• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.448-454
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• 1998

Meju for doenjang and kochujang was prepared as a model at Sunchang areaand monitored with major changes. Kochujang meju was prepared on September 12 and doenjang meju on November 12, 1995. Kochjang meju was found to be naturally fermented at 80~90% RH, 15~2$0^{\circ}C$ and doenjang meju was at 80~90% RH and 0~5$^{\circ}C$. The shapes of kochujang meju and doenjang meju were doughnut-type and rectangular, respectively. Weight losses during fermentation were 48% and 28%, respectively. The pH drop and acip production of kochujang meju were negligible. However, pH of doenjang meju decreased from 6.29 to 5.88 and acidity increased from 0.08 to 0.23% as lactic acid. Protein in meju was found to be rapidly solubilized during the early stage of fermentation. Soluble protein cotents of kochujang meju after 7 days and 60 days were 8.23%, respectively. The doenjang mejus were 2.15% after 20 days and 5.72% after 60 days. Soluble suger content increased with the fermentation time. The soluble sugar content was higher in kochjang meju. Acidic protease was highly produced during meju fermentation. $\alpha$-Amylase and $\beta$-amylase were detected in the kochujang meju, of which glutinous rice consisted, but negligible in doenjang meju. Lipase was detected in kochujang meju, but was, negligible in doenjang meju. Microbial population increased drastically after 7 days of fermentation in kochujang meju and 20 days of fermentation in doenjang meju.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.247-253
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• 1996

Changes in microorganisms, enzyme activities and major components of two types of Doenjang prepared with spring Meju and autumn Meju and Kochujang were investigated during 4 months of fermentation. The viable cell counts of aerobic bacteria in Doenjang and Kochujang were increased up to 60 days of fermentation, but viable cell counts of anaerobic bacteria did not show remarkable changes during fermentation. Viable cell count of yeast showed a rapid increase up to 15 days of fermentation in Doenjang and 60 days in Kochujang. It was found that $\alpha$-amylase activity of autumn Meju Doenjang and glucoamylase activity of Kochujang were higher than the other. Acidic and neutral protease showed the highest activity during 15-30 days of fermentation. The pH of Doenjang was increased up to pH 7.0 until 60 days of fermentation, but pH of Kochujang gradually decreased during fermentation. Moisture content of spring Meju Doenjang and Kochujang decreased to 40% during ferme- ntation and reducing sugar content of Kochujang increased up to 15 days of fermentation, but decreased after that.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.38-42
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• 1999

Antimutagenic effects of 5 kinds of kochujang(Korean red pepper soybean paste) samples compared with doenjang(Korean soy paste) were studied using the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and the SOS chromotest, with E. Coli PQ37. Th eantimutatenic effects of methanol extracts from red pepper powder and meju(fermented soybean) powder, the major ingredients of the kochujang,were also evaluated for the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the Ames assay. The methanol extracts from the kochujang samples showed lower antimutagenicities than those of doenjang against AFB1 and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in the Ames assay. Traditional kochujang I and II exhibited strong antimutagenic activity against AFB1 and MNNG. The traditional kochujang samples against MNNG were aslo observed in the SOS chromotest system with the same fashions as shown in the Ames mutagenicity test. The methanol extracts from meju powder had the strongest inhibitory effects on mutabenicity induced by AFB1, however, those form red pepper powder showed lower inhibition rate than kochujang. These results suggest that traditional kochujang exhibit higher antimutagenic acitivity than the commercial variety, and that meju powder seems to be one of the major antimutagenic components in kochujang.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.606-612
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• 1995

Three different Oyijangachi(Kochujang, Doenjang and Ganjang) have been prepared by traditional method. Cucumbers have been dipped in six different solutions for 48 hrs. After dipping, the cucumbers have been aged in Kochujang, Doenjang and Ganjang for 30 days. The acidity, pH, salt content and sensory evaluation of the cucumbers which were treated by six different solutions has measured. Moisture content of fresh cucumber was 95%, and the moisture content of Kochujang, Doenjang and Ganjang of Oyijangachi was 66.78%, 76.94% and 81.33%, respectively, after 30 days of aging. Protein content fo Kochujang, Doenjang and Ganjang of Oyijangachi increased 57%, 258% and 197%, respectively, after 30 days of aging when they compared with fresh cucumber(control). Initial acidity of Oyijangachi of cucumbers which were treated with solution 1~5 at 0 day were between 0.49 and 0.56 and increased during aging. Initial acidity of Oyijangachi treated with solution 6 was 1.84 which was low because 1% of acetic acid was added and acidity increased during aging. The pH of Kochujang, Doenjang, and Ganjang of Oyijangachi decreased 4.37, 3.98 and 4.61, respectively, after 30 days aging. Salt content of Oyijangachi dipped in various salt solutions increased as the salt content of the solution increased. Salt content of three Oyijangachi increased drastically during 0~5 days of aging and slowly increase between 5~30 days of aging. The taste and smell of Kochujang Oyijangachi were highest as treated wih 12% NaCl solution(treatment 4) and the color was highest when the Oyijangachi was treated with solution 1. The taste, smell and color of Doenjang Oyijangachi were highest as treated with 12% NaCl solution plus CaCl2(treatment 5). It was observed that the firmness of Oyijangachi was generally higher as the cucumber treated.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.525-528
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• 1996

