mgll in both the sediments containing sand alone, and soft sand (50%) and mud (50%). The values, however, increased to 0.15, 0.36 and 0.018 mgll in the mud sediment, respectively. Survival of the prawn was below 60% in bare and mud sediments. It was above 70% in both the sediments containing sand alone, and soft sand (50%) and mud (50%). Growth and food efficiency of the prawn were significantly lower in the 100 % sand than in the sediment containing soft sand (50%) and mud (50%).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.833-837
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• 2005

Antioxidative activities of pine, oak, and lily pollen extracts were evaluated based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging ability and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in animal tissues. Each pollen was extracted with 50% ethanol, 100% ethanol or water. DPPH radical-scavenging capacity of 50% ethanol extract ($EC_{50}$ 40.0 mg/mL) of pine pollen was higher than those of water (46.8 mg/mL) and 100% ethanol (131.2 mg/mL) extracts of pollen. Fifty percent ethanol (3,2 mg/mL) was also better than 100% ethanol (4.5 mg/mL) and water (8.3 mg/mL) for extraction of oak pollen. For preparation of lily pollen extracts, 100% ethanol was most effective (14.0 mg/mL), followed by water (18.8 mg/mL) and 50% ethanol (24.0 mg/mL). Oak pollen showed higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity than others. Lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate induced by ascorbate-Fe3+-EDTA and rat kidney homogenate were inhibited by water extracts of all pollens in dose-dependent manner. Extracts of oak and lily pollen showed higher lipid peroxidation inhibition than pine pollen extract. Polyphenol content was highest in oak pollen extract $(32.5{\pm}0.7\;{\mu}g/mg\;pollen)$, followed by lily extract $(25.9{\pm}1.4\;{\mu}g/mg\;pollen)$ and pine extract $(9.3{\pm}0.7\;{\mu}g/mg\;pollen)$.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.275-286
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• 2008

In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidative, anti-wrinkle and whitening effects of Platycarya strobilacea bark extracts. The free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) of extract / fractions of Platycarya strobilacea was in the order: 50% ethanol extract ($6.75{\mu}g/mL$) < deglycosylated aglycone fraction ($6.62{\mu}g/mL$) < ethyl acetate fraction ($4.15{\mu}g/mL$). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of some Platycarya strobilacea extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The order of ROS scavenging activity was ethyl acetate fraction (OSC50, $0.56{\mu}g/mL$) < 50% ethanol extract ($0.02{\mu}g/mL$) < deglycosylated aglycone fraction ($0.01{\mu}g/mL$). The deglycosylated aglycone fraction showed the most prominent scavenging activity. The protective effects of extract / fractions of Platycarya strobilacea on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The ethanol extract (50%) suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner, particularly ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most prominent cellular protective effect (${\tau}_{50}$, 717.27 min at $10{\mu}g/mL$). The inhibitory effect of Platycarya strobilacea extracts on tyrosinase were investigated to assess their whitening efficacy. Finally, their anti-elastase activities were measured to predict the anti-wrinkle efficacy in the human skin. The inhibitory effect ($IC_{50}$) on tyrosinase of some Platycarya strobilacea extracts was 50% ethanol extract ($243.98{\mu}g/mL$) < ethyl acetate fraction ($153.87{\mu}g/mL$) < deglycosylated aglycone fraction ($137.53{\mu}g/mL$). Also, The inhibitory effect of elastase ($IC_{50}$) of some Platycarya strobilacea extracts was 50% ethanol extract ($31.01{\mu}g/mL$) < ethyl acetate fraction ($14.42{\mu}g/mL$) < deglycosylated aglycone fraction ($1.48{\mu}g/mL$). The cream containing the ethyl acetate fraction of Platycarya strobilacea extracts was formulated. The skin hydration, transepidermal water loss, and the whitening effects were investigated after topical application of the cream. The skin hydration of cream containing extract was increased by $2{\sim}8%$ than the placebo cream, transepidermal water loss was decreased. The cream containing extract suppressed the melanogenesis of skin by 9.55% than the placebo cream. These results indicate that extract / fractions of Platycarya strobilacea can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by anti-oxidative activity and protect cellular membranes against ROS. The inhibitory effect on elastase and tyrosinase, and the increase of skin hydration and the whitening effect of the cream containing extract could be applicable to new functional cosmetics for antiaging.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제59권2호
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• pp.133-136
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• 2016

