• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.194-209
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• 2008

This study is for major element relationships between ginsengs and soils from three representative soil types from Keumsan, shale, phyllite and granite. In the weathered soils, the granite and phylllite are high while the shale are low. The granite show distinctive positive and negative relationships rather than the phyllite and shale. In the field soils, the granite and phyllite are high while the shale are low. Positive relationships are distinctive with the increasing ages, and in the granite. In the ginsengs, high element contents are shown in K and Na of the shale, Mg and Ca of the phyllite, and Al, Mn and Ti of the granite. In the same regions, the 2 and 3 years are mainly low, but high in the 4 year. Positive correlations are distinctive in the 2 and 4 year of the shale, and 3 year of the granite. Comparisons with ginsengs of the same ages from the different areas suggest that the granite show high element contents with the ages. It also suggests that the 2 year of the granite, and 3 and 4 year of the shale and phyllite are high. Relative ratios(weathered/field soils) among the soils suggest that the weathered are generally high, especially in the granite rather than the shale. Relative ratios between field soils and ginsengs(field soils/ginseng) suggest that the soils are higher than the ginsengs, and differences of several hundred times in the Al and Ti, and of several ten times in the Mn are shown between two. Comparisons among the different ages from the same areas suggest that differences of several hundred times in the Al and Ti are shown. It suggests that ginseng contents are significantly different from the field soils in the Al and Ti contents. Comparisons among from the same ages of the different areas suggest that high element differences are shown in Na of the shale, and Mn of the phyllite, while low element differences are found in Mg of the shale, and Al, Mn, and Na of the granite.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1995

The crystal sructures of $X(Ca_{46}Al_{92}Si_{100}O_{384})$ and $Ca_{32}K_{28}-X(Ca_{32}K_{28}Al_{92}Si_{100}O_{384})$ dehydrated at $360^{\circ}C$ and $2{\times}10^{-6}$ Torr have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd3 at $21(1)^{\circ}C.$ Their structures were refined to the final error indices, R_1=0.096,\;and\;R_2=0.068$ with 166 reflections, and R_1=0.078\;and\;R_2=0.056$ with 130 reflections, respectively, for which I > $3\sigma(I).$ In dehydrated $Ca_{48}-X,\;Ca^{2+}$ ions are located at two different sites opf high occupancies. Sixteen $Ca^{2+}$ ions are located at site I, the centers of the double six rings $(Ca(1)-O(3)=2.51(2)\AA$ and thirty $Ca^{2+}$ ions are located at site II, the six-membered ring faces of sodalite units in the supercage. Latter $Ca^{2+}$ ions are recessed $0.44\AA$ into the supercage from the three O(2) oxygen plane (Ca(2)-O(2)= $2.24(2)\AA$ and $O(2)-Ca(2)-O(2)=119(l)^{\circ}).$ In the structure of $Ca_{32}K_{28}-X$, all $Ca^{2+}$ ions and $K^+$ ions are located at the four different crystallographic sites: 16 $Ca^{2+}$ ions are located in the centers of the double six rings, another sixteen $Ca^{2+}$ ions and sixteen $K^+$ ions are located at the site II in the supercage. These $Ca^{2+}$ ions adn $K^+$ ions are recessed $0.56\AA$ and $1.54\AA$, respectively, into the supercage from their three O(2) oxygen planes $(Ca(2)-O(2)=2.29(2)\AA$, $O(2)-Ca(2)-O(2)=119(1)^{\circ}$, $K(1)-O(2)=2.59(2)\AA$, and $O(2)-K(1)-O(2)=99.2(8)^{\circ}).$ Twelve $K^+$ ions lie at the site III, twofold axis of edge of the four-membered ring ladders inside the supercage $(K(2)-O(4)=3.11(6)\AA$ and $O(1)-K(2)-O(1)=128(2)^{\circ}).$

