• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.395-405
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• 2010

This study was carried out to offer basic data to minimize the indiscreet development and damage of coastal wetlands through an evaluation from an ecological standpoint highlighting the importance of the coastal wetland in South Gyeongsang Province, Korea. The result of the macrobenthos survey for the coastal wetland assessment showed that Dongdal and Hwasan-ri, Yongnam-myeon, and Tongyeong city had the largest species number; Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, and Geoje city had the largest population and biomass; and Miryong-ri, Samsan-myeon, Goseong-gun had the highest species diversity. In the halophytes survey, Imyeong-ri, Jinjeon-myeon, Masan city and Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, Geoje city had the large character species and companion species. The evaluation results of the ecological values of the coastal wetlands were categorized into five grades based on the field surveys, and the sedimentary environment factor in the case of Danghang-ri, Hoehwa-myeon, and Goseong-gun; Miryong-ri, Samsan-myeon, Goseong-gun; Guho-ri, Gonyang-myeon, Sacheon city; Sulsang-ri Yangpo-ri, Jingyo-myeon, Hadong-gun; and Seokpyeong-ri, Idong-myeon, Namhae-gun, were appraised at the highest rating of grade II. The halophytes factor in the case of Imyeong-ri, Jinjeon-myeon, Masan city, Dongdal-ri and Hwasan-ri, Yongnam-myeon, Tongyeong city and Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, Geoje city, were highly evaluated as grade II. The macrobenthos factor in the case of Imyeong-ri, Jinjeon-myeon, Masan city and Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, Geoje city was highly evaluated as grade II. The final evaluation grade was calculated by the mean values of three evaluation factors, and Imyeong-ri, Jinjeon-myeon, Masan city and Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, and Geoje city had the highest rating of II. On the other hand, Seokpyeong-ri, Idong-myeon, Namhae-gun had the lowest rating of IV. These locations will require future research to survey and monitor the coastal wetland ecosystems by season, in addition to the construction of the GIS-based wetland information system with a view to manage the coastal wetlands.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.241-252
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• 2013

This study investigated plant community structure of Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) in Jeju-do to identify character as evergreen broad-leaved forest. 20 plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up and plant communities were divided into 5 communities of Quercus glauca-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Ilex integra(Camellia japonica), Quercus glauca-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Camellia japonica, Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica, Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica-Pinus thunbergii and Pinus thunbergii-Quercus glauca by using TWINSPAN, DCA ordination, mean importance value and environmental condition. Area of Evergreen broad-leaved forest with stonny ground is covered with Quercus glauca and Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii in canopy layer and Camellia japonica in the subordinate layer. Area of remaining soil's depth is covered with Pinus thunbergii. It has been alleged that Pinus thunbergii planted by human when Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) is not selected local monuments. All of communities is predicted success to community of Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica. Shannon's diversity ranged from 1.0268 to 1.0717 in area of Evergreen broad-leaved forest and 1.2102 in area of Pinus thunbergii. 10 species of broad-leaved tree's constancy ratio is over the 80%. In future, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii and Cinnamomum japonicum can cover canopy layer, but it has low importance value. Specially high aged Camellia japonica is appeared everywhere. It has been alleged that it was touched by divinity since past. Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) has different plant structure with another evergreen broad-leaved forest. It is hard that knowing its successional sere because it was damaged when it isn't degignate local monument. Accordingly continuous monitoring was required, successional direction and community's character is identified after forest become steady.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.259-270
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• 2020

Plants Social Network (PSN) was first used in recent studies to incorporate the plant sociology methods for the understanding of plant society with the social network analysis methods that have recently attracted attention in the social science and visualize and analyze a PSN. The process of construction and analysis on PSN proceeds in the order of setting up the survey area, investigating the appearance plants species on plots of 100㎡, analyzing the interspecific association, building the sociogram, and analyzing the network structure and centrality. This study established a PSN by investigating the appearance species after installing 708 plots to include various dominant vegetational physiognomies in Busan Metropolitan City, where coastal and inland vegetation could be observed simultaneously. The survey found a total of 195 species, including 42 species of evergreen, 151 species of deciduous trees, and 2 species of semi-evergreen trees. The interspecies binding analysis was performed with the focus on the total number of species. It showed the number of friendly species in the order of Eurya japonica (47 species), Trachelospermum asiaticum (46 species), Linder glauca (44 species), Sorbus alnifolia (44 species), and Ligustrum japonicum (41 species). Based on it, we generated a sociogram using Gephi 0.9.2 program. The sociogram was divided into groups that appeared mostly on the coast and those that did not, reflecting the geographical distribution characteristics of forest vegetation in Busan. The analysis of the network structured showed 1,709 links and an average of 17.5 species having interspecies binding with a species. The density was 0.09, the diameter was 5, and the average path distance was 2.268. We concluded that various PSNs should be established in the future for precise comparative analysis of network characteristics in the social science field. In the PSN of Busan Metropolitan City, Eurya japonica, Linder glauca, Ligustrum japonicum, and Trachelospermum asiaticum showed high centrality.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.69-73
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• 2001