An acetone extract in the cortex of Ulmus pumila L. was prepared to evaluate its anti-oxidative and anti-proliferative activities. The free radical scavenging activity ($EC_{50}=36.7{\mu}g/mL$) and reducing power ($EC_{50}=53.2{\mu}g/mL$) proportionally increased according to the extract concentration. The acetone extract possessed a potent anti-proliferative activity against human non-small cell lung cancer (A549, $GI_{50}=74.3{\mu}g/mL$) and human colon cancer (SNU-C4, $GI_{50}=92.8{\mu}g/mL$) cells in a dose-dependent manner, but was less effective with human normal cells (L132, human embryonic lung epithelial cell).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.14-19
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• 2010

This study was to investigate antioxidant effects of mistletoe extracts by extraction conditions. Electron donating ability of 50% ethanol extract had shown 92.27% at 50 mL/g, which was higher than 1.0% and 0.1% L-ascorbate solutions (p<0.05). SOD-like activities were the most effective in all samples at 50 mL/g, which were barely detectable. The total polyphenol contents of water extracts including all extracts were the highest at 50 mL/g extracts (p<0.05). The nitrite scavenging effects were different depending on pH value; they were decreased overall as pH value was increased. Especially, nitrite scavenging effects were the most effective in pH 1.2, which showed more than 80% (p<0.05). Tyrosinase-inhibitory activities ranged at fewer than 10%. These results indicate that mistletoe extracts are potential sources of natural antioxidant.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.87-97
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• 2009

Octachlorostyrene (OCS) is a persistant and bioaccumulative toxic subtance (PBTs). In this study, acute toxicity tests on algae, daphnia and fish for octachlorostyrene and its isomers were done to determine effective concentration ($EC_{50}$), Lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$), no observed effect concentration (NOEC) or lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC). As a result, NOEC on algae growth inhibition test for octacholorostyrene and 2-, 3-chlorostyrene was determined as $0.50\;mg\;L^{-1}$, and NOEC for 4-chlorostyrene was determined as $0.13\;mg\;L^{-1}$. NOEC on daphnia, acute immobilisation test for octachlorostyrene and 2-, 3-chlorostyrene was determined as $5.00\;mg\;L^{-1}$ and $EC_{50}$ for 4-chlorostyrene was determined as $2.128\;mg\;L^{-1}$. NOEC on Oryzias Latipes, acute toxicity test for octachlorostyrene was determined as $80.0\;mg\;L^{-1}$ and NOEC for 2-, 3-chlorostyrene was determined as $60.0\;mg\;L^{-1}$. $LC_{50}$ for 4-chlorostyrene was determined as $39.0\;mg\;L^{-1}$ (48h) and $22.6\;mg\;L^{-1}$ (96h).

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.781-788
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• 2015

In this study, the antioxidative effects of 50% ethanol extract, ethylacetate fraction and aglycone fraction obtained from dried whole plant of Solanum nigrum L. were investigated. The free radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) were $215.46{\mu}g/mL$, $42.43{\mu}g/mL$ and $52.28{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system were $25.25{\mu}g/mL$, $7.05{\mu}g/mL$ and $6.25{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. 50% ethanol extract and aglycone fraction showed the cellular protective effect against $^1O_2$ induced cellular damage of rabbit erythrocytes at $5{\sim}25{\mu}g/mL$, but not at high concentrations. These results indicated that S. nigrum extract/fractions could be used as an antioxidative agent. However, it could induce cellular damage at high concentrations. In conclusion, a special caution is required to use S. nigrum extracts as a cosmetic ingredient.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.631-642
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• 2017