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 1978

This study aims to brew apple wine containing lower concentration of alcohol by fermentation and to retain $CO_2$ gas in apple wine, and investigation for the possibility of storage at room temperature was performed. A Saccharomyces sp. was proved to be acceptable for production of base wine as its higher fermentation rate at $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$. However, B-2 was most reasonable for post-fermentation of apple wine as this strain strongly ferments sugars at low temperature $(4^{\circ}C)$. The yield of apple juice increased by maceration of apple pulps. The yield was about 5 % more than that of the unmacerated juice, whereas acid content was decreased by 10% compared with control. When stored apple wine containing 9% alcobol was introduced $1{\sim}3%$ sucrose at $7{\sim}8^{\circ}C$ for 100 days or more, the $CO_2$ pressure of apple wine in bottle shows $3kg/cm^2$ by bottle-pressure meter. It showed good storage of the wine at room temperature. $CO_2$ gas pressure in apple wine containing 6% alcohol, $5{\sim}10%$ hop extract, and 2% sugar was $2kg/cm^2$, he result also showed possibility of storage. Whereas 6% concentration of alcoholic apple wine without hop extract caused unusual fermentation during storage at the same condition. The desirable conditions for high quality apple wine should have $CO_2$ pressure of $2kg/cm^2$ or more and should be added $1{\sim}2% sugar to base wine. From these results, it can be concluded that the brewing of lower alcoholic apple wine is possible.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.56-77
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• 2019

Bi-Seok is a treasure trove of funeral rites and an important cultural asset that can shed light on the historical and social history of calligraphy, but research of the topic is still insignificant. In particular, research on the production method of Bi-Seok remains an unproven field. The production of Bi-Seok can be roughly divided into ma-jeong (refining stone), sculpture, and the Buk-chil (process of engraving letters) process. This article reveals some facts: First, performing ma-jeong to the Sang-Seok, Honyu-Seok, Bi-seok, which are known to be God's things. This process is needed because of the change in the perception of the Honyu-Seok due to the settlement and propagation of Confucian ceremonial rituals in the times of hardship in 1592 and 1636. As the crafting process of ma-jeong did not remain concrete, it was only possible to examine the manufacturing process of Bi-Seok through its materials and tools. Second, the rapid proliferation of Oh-Seok and Sa-jeo-chwi-yong (purchase of things made by private citizens) in the Yeongjo era has great importance in social and cultural history. When the Gang-Hwa-Seok of the commodity were exhausted, the Oh-Seok that was used by Sadebu (upper civil class) were used in the tomb of Jangneung, which made Oh-Seok popular among people. In particular, the use of Oh-Seok and the Ma-Jeong process could minimize chemical and physical damage. Third, the writing method of the Bi-seok is Buk-chil. After Buk-Chil of Song Si-Yeol was used on King Hyojong's tomb, the Buk-Chil process ( printing the letters on the back of the stone and rubbing them to make letters) became the most popular method in Korea and among other East Asian countries, and the fact that it was institutionalized to this scale was quite impressive. Buk-Chil became more sophisticated by using red ink rather than black ink due to the black color that results from Oh-Seok. Fourth, the writing method changes in the late Joseon Dynasty. Until the time of Yeongjo's regime, when inscribing, the depth of the angle was based on the thickness of the stroke, thus representing the shade. This technique, of course, did not occur at every Pyo-Seok or Shindobi, but was maintained by outstanding artisans belonging to government agencies. Therefore, in order to manufacture Bi-Seok, Suk-seok, YeonJeong, Ma-jeong, Jeong-Gan, ChodoSeoIp, Jung-Cho, Ip-gak, Gyo-Jeong, and Jang-Hwang, a process was needed to make one final product. Although all of these methods serve the same purpose of paying respects and propagandizing the great work of deceased persons, through this analysis, it was possible to see the whole process of Pyo-Seok based upon the division of techniques and the collaboration of the craftsmen.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.67-73
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• 2015