To investigate the inhibitory effect of soybean and Korean traditional fermented soybean products on the chemically induced mutagenesis, we extracted soybean, Kanjang, Doenjang, Kochujang, and Chongkukjang with water, methanol and hexane. Inhibitory effect of the extracts was assayed by the SOS chromotest using Escherichia coli PQ37 as a test strain. 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4NQO), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoquanidine(MNNG), and aflatoxin B$_{1}$(AFB$_{1}$) were used as mutagens. Methanol extracts showed relatively higher inhibitory effect than water and hexane extracts. Methanol extracts of soybean, Doenjang, Kochujang, and Chonhkukjang showed inhibitory effect of 68.4, 96.3, 17.5, and 100.9% against MNNG, and 28.6, 109.1, 41.3, and 101.8% against AFB$_{1}$, respectively. Doenjang methanol extract showed inhibitory effect of 51.0, 96.3, and 109.1% against 4NQO, MNNG, and AFB$_{1}$, respectively. Methanol extract of Doenjang showed dose-dependent inhibitory effect against 4NQO, MNNG, and AFB$_{1}$. Inhibitory effect of heat-treated Doenjang and Chongkukjang methanol extracts on the mutagenecity of MNNG and AFB$_{1}$ was remained over 95% of the inhibitory effect of heat-untreated extracts, demonstrating the heat stability of the potent antimutagenic activity.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.477-482
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• 1997

To investigate the cytotoxicity of Korean traditional fermented soybean products using the MTT assay, we extracted soybean, Kanjang, Doenjang, Kochujang, and Chongkukjang with water, methanol, and hexane. Primary testing of cytotoxicity of 14 extracts was done for P388D1(mouse lympoid neoplasm) and L1210(mouse leukemia) cell lines. Doenjang methanol extract, Kochujang hexane extract, Chongkukjang methanol extract, and Chongkukjang hexane extract showed cytotoxicity of 86.1, 94.3, 83. 6, and 81.1%, respectively against P388D1, and showed cytotoxicity of 69.4, 96.9, 51.4, and 95.1%, respectively against L1210. All the other extracts showed less than 50% cytotoxicity. Methanol extracts of Doenjang and Chongkukjang showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against P388DI, L1210, SNU-16 (human stomach cancer), HepG2(human hepatic cancer), WiDr(human colon cancer) cell lines, and IC$_{50}$ of Doenjang methanol extract was 67.7, 90.4, 1338.0, 706.4, and 371.2 $\mu$g/ml, respectively, and IC$_{50}$ of Chongkukjang methanol extract was 107.1, 228.3, 756.2, 1346.0, and 327.0 $\mu$g/ml, respectively.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.223-230
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• 2006

전통 고추장, 된장 및 청국장 등 전통 장류의 품질 균일화와 제조방법 표준화를 위한 기초 연구로서 순창 고추장 민속마을내 제조업체 28개소에서 고추장 28점, 된장 28점 및 청국장 18점을 수집하여 이화학적 특성을 분석하였다. 고추장, 된장 및 청국장의 수분함량은 각각 평균 $46.9{\pm}3.6,\;60.6{\pm}1.9$ 및 $57.0{\pm}3.10%$이었다. 평균 수분함량 기준시 고추장의 조단백질 함량은 $6.2{\pm}0.7%$, 조지방 $2.0{\pm}0.5%$, 조회분 $8.2{\pm}1.1%$, 된장은 조단백질 $13.2{\pm}1.0%$, 조지방 $7.1{\pm}0.6%$, 조회분 $15.2{\pm}1.5%$, 청국장은 조단백질 $18.9{\pm}1.2%$, 조지방 $6.1{\pm}1.4%$, 조회분 $5.1{\pm}1.7%$ 이었다. 고추장의 환원당 함량은 $19.25{\pm}4.1%$, 염도 $7.3{\pm}1.1%$, 수분활성도 $0.790{\pm}0.003$이었고, 된장은 환원당 $2.38{\pm}0.89%$, 염도 $14.2{\pm}1.4%$, 수분활성도 $0.835{\pm}0.020$ 이었으며, 청국장은 환원당 $0.51{\pm}0.24%$, 염도 $4.2{\pm}1.6%$, 수분활성도 $0.962{\pm}0.028$ 이었다. 장류의 구수한 맛에 영향을 미치는 아미노태 질소 함량은 고추장이 $114.03{\pm}19.04mg%$, 된장이 $734.32{\pm}147.70mg%$, 청국장이 $600{\pm}150mg%$ 이었다. 색도를 측정한 결과 L(명도), a(적색도) 및 b(황색도)값의 평균치는 고추장은 각각 $14.49{\pm}1.44,\;15.45{\pm}1.77$및 $8.34{\pm}1.02$로 나타나 적색도에 있어서 다소 낮게 나타났고, 된장은 각각 $26.69{\pm}4.33,\;7.25{\pm}1.03$ 및 $12.02{\pm}1.82$로서 명도와 황색도가 다소 낮게 나타났다. 청국장은 각각 $35.62{\pm}2.05,\;6.31{\pm}0.37$ 및 $13.50{\pm}0.78$로 나타나 명도와 황색도에 있어서 다소 낮게 나타났다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2016