Purpose : To evaluate the clinical results and widening of bony tunnel after anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) reconstruction using hamstring tendon with Ligament Anchor(LA) screw, which is newly designed fur fixation of graft into femur. Materials and Methods : Fifty eight patients who were followed up at least more than 2 years after ACL reconstruction with four strands of Hamstring tendon were included in this study. The graft was fixed with LA screw at femoral tunnel and with bioabsorbable interference screw at tibial tunnel. The average period of follow-up was 28 months. The clinical results such as physical examination and Lysholm knee score and radiological results. widening of bony tunnel and instrumented anterior laxity test with $Telos^{\circledR}$(Telos stress device; Austin & Associates, Inc., Polston, US) were evaluated. Results . The Lysholm knee score was 60.0 in average preoperatively and improved to 94.0 in average at follow up. On the Lachman test, there were mild(+) instability in 16 cases, moderate(++) in 24, severe(+++) in 18 preoperatively. 50 cases were converted to negative and 8 to mild instability at follow up. On instrumented anterior laxity test with $Telos^{\circledR}$, side to side difference in 20 lb was 12.9mm in average preoperatively, and was decreased to 3.1mm in average follow-up. The femoral tunnel was widened from 10.6mm postoperatively to 12.7mm$(21.1\%)$ at follow up on antero-posterior plane and from 10.7mm to 12.4mm$(16.5\%)$ on lateral plane. Tibial tunnels was also widened from 9.8mm to 11.8mm$(20.7\%)$ on antero-posterior plane and from 9.9mm to 11.7mm$(18.9\%)$ in lateral plane. Conclusion : ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon and LA screw was one of the choice of grafts and fixatives in restoring knee stability and in improving clinical results with little complications such as excessive widening of bony tunnel.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.80-84
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• 2001

Purpose : To evaluate the clinical and radiological results of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(PCL) by tibial inlay technique. Materials and Methods : Twenty four patients(25 cases), who underwent reconstruction of posterior cruciate ligament by tibial inlay technique and were followed up for at least 2 years, were reviewed retrospectively. Mean age at operation was 35 years and mean period of follow up was 34 months. Clinically Lysholm knee socre, posterior drawer test and step off sign were evaluated. Instrumented posterior laxity test with $Telos^{\circledR}$ device(Telos stress device; Austin & Associates, Inc., Polston, US) was performed. Results : Lysholm knee score was improved from 56.9 points preoperatively to 94.6 points at fellow up. Posterior drawer test showed grade II instability in 1 case, grade III in 18 and Grade IV in 6 preoperatively and improved to grade I In 12, grade II in 10 and grade III in 3 at follow up. Step off signs were changed from -10mm in 6 cases, -5mm in 18 and flush in 1 preoperatively to -5mm in 3, flush in 10 and +5mm in 12 at follow up. Side to side difference of instrumented posterior laxity test was improved front 13.6mm preoperatively to 4.3mm at follow up. Conclusions : PCL reconstruction by tibial inlay technique is considered to be a good treatment method to restore posterior stability of the knee, which could result in satisfactory clinical and radiological results at more than 2 years' follow up.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 2008

Purpose: Double-bundle reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) has the advantage of restoring the isometry and original function of ACL. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical results following double-bundle reconstruction of ACL using autogenous hamstring grafts through an accessory anteromedial portal. Materials and Methods: From January 2005 to July 2006, sixty patients(52 males, 8 females) underwent double-bundle ACL reconstruction using autogenous hamstring tendons..The mean age was 31.7 years($20{\sim}51$ years). The mean follow up period was 13.4 months($12{\sim}16$ months). We made a horizontal-oblique skin incision just medial to tibial tuberosity and harvested semitendinosus and gracilis tendon. Tibial tunnel for posterolateral bundle was made near its anatomical position. By modifying an anatomic reconstruction of ACL by Yasuda et al., we made a femoral tunnel for posterolateral bundle through accessory anteromedial portal. Tunnels for anteromedial bundle were made with conventional method. We reconstructed anteromedial bundle with semitendinosus tendon and posterolateral bundle with gracilis tendon. Clinical results at last follow up were evaluated by range of motion, extent of anterior displacement(KT-1000 arthrometer), pivot-shift test. Functional evaluation of clinical outcomes were evaluated by Lysholm score and modified Feagin Scoring System. Results: There was no limitation of motion of knee joint at last follow up. Mean side to side difference of anterior displacement of tibia by KT-1000 arthrometer was improved from 8.4 mm preoperatively to 1.7 mm postoperatively(p<0.05). Average Lysholm score was improved from 64.1 preoperatively to 92.2 postoperatively(p<0.05). In modified Feagin Scoring System, 90% of cases were rated as good or excellent. Conclusion: Double-bundle reconstruction of ACL using autogenous hamstring grafts through accessory anteromedial portal results in good clinical outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.349-358
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• 2014