This is a basic research for improving soft magnetic property of Fe based nano crystalline alloy powder core. The main study is done around characteristics of permeability, core loss, and DC bias depending on amount of insulation coating agent and particle size. First, $Fe_{73.5}Si_{13.5}B_9Nb_3Cu_1$ amorphous alloy ribbon was fabricated by using the planar flow casting (PFC) device. Then, heat treatment and ball milling were done to obtain alloy powder. The amount of polyether imide (PEI) added to it was varied by 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5 wt% to have compression molding into $16ton/cm^2$. After going through crystalline heat treatment, the made toroidal nano crystalline powder core ($OD12.7mm^*ID7.62mm^*H4.75mm$) had smaller permeability as amount of insulation coating agent decreases. However, it was found out that core loss and DC bias characteristics have been improved. The reason for this results were expected to be because green density of power core decreases as amorphous alloy powder particles become smaller as amount of alloy powder insulation coating agent increases, it was determined that 1 wt% of insulation coating agent is appropriate. Also, for powder core made based on alloy powder size with amount of insulation coating agent fixed at 1 wt%, effective permeability and core loss were outstanding as particle size became bigger. However, characteristics of DC bias became worse as applied DC field increases. This is expected to be due to insulation effect, residual pores, or molding density of powder core resulting from thickness of coating on surface of alloy powder.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to investigate weed infestation and to determine effective weed control methods in direct-seeded rice. Twenty two weed species occurred in dry- and water-seeded rice, which was mainly composed of annual weeds. Dominant weed species in dry-seeded rice were Cyperus difformis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Aneilema keisak and Digitaria sanguinalis in discending order. Dominant weed species in water-seeded lice were E. crus-galli, C. difformis, Monochoria vaginalis and Scirpus juncoides. E. crus-galli emerged at 7 days after sowing. In water-seeded rice, E. crus-galli emerged at 5 days after sowing, and M vaginalis, S. juncoides and C. difformis at 8~10 days after sowing. Mean days to emerge important weeds was 20 days in dry-seeded rice and 13 days in water-seeded rice. Leaf development of weeds was faster than that of rice in dry-seeded rice. In water-seeded rice, E eras-galli was more vigorous than rice, but leaf development of other weeds were slower than that of rice. Changes in number of weeds and dry weight oil weed species varied depending upon weed species in the direct-seeded rice. Dry weight of weeds were increased greatly from 30 days to 60 days after sowing in dry-seeded rice. Number of weeds tended to increase up to 40 days after sowing drastically, and then trend of the increase was dull thereafter. Dry weight and number of weeds increased up to 20~60 days after sowing in water-seeded rice. Most effective herbicide treatments was foliar application of cyhalofop/bentazon at 20 days after sowing followed by fenoxaprop/bentazon at 45 days after sowing in dry-seeded rice. All herbicide treatments except foliar applications were very effective to control weeds in water-seeded rice. Slight phytotoxicity was observed in foliar applied fenoxaprop/bentazon at 45 days after sowing in water-seeded rice, but it did not affect rice yield.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.439-444
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• 1997

The causes of late establishment of barnyardgrass and their density effect on rice yield loss were examined in 1996 and 1977. Herbicide application on 5 to 15DAT(Days after transplanting) increased from 6% to 52.5%, 1988 to 1992, and their ingredient amount for barnyardgrass control decreased to 41.7-87.5% in Korea. Most late establishment of barnyardgrass in machine transplanted rice field were not late germinated but revived ones. The number of late established barnyardgrass were 0.5, 2.0 and 13.3/$m^2$, on direct seeded at May 10, and machine transplanted May 23 and June 9, individually. Relation on rice yield and the number of barnyardgrass at machine transplanted field showed highly significant equation, as y=543.3 4.7x, r=0.9039 in 1996 and y=515.8 10.4x+0.066$x^2$, $R^2$=0.9532 in 1997. Theoritical yield loss by regress equation showed 2% per one plant of barnyardgrass per $m^2$ and 5, 10, 20, 50, and 80 plants of barnyardgrass decreased rice to 10, 19, 35, 69 and 79%, individually.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.882-888
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• 2005

