• Title/Summary/Keyword: Korean red pine

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Stand Structure and Sapling Growth Characteristics of Korean Red Pine Stands Regenerated by the Seed Tree Method (소나무 모수림 시업지의 임분구조 및 치수생육특성)

  • Lee, Daesung;Choi, Jungkee
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.110 no.4
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    • pp.678-688
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    • 2021
  • This study was conducted to provide growth characteristics and stand information in preparation for natural regeneration method and silvicultural treatment of seed tree method in Korean red pine stands by using the field inventoried data 18 years after the seed tree regeneration method in 2001 and analyzing the stand and sapling characteristics. The study area was located in the Research Forest of Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do. In November 2018, we collected tree measurement factors, such as diameter at breast height (DBH), height, crown class, stem quality, tree age, and annual height increment on the established plots. We calculated the basal area, volume, height-diameter ratio (HD ratio), and additional stand density variables such as the relative density and %stocking to analyze the managed stands. The number of mother trees was 58 trees/ha, with a 17.7% stocking level, whereas the number of saplings was 2,330 trees/ha, with a 79.0% stocking level. In germination, the age distribution of saplings ranged from 2001 to 2007, with most belonging to 15-16 years. The development condition of saplings was 10 cm in DBH and 8 m in height. DBH and height were higher as the crown class is more dominant, and this difference was statistically significant in the analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple comparison test (p<0.0001). HD ratio ranged mostly between 80% and 90%, and more than 95% of sapling stems were of high quality, with a straight, unbroken top, non-sweep, and non-diseased stem. On average, the annual height increment of saplings was 21.9 cm at 1 year, 43.3 cm at 5 years, 54.3 cm at 10 years, and 64.3 cm at 15 years. The overall height growth with age increased smoothly. According to the analysis of covariance, the annual height growth by crown class differed significantly. The regression analysis parameters revealed that annual height growth increased with age and dominant crown class.

Comprehensive Pest Management Techniques of Organic Cultivation Sweet Persimmon Orchards (유기재배 단감 과수원의 병해충 종합관리기술)

  • Choi, Duck-Soo;Ma, Kyung-Cheol;Ko, Sug-Ju;Kim, Hyo-Jeong;Lee, Jin-Hee
    • Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.445-460
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    • 2017
  • This study was carried out for three years from 2013 to 2015 to investigate the actual condition of pest control of domestic persimmon organically cultivated farmers, to select environment - friendly pest control materials for major pests, and to conduct field test of established control system. The main cultivated cultivar of the reader farmer of organic cultivation was "Buyou" and sprayed organic agricultural material 9~17 times per year for pest control. The most harmful pests were anthracnose, bugs, persimmon fruit worm, and scales, etc. The control materials used were organic lime sulfur mixture, red clay sulfur, emulsifier, bordeaux solution, and self-made plant extracts using garlic, ginkgo nut and pine tree. The effective materials for controlling anthrax were lime sulfur mixture and red clay sulfur. Garlic oil + citronella emulsion, shrubby sophora seed extract + tea extract was effective to control Riptortus clavatus and Euproctis subflava. When installed 60 ea per 10a of mating disruption trap in a sweet orchard, the fruit setting rate was improved by 30%. The results of field test of control system to control 10 times a year in organically grown persimmons were able to harvest fruit of 70.7%. However, since any kinds of pesticides can not be sprayed during the harvest season in September and October, the damaged by bugs did not decreased, and further research is needed.

Analysis of the Main Habitat for Siberia Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus) Restoration in Mt. Odae National Park, Korea (오대산국립공원 지역에 멸종위기종인 사향노루 복원을 위한 주요 서식지 분석에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Yong-Su;Kim, Jong-Taek;Lee, Woo-Shin
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.91-102
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    • 2008
  • This study was conducted to obtain the basic information about Siberia Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus), and to establish a conservation area for the replacement of Siberia Musk Deer into Mt. Odea National Park, South Korea. We analyzed the main habitat for Siberia Musk Deer restoration in Mt. Odae National Park, Korea. We recorded Siberia Musk Deers' field signs (i.e., bedding sites, feeding areas, feces and tracks), and habitat variables such as nearest distance to the watercourse, trails, slope, aspect, forest type and land cover etc. from Dec. 2004 to Aug. 2007 in Mt. Jiri, Mt. Seorak, and Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). Rocky areas, ridges, mixed coniferous forest (Red pine and Mongolian oak), southern and southeastern slope, elevation of above 800m, and distance from watercourse shorter than 300m etc. were dominant habitat types of Siberia Musk Deer. Based on the significant habitat types, a proper conservation plan should be prepared for the restoration of habitats in order to reintroduce, and to increase the population of Siberia Musk Deer in Mt. Odea National Park, South Korea. Small population size, and limited ecological data are the major constraints for the establishment of conservation areas. Furthermore, other anthropogenic factors including human activities, poaching, and residential area around the park caused the difficulties to qualify as a conservation area. For the successful establishment of conservation area in the future, it is recommended to conduct a comprehensive ecological research, and to survey human disturbances including their impacts on the habitats of Siberia Musk Deer in the Mt. Odea National Park.