This study was conducted to determine the impact of elevated temperature in growing season on the growth and fruit quality of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) by cultivating pepper in the temperature gradient tunnels. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf number and total leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight increased at ambient $+2^{\circ}C$ temperature, whereas each leaf area decreased as temperature increased. The plants grown under ambient $+2^{\circ}C$ temperature showed the greatest number of flower and fruit. Fruit weight, fruit length and fruit diameter decreased as the temperature increasing gradually. Total fruit number, total fruit weight and total dry fruit weight was the highest at ambient $+2^{\circ}C$ temperature. Major free sugars of red pepper fruit were fructose and glucose. Free sugar content of red pepper according to the differences in harvesting times and in growth temperature showed a little differences. The yield of red pepper fruit at ambient $+2^{\circ}C$ temperature increased by 13% compared with the control. However, the yield of red pepper fruit at ambient $+4^{\circ}C$ temperature decreased by 20% as compared to control. Non-marketable fruits (diseased fruit, malformed fruit and small sized fruit) increased as the temperature rised.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.95-110
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• 2020

Comparisons between two different surface temperatures from high-resolution ECMWF ReAnalysis 5 (ERA5) and Automated Synoptic Observing System (ASOS) observations were performed to investigate the reliability of the new reanalysis data over South Korea. As ERA5 has been recently produced and provided to the public, it will be highly used in various research fields. The analysis period in this study is limited to 1999-2018 because regularly recorded hourly data have been provided for 61 ASOS stations since 1999. Topographic characteristics of the 61 ASOS locations are classified as inland, coastal, and mountain based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. The spatial distributions of whole period time-averaged temperatures for ASOS and ERA5 were similar without significant differences in their values. Scatter plots between ASOS and ERA5 for three different periods of yearlong, summer, and winter confirmed the characteristics of seasonal variability, also shown in the time-series of monthly error probability density functions (PDFs). Statistical indices NMB, RMSE, R, and IOA were adopted to quantify the temperature differences, which showed no significant differences in all indices, as R and IOA were all close to 0.99. In particular, the daily mean temperature differences based on 1-hour-averaged temperature had a smaller error than the classical daily mean temperature differences, showing a higher correlation between the two data. To check if the complex topography inside one ERA5 grid cell is related to the temperature differences, the kurtosis and skewness values of 90-m DEM PDFs in a ERA5 grid cell were compared to the one-year period amplitude among those of the power spectrum in the time-series of monthly temperature error PDFs at each station, showing positive correlations. The results account for the topographic effect as one of the largest possible drivers of the difference between ASOS and ERA5.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.175-183
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• 2017

BACKGROUND:The Aromatic rice which is characterized by the flavor of Nurungji when cooked rice, and consumption is increasing recently. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and aroma components of five aromatic rice cultivars according to transplanting time. METHODS AND RESULTS: Quantitative analysis of protein, fat, fatty acid and essential amino acid for five aroma rice cultivars(Hyangmibyeo 2 ho, Aromi, Mihyang, Aranghyangchal, Heughyang)and transplanting time was analyzed by crude protein analyzer, gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC) and viscosity analysis was done by using rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA). The content of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometer. (GC-MS) As a result, the average protein and lipid contents were 6.5% and 2.4%, respectively. The content of essential amino acid showed the highest content at 104.4mg/g. There was no significant change in normal nutrients during the transplanting time. By RVA, cv.Hyangmibyeo 2 ho showed the highest peak and total setback viscosities and lowest breakdown viscosity in early transplantation. The content of 2AP in flavor varieties and transplanting time was quantitatively analyzed by GC-MS. Among the cultivars, Aromi showed the highest 2AP contents at $66.7{\mu}g/100gin$ normal transplanting time. CONCLUSION: cv.Aromi and Hyangmibyeo 2 ho were excellent physicochemical properties and 2AP components contents amongaromatic rice cultivars tested. Theiroptimaltime to transplant was at the beginning of June in the area of Miryang.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.358-367
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• 2017

Preservatives, as food additives, are occasionally intrinsic to natural raw materials or sometimes generated during the fermentation process as reported in many research articles. Preservative compounds in raw food materials may persist in the final food product, which is not supposed to include such preservative compounds. In this study, we validated an analytical method for preservative compounds in raw materials of functional foods. Quantification of benzoic acid and sorbic acid was determined using HPLC-PDA analysis after distillation, whereas propionic acid was quantified with GC-FID. A significant set of validation data (accuracy, precision, linearity, recovery, etc) was acquired. A total of 212 samples were collected for analysis of naturally occurred preservatives, and preservatives were detected in 85 samples. Most of the detected samples showed less 10 mg/kg of preservatives. The results of this study provide fundamental data on naturally occurring preservatives in raw materials of functional foods. Moreover, building up a database of naturally occurring preservatives could solve problems in the current scientific data.