Procedure for analysis of methylmercury in fish was developed, involving addition of HCl, extraction with toluene, and clean-up using L-cystein solution. Obtained extract is analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector using Ulbon HR-Thermon-Hg column. Detection limit and recovery of the method were 0.005mg/kg (expressed as Hg), 98-107 (103%), respectively. Total mercury and methylmercury concentrations in 175 commercial fish samples ranged from [mean-max (mean), unit: mg/kg]: 0.014-1.200 (0.270) and 0.006-0.901 (0.168) in tuna-fish, 0.020-0.934 (0.323) and 0.012-0.553 (0.149) in martin-fish, 0.082-0.782 (0.391) and 0.040-0.436(0.201) in shark, 0,023-0.031 (0.026) and 0,013-0.018 (0.015) in salmon, 0.098-0.193 (0.133) and 0.031-0.015(0.090) in tilefish, and 0,031-0.214 (0.089) and 0.016-0.093 (0.042) in canned tuna respectively. No sample of analyzed fish exceeded 1.0mg/kg wet wt., limit for methylmercury established by Codex. In all species examined, estimated weekly intake was lower than Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake recommended by the JECFA (the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives).

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.425-426
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• 2013

IIIN계 물질 기반의 광 반도체는 직접 천이형 넓은 밴드갭 구조를 갖고 있기 때문에 적외선부터 가시광선 및 자외선까지를 포함한 폭 넓은 발광파장 조절이 가능하여 조명 및 디스플레이 관련 차세대 광원으로 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 일반적인 청색 및 녹색 발광영역의 활성층으로는 InGaN/GaN 다중양자우물구조를 사용하고 있으나, 장파장의 녹색 발광을 얻기 위해서는 인듐의 함유량이 증가하여야 한다. 하지만, 인듐의 함유량이 증가함에 따라서 InGaN/GaN 다중양자우물 구조내에서 인듐의 편석현상의 발생이 용이하게 되어 계면 특성을 저하할 뿐 아니라, 비발광 센터를 증가하여 발광 효율을 급격히 감소시키는 원인이 되고 있다. 또한, InGaN과 GaN의 큰 성장온도의 차이에 따라 800도 부근의 저온 영역에서 성장된 InGaN층이 1,000도 이상의 고온 영역에서 GaN층이 성장시 InGaN층의 열화 현상이 급격히 발생되고 있다. 이를 억제하기 위해서 금속유기화학증착법의 성장 변수 최적화, 응력제어, 도핑 등의 편석 억제기술 및 보호층이 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 인듐함유량이 증가된 녹색 InGaN/GaN 다중양자우물구조에서 InGaN 우물층 상하부에 도입된 GaN 보호층에 따라 발생되는 양자우물구조의 광학 및 결정학적 특성 분석을 통해 GaN 보호층의 역할을 분석하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 금속유기화학증착장치를 이용하여 사파이어 기판위에 GaN 템플릿을 성장하고, n-형 GaN, InGaN/GaN 다중양자우물구조 및 p-형 층을 성장하였다. 앞선 언급하였듯이, InGaN/GaN 다중양자우물구조내에 GaN 보호층의 역할을 규명하기 위하여 샘플 A의 경우는 보호층이 전혀 없는 구조이고, 샘플 B의 경우는 InGaN 우물층의 상단부에만, 샘플 C의 경우에는 우물층 상부 및 하단부 모두에 약 2.0 nm 두께의 GaN 보호층을 형성하였다. 이 보호층의 유무에 따른 다중양자우물구조의 계면 특성을 확인하기 위한 X-선 회절을 이용하였고, 광학적 특성을 확인하고 상온 포토루미네선스법을 이용하여 녹색 발광 파장의 변화 및 발광세기를 관찰하였다. 우선적으로, 상온 포토루미네선스법을 이용하여 각 샘플의 발광특성을 확인한 바 상하부 모두에 GaN 보호층이 존재하는 샘플 C의 경우 약 510 nm 부근에서 발광이 관찰되었지만, 상단부에 GaN 보호층이 존재하는 샘플 B는 약 495 nm영역에 발광이 확인되었다. 특히, 전혀 보호층이 존재하지 않는 샘플 A의 경우 약 440 nm에서 발광하는 현상을 관찰하였다. 