• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.95-100
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• 2018

The study investigates the factors that affect Kyrgyzstan's bilateral trade flows with its main trading partners and attempts to predict trade potential for Kyrgyzstan. Using panel data, the gravity model is applied to estimate Kyrgyzstan's trade from 2000 to 2016 for its 35 main trading partners. The coefficients derived from the gravity-model estimation are then used to predict trade potential for Kyrgyzstan. Results proved to be successful and explained 63% of the fluctuations in Kyrgyzstan's trade. According to the results, Kyrgyzstan's and its partners' GDP have a positive effect on trade, while distance and partners' population prove to have a negative effect. Predicted trade potential reveals that neighboring countries (China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan) and Russia still have a significant trade potential. Kyrgyzstan, being a less developed economy, even by Central Asia standards, can only achieve its goals of reducing poverty and becoming more developed by increasing its overall trade with the rest of the world. Therefore, it is essential to study the main determinants of Kyrgyzstan's bilateral trade. In this way, we can help policy makers formulate policies to expand Kyrgyzstan's trade. This study is the first attempt to apply to the gravity model to Kyrgyzstan in an attempt to predict trade potential.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.163-171
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is the tooth decay ratio of the children and adolescents in four rural areas of Kyrgyzstan. Methods: Oral examinations were conducted 2,677 children and adolescents in Nizhniy chuy, Bokonbayevo, Chon Tash and Arashan from March 2017 to November 2019. It was investigated decayed tooth ratio(DT), decay permanent tooth ratio(DPT) and missing permanent tooth ratio(DMT) according to ages and areas by direct observation of the oral cavity. Results: In all areas, the rate of all children and adolescents aged 6 to 14 had very high DT of more than 94 percent overall. Furthermore, it was showed that high DPT rates above 78% on average and DMT over 8 years old in Chon Tash and Arashan. Conclusion: These results are higher than the average of DT, DPT and DMT in OECD countries. In order to promote oral health of children and adolescents, increased interest in oral health and policy measures at the Kyrgyzstan government level are considered urgent.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.189-193
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• 2001

School children were examined for the presence of Enterobius vermicularis egg by perianal swab method at 52nd and 41st primary school between September 30, 1998 and October 7, 1998 in Kyrgyzstan, 281 children examined, 80(28.5%) were found to be positive for E. vermicularis egg. The egg positive rate of boys and girls were 41(29%) and 39(28%), respectively. Through this survey, we found that E. vericularis infection is still prevalent among children in Kyrgyzstan.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-30
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• 2021

Education is a key element in shaping the worldview of the next generation and determines society's core values, ideology, and basic understanding of human rights. While Kyrgyzstan is a secular state, Islamic education, backed by Arab and Turkish sponsors, continues to increase in popularity with the construction of thousands of mosques and dozens of new Islamic educational institutions. Young women have become an important target for Islamic ideology and Islamic educational institutions seek to introduce a new type of ideal woman who is obedient, submissive, and modest. This research uses curricula content analysis, participant observation, and in-depth interviews with teachers and students to examine the effects of newly introduced Islamic education institutions and concludes that the schools are succeeding in training female Kyrgyz students for sheltered lives of dependency, threatening to fundamentally erode women's rights in the country. Two tasks thus demand the attention of policymakers: preserving Kyrgyzstan's secular state and introducing new interpretations of the Quran, which strengthen support for women's rights among believers.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.27-52
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• 2011

The regions of Central Asia have each acquired an elevated strategic importance in the new security paradigm of post-September 1lth. Comprised of five states, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, Central Asia's newly enhanced strategic importance stems from several other factors, ranging from trans-national threats posed by Islamic extremism, drug production and trafficking, to the geopolitical threats inherent in the region's location as a crossroads between Russia, Southwest Asia and China. Although the U.S. military presence in the region began before September 11th, the region became an important platform for the projection of U.S. military power against the Taliban in neighboring Afghanistan. The analysis goes on to warn that 'with US troops already in place to varying extents in Central Asian states, it becomes particularly important to understand the faultlines, geography, and other challenges this part of the world presents'. The Kyrgyz military remains an embryonic force with a weak chain of command, the ground force built to Cold War standards, and an almost total lack of air capabilities. Training, discipline and desertion - at over 10 per cent, the highest among the Central Asian republics - continue to present major problems for the creation of combat-effective armed forces. Kyrgyzstan has a declared policy of national defence and independence without the use of non-conventional weapons. Kyrgyzstan participates in the regional security structures, such as the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) and the Shanghai Co-operation Organisation (SCO) but, in security matters at least, it is dependent upon Russian support. The armed forces are poorly trained and ill-equipped to fulfil an effective counter-insurgency or counter-terrorist role. The task of rebuilding is much bigger, and so are the stakes - the integrity and sovereignty of the Kyrgyz state. Only democratization, the fight against corruption, reforms in the military and educational sectors and strategic initiatives promoting internal economic integration and national cohesion hold the key to Kyrgyzstan's lasting future