유기농 사과의 유과 및 등외품의 식품으로써 이용가치를 높이기 위해 맛, 향, 질감이 개선된 유기농 사과 장아찌를 개발하고자 절임원을 달리하여 유기농 사과장아찌를 제조하였으며, 장아찌로서의 적합성을 알아보고자 저장 및 숙성기간동안 유기농 사과장아찌의 품질특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 유기농 사과장아찌의 초기 수분함량은 평균 14.97%였으나 각각의 절임원으로 절인 후 수분함량은 증가하여 고추장, 된장, 간장 사과장아찌 각각 27~28 %, 41~44%, 56~58%를 유지하였다. pH는 절임원의 종류에 상관없이 pH 4.84~5.42로 거의 변화 없이 유지되었으며, 산도는 숙성 5일째 간장 사과장아찌가 0.4%에서 1.14%까지, 고추장 및 된장 사과장아찌가 각각 0.34%에서 0.06%, 0.34 %에서 0.67%까지 증가 하였다가 10일째 다시 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 숙성기간 중 당도의 변화는 절임원에 관계없이 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 염도는 절임원에 따라 다소 차이가 있으나 일정 수준까지 증가하여 유지되는 경향을 보였다. 장아찌의 외관은 절임원의 수분을 흡수하여 처음 건조된 딱딱한 사태보다 부드러워진 형태였으나 사과로부터 물이 나오는 등의 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 관능평가 결과 색, 향, 맛, 조직감, 전체적인 기호도 모든 측면에서 고추장 사과장아찌의 품질이 높게 평가 되었으며, 평가결과를 종합해 볼 때 유기농 사과장아찌의 절임원으로 고추장이 가장 적합한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2001

우리나라 전통 장류의 위생화와 저장.유통안정성 확보를 위해 20 kGy 감마선 조사된 간장, 된장, 고추장, 청국장의 독성학적 안전성을 SOS Chromotest로 측정하였다. 대사활성계(S-9 mix) 존재 유무의 조건하에서 Escherichia coli PQ37을 SOS Chromotest 균주로 사용하였다. 시료는 물추출물, 용매추출물을 준비한 후 농축하여 S-9 mix를 첨가하거나 첨가하지 않은 조건에서 SOS Chromotes에 사용하였다. 결과적으로 10,00$\mu\textrm{g}$/assay의 투여 농도에서 1.5이하의 IF값을 유지했으며 조사된 모든 시료는 비조사구와 차이가 없었고, 20 kGy로 조사된 전통장류에서 어떠한 돌연변이원성도 발견되지 않았음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.238-243
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• 2018

본 연구는 키위 가공 방안의 하나로 소금물 또는 설탕물로 전처리한 후 된장과 고추장을 담금원으로 하여 장아찌를 제조하였다. 기능성 키위장아찌의 활용 가능성을 제시하고자, 키위장아찌의 총페놀, 총플라보노이드, 바이타민 C 함량과 산화방지능을 비교 분석한 후 관능 평가를 실시하였다. 골드키위는 그린키위보다 더 높은 총페놀, 총플라보노이드, 바이타민 C 함량을 보였으며, 장아찌 제조 시 원과보다 높은 총페놀 함량과 산화방지능을 나타냈다. 전처리로 설탕을 이용할 경우 소금과 비교하여 총플라보노이드 함량은 감소하였지만 높은 바이타민 C 함량을 보였다. 또한 담금원으로 된장을 이용 시 고추장과 비교하여 높은 총페놀 함량과 산화방지능을 나타냈다. 관능 특성에서는 설탕과 고추장을 이용한 장아찌에서 높은 기호도 평가를 보였으나, 된장으로 만든 장아찌와 비교하여 낮은 산화방지능을 보였다. 된장 처리시 발생하는 맛, 향미 등의 낮은 기호도는 설탕을 이용한 전처리 과정으로 보완하였다. 결론적으로 설탕과 된장을 이용한 키위장아찌 제조는 키위의 낮은 저장성과 기호도에서 발생하는 단점을 극복하며 산화방지능을 높일 수 있는 방법이라고 판단된다.