이는 우물층 상단부 및 하단부에 존재하는 GaN 보호층이 In의 확산을 억제하는 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 발광파장 및 세기를 확인한 바, 보호층의 존재하지 않을수록 단파장화가 발생함에도 불구하고 발광세기는 급격히 약해지는 것으로 보아 계면특성이 저하되어 비발광센터가 증가되는 것으로 판단된다. 이를 구조적으로 확인하기 위하여 X-선 회절법을 통한 ${\omega}$/$2{\Theta}$ 스캔의 결과는 In의 0차 피크가 GaN 보호층이 없을 경우 GaN의 피크 방향으로 이동하는 것으로 보아 GaN 보호층은 우물층 성장 후 GaN 장벽층을 성장하기 위해 온도를 증가시키는 과정에서 In의 확산되는 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 하부 GaN 보호층의 경우 GaN 장벽층 성장 후 온도를 감소시키는 과정에서 성장되므로, 우물층으로부터 In의 탈착현상이 아닌 장벽층과의 상호 확산으로 판단된다. 또한, 계면특성을 확인하기 위해 InGaN의 X-선 위성 피크를 확인한 바 샘플 A의 경우 매우 넓고 약한 피크가 관찰된 반면, 보호층이 존재하는 샘플 B와 C의 경우 강하고 얇은 피크가 확인되었다. 이는 GaN 보호층의 도입으로 인해 계면특성이 향상되는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서, 우리는 InGaN/GaN 다중양자우물구조에서 GaN 보호층은 상부의 열화 억제 뿐아니라, 하부의 장벽층 및 우물층 사이의 상호확산을 억제하는 GaN 보호층의 도입을 통하여 우수한 계면 특성 및 비발광센터의 억제를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 생각되며, 이는 향후 GaN계 발광다이오드의 전계 발광특성을 증가하여 우수한 발광소자를 개발할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.151-161
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• 2004

Three dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D-QSAR) studies for the protox inhibition activities against root and shoot of rice plant (Orysa sativa L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) by a series of new A=3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimino, B=3-chloro-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazolyl and C=3,4-dimethylmaleimino group, and R-group substituted on the phenyl ring in 1-(5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazolin-5-yl)methoxy-2chloro-4-fluorobenzene derivatives were performed using comparative molecular field analyses (CoMFA) methodology with Gasteiger-Huckel charge. Four CoMFA models for the protox inhibition activities against root and shoot of the two plants were generated using 46 molecules as training set and the predictive ability of the each models was evaluated against a test set of 8 molecules. And the statistical results of these models with combination (SIH) of standard field, indicator field and H-bond field showed the best predictability of the protox inhibition activities based on the cross-validated value $r^2_{cv.}$ $(q^2=0.635\sim0.924)$, conventional coefficient $(r^2_{ncv.}=0.928\sim0.977)$ and PRESS value $(0.091\sim0.156)$, respectively. The activities exhibited a strong correlation with steric $(74.3\sim87.4%)$, electrostatic $(10.10\sim18.5%)$ and hydrophobic $(1.10\sim8.30%)$ factors of the molecules. The steric feature of molecule may be an important factor for the activities. We founded that an novel selective and higher protox inhibitors between the two plants may be designed by modification of X-subsitutents for barnyardgrass based upon the results obtained from CoMFA analyses.