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.3
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• pp.294-304
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• 2018

Since joining the OECD Development Assistance committee in 2010, the Republic of Korea has been continuously striving to promote its international standing. A new era of cooperation is about to open between Korea and Central Asia, with the $25^{th}$ anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relationship between Korea and Central Asia, and the welcoming the $80^{th}$ anniversary of the Koryoin (Korean) immigration in 2017. Central Asia is also attracting attention with a rapidly growing economy based on the endowed resources. Therefore, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, among others, were investigated in the following statuses: politics, diplomacy, economy, official development assistance and national strategies. In particular, this study suggests the South Korea's Country Partnership Strategy for Forest with the nations by analyzing the forest environment and forest policy regime, and both forest cooperation strategies: 'Ecotourism Projects using a Walnut Forest' in Kyrgyzstan and 'Projects Restoring Forest and Securing Fuel Woods of Degraded Land in Tugai' in Tajikistan.

• Mycobiology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.378-390
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• 2019

The Tian Shan mountain system is one of the large mountain ranges located in Central Asia. This region is globally recognized as mountain ranges, offering inestimable wealth in fauna and flora with significant biodiversity values. We surveyed macrofungal diversity of Tian Shan in Kyrgyzstan from 2016 to 2018. A collection of macrofungi was made, and these were subjected to sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis to ensure the identity of the collected macrofungi. Of those collected, 95 out of 100 specimens were successfully sequenced and compared with those of other related species retrieved from GenBank. The sequenced specimens were classified into 2 phyla, 8 orders, 24 families, 47 genera, and 57 species, based on current taxonomic concepts (combining morphology and phylogeny). To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first well-documented checklist and phylogenetic analysis of macrofungi recovered from the Tian Shan mountains in Kyrgyzstan.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.342-356
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• 2019

Background: The objectives of the study are to find out the effect of the implementing reform in three Central Asian countries, identify its impact on health status and health care delivery systems. This study address to identify strong and weak points of the health systems and provide a recommendation for further health care organization. Methods: A comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of implemented policy on health care system efficiency and equity. Secondary data were collected on selected health indicators using information from the World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure Database, European Health Information Platform, and World Bank Open Data. Results: In terms of population status, countries achieved relatively good results. Infant mortality and under-5 mortality rate decreased in all countries; also, life expectancy increased, and it was more than 70 years. Regulations of the health systems are still highly centralized, and the Ministry of Health is the main organ responsible for national health policy developing and implementation. Among the three countries, only Kyrgyzstan was successful in introducing a national health system. Distribution of health expenditure between public expenditure and out-of-pocket payments was decreased, and out-of-pocket payments were less the 50% of total health expenditure in all countries, in 2014. Conclusion: After independent, all three countries implemented a certain number of the policy reform, mostly it was directed to move away from the old the Soviet system. Subsequent reform should be focused on evidence-based decision making and strengthening of primary health care in terms of new public health concepts.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2019

Large landslide is a type of mass movement that causes drastic landform changesin a short period, and it causes huge human and property damage over a large area. The purpose of this study is to categorize the types and characteristics of large landslides around the Kokomeren River basin, Kyrgyzstan and to discuss the geomorphic development after the large landslides. The topographic analysis about a total of 20 landslides documented collapsed volumes of 0.01 to 1.10 km³, height drops of 180 to 1,770 m, and runout distances of 1,200 to 5,400 m. Rock avalanche and rockslide are identified as major types of large-scale landslides in the study area. Rock avalanches can be divided into P-type, J-type, and S-type based on the features of slope failure and kinematic characteristics of rock debris. Landslide synchronistic landforms such as trimlines, transverse ridges, longitudinal ridges, levees, and hummocks are well developed in the rock avalanche. The pieces of evidence of landslide dam, landslide-dammed lake, and remnant outburst flood deposits are observed in the upstream and downstream where the rockslides occurred. The Ak-Kiol landslide dam is the best example of a geomorphic development due to lake spillover and the large landslides were likely to be triggered by huge paleo-seismic events.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.86-96
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• 2020

This study analyzed the dietary behaviors and adaptation for Korean foods among Central Asian workers(Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan) living in South Korea to provide basic and fundamental data that allows Central Asian workers to have desirable eating habits while living in South Korea. Questionnaires were completed by 186 Central Asian workers living in South Korea. From this study, we found that 56.8% of respondents ate three meals a day, and 27.2% of respondents ate two meals a day. 29.7% of respondents had no snacks. For adapting Korean food, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan workers had difficulties adapting spicy and salty flavors and unpleasant smell while Kazakhstan workers had difficulties due to sweet flavors and spicy and salty flavors. Men adapted better than women to adapt Korean food. Women respondents ate Korean food more often than men. And the Uzbekistan ratio of eating homeland food daily was the highest. By providing understanding of dietary patterns of Central Asian workers, these results can be used as the basic and fundamental data for their Korean food adaptation.