Protein hydrolysates derived from plants and animals having antioxidant, suppression of hypertension, immunodulatory, alleviation of pain, and antimicrobial activity has been known as playing important role like hormone. This study was performed to hydrolysis of Ogae egg white protein using the six proteases. The antioxidant activity of the produced peptides was analyzed. As a result, the maximum value of hydrolysis was protamex(46.3%), DPPH radical scavenging was bromelain(57.23%), hydroxy radical scavenging was alcalase(30.21%), superoxide radical scavenging was alcalase(58.07%), and $Fe^{2+}$ chelation ability was alcalase(72.06%). Furthermore, the antioxidant Inhibition concentration ($IC_{50}$) of peptides was evaluated for each enzyme. As a result, the maximum value of alcalase was $Fe^{2+}$ cheating ability($IC_{50}$, 1.24 mg/mL), bromelain was DPPH radical scavenging($IC_{50}$, 2.46 mg/mL), flavourzyme was $Fe^{2+}$ cheating ability($IC_{50}$, 1.25 mg/mL), neutrase was DPPH radical scavenging($IC_{50}$, 3.64 mg/mL), papain was DPPH radical scavenging ($IC_{50}$, 3.82 mg/mL) and protamex was DPPH radical scavenging($IC_{50}$, 1.93 mg/mL). Therefore, we expect that peptides produced from Ogae egg white protein using protease enzyme are useful as an antioxidant functional food ingredients.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.308-313
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• 2015

A $3{\times}3$ factorial study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth, feed utilization and innate immunity of red seabream Pagrus major. Nine diets consisting of three protein levels (42%, 46% and 50% crude protein) and three lipid levels (10%, 14% and 18% crude lipid) were formulated. Triplicate groups of red seabream were fed the experimental diets to apparent satiation (5-6 times a day, from 08:00 to 18:00 h at 2-h intervals) for 10 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed P46L14 (46% protein and 14% lipid), P50L10 (50% protein and 10% lipid) and P50L14 (50% protein and 14% lipid) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of fish fed P42L18 (42% protein and 18% lipid). The feed conversion ratios (FCR) of the fish were affected by dietary lipid levels (P<0.039), but not dietary protein levels. The FCR tended to increase with increasing dietary lipid levels from 10% to 18% with the 46% and 50% protein levels. The weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, specific growth rate, feed intake and survival of fish were not affected by either dietary protein or lipid levels. Myeloperoxidase activity in the group fed P50L14 (50% protein and 14% lipid) was significantly higher than that in the group fed P42L10 (42% protein and 10% lipid) or P50L18 (50% protein and 18% lipid). However, the myeloperoxidase activity of fish was not affected by either dietary protein or lipid level. The fish fed P46L14 (46% protein and 14% lipid) and P46L18 (46% protein and 18% lipid) showed significantly higher superoxide dismutase activity than did the fish fed P46L10 (46% protein and 10% lipid), P50L10 (50% protein and 10% lipid) of P50L18 (50% protein and 18% lipid). In conclusion, the optimum protein and lipid levels for the growth and feed utilization of juvenile red seabream were 46% and 14%, respectively, and the optimum dietary protein to energy ratio was 27.4 g/MJ.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.215-220
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• 2007

One of the important functions of skin is protection from harmful environments. Many studies have explored how to prevent skin from wrinkling and the occurrence of pigmentation changes. Skin wrinkling and pigmentation changes could be caused by unusual disruption of connective tissue, the formation of free radicals and ultraviolet radiation. In this study, extracts obtained from 254 different kinds of Jeju medicinal plants were screened for inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and elastase, and for free radical scavenging effects. Four herbs, Phormium tenax, Morus bombycis, Morus alba, and Cudrania tricuspidata, were potent inhibitors of tyrosinase ($IC_{50}$ values 4.62, 5.46, 8.17, and 64.17 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively). Aleurites fordii [$IC_{50}$: 5.29 ${\mu}g$/mL, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)], Distylium racemosum ($IC_{50}$: 6.14 ${\mu}g$/mL), Acer palmatum ($IC_{50}$: 5.44 ${\mu}g$/mL), and Spiraea salicifolia ($IC_{50}$: 5.25 ${\mu}g$/mL) showed good antioxidative effects. Furthermore, Distylium racemosum ($IC_{50}$: 7.51 ${\mu}g$/mL), Diospyros kaki ($IC_{50}$: 15.1 ${\mu}g$/mL), Cornus macrophylla ($IC_{50}:$ 16.59 ${\mu}g$/mL), and Psidium guajava ($IC_{50}$: 40.25 ${\mu}g$/mL) exhibited potent inhibitory effects on elastase. These results suggest that medicinal plants possessing several biological activities may be potent inhibitors of the processes involved in pigmentation increases and aging. Further investigations will focus on in vivo assays and on the chemical identification of the major active components responsible for whitening and anti-aging activity in the screened efficacious extracts.