Effects of Fire on KDICical Properties of Soil and Runoff, and Phytomass in Pinus densiflora Forest Effects of Fire on KDICical Properties of Soil and Runoff, and Phytomass in Pinus densiflora Forest Effects of Fire on KDICical Properties of Soil and Runoff, and Phytomass in Pinus densiflora Forest (산화가 소나무림의 토양과 유출수의 화학적 성질 및 식물량에 미치는 영향)

  • Choung, Yeon Sook;Joon Ho Kim
    • The Korean Journal of Ecology
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.129-138
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    • 1987
  • In a red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest, changes of pH, electric conductivity, total carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphate and available potassium in soil and runoff have been studied at intervals for 1 year after early spring fire. Phytimasses of herb and shrub were measured following the current and the subsequent year. The pH, E.C., total nitrogen and phosphate of soil in burned site wee 1.1, 1.5, 1.6 and 2.0 times higher than in unburned site, respectively. But potassium showed no significant difference. A rise in pH, E.C., and total nitrogen in burned site were maintained throught the study period while phosphate maintained 4 months after the fire. The E.C., total carbon, $NO_2-N$ and $NH_4-N$ of runoff in burned site were 1.3, 1.3, 1.3 and 29.0 times higher than in unburned site, respectively, while $NO_3-N$ in unburned site was 4 times higher than in burned site. In burned site, phytomasses of herb and shrub were 148 and 33% of unburned site in a current year and 107 and 51% in a subsequent year, respectively. The considerable amount of increase in soil nutrient after the fire was conserved by the uptake of the fast regrowing plants and by the immobilization of $NH_4=N$.

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Planning of Exhibit Halls in Rural Tourism Villages Applying Experience Factor(4Es) Theory (체험요소(4Es) 이론을 적용한 농촌마을의 테마전시관 계획 연구)

  • Lee, Jeung Won;Kim, Eun Ja
    • Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.1067-1094
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    • 2012
  • Building of exhibit halls in rural area has been a new trend with increasing investments in rural development. Exhibit hall can be an effective way to specialize rural village with amenity resources which is now in a flood of agritourism. However, most of exhibit halls being operated by rural villages have similar display on similar themes and are poorly managed. To aggressively promote rural amenity resources in villages and make visitors satisfy through their experiences, this research reviewed experience economy theory of Pine and Gilmore(1998) and derived planning guidelines of rural theme exhibit hall applying experiential factors(Educational, Esthetic, Escapist, and Entertainment experiences). Finally, we applied these planning guidelines to a site, Igil village which is located in Cheorwon County, Gangwon-do, with a theme of a red-crowned crane for verification.

A study on the architectural character of JE-DANG in Ulsan (울산지역(蔚山地域) 제당(祭堂)의 건축적(建築的) 특성(特性)에 관한 연구(硏究) - 웅재면(熊材面)과 강동면(江東面)의 제당(祭堂)을 사례(事例)로 -)

  • Kang, Hye-Kyung;Nishimura, Ichiro;Han, Sam-Geon
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.8 no.3 s.20
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    • pp.9-22
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    • 1999
  • The purpose of this study is to analyse the architectural character of JE-DAMG at farm village in Ulsan. JE-DANG means the building for DONG-JE (the sacrificial rite of a village). The regions of this study are KANG-DONG MYEN, and UNG-CHON MYEN in Ulsan. The method of this study is the analysis of them after the actual field surveys of 47 JE-DANGs in these regions The survey contains the area, the height, the period of the erection, the architectural structure, the roof shape, the material, the landowner, SHIN-CHE (means a god's name and shape), DANG-SU tree and so on. Methods of the survey are the field survey, the interview of villager, the analysis of reference data and so on. Results of the study are below. JE-DANGs(buildings) of these regions had been built first in the period of Japanese occupancy and erections of them had continued until 1970's. Since then, they have been rebuilt. The primary JE-DANG is characterized by a tiled roof, a wooden post lintel, a mud-plastered wall, and a wooden door. After rebuilding, characters are a flat slab, a tiled roof, a structure of using red bricks, and the area is getting larger than the primary JE-DANG, but 1 KAN persists without variety. Most of houses in the inland area like UNG-CHON MYEN face the south, and ones in the coastal area like KANG-BONG MYEN face the east. Generally there is DANG-SU tree behind JE-DANG. That proves DANG-SU tree to be the object of the rite. The species of DANG-SU is a pine in general ,but various in UNG-CHON MYEN. In general names of the god are DONG-SHIN , DANG-SAN SHIN and SUNG-HWANG SHIN. I think that the landownership of JE-DANG should change the private ownership into the village ownership to preserve JE-DANG though most of lands of JE-DANG are private ones.

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Ions Dynamics in the Rainfall, Throughfall, Stemflow and Soil Solution of Red Pine (Pinus densiflora) Stands at Chunchon (춘천지방 소나무림에서 임내우 및 토양수내 이온동태)

  • Yoo, Jeong-Hwan;Kim, Young-Kul;Lee, Choong-Hwa;Byun, Jae-Kyoung;Choi, Kyung;Oh, Jeong-Soo
    • The Korean Journal of Ecology
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    • v.23 no.5
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    • pp.347-351
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    • 2000
  • This study was conducted to determine the ions dynamics in rainfall, throughfall, stemflow and soil solution of Pinus densiflora stands at Chunchon, Kangwon-Do. Ion concentration of stemflow was greater than that of rainfall and throughfall. The EC values of rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were 15.3 μS/cm, 23.9 μS/cm and 55.9 μS/cm, respectively. Average pH of soil solution was 4.8, 5.4, 5.5 and 5.8 at 10, 20, 30 and 50 cm depth, respectively. The cations were higher in K/sup +/ and Ca/sup 2+/ for rainfall, throughfall and stemflow, and in Ca/sup 2+/ for soil solution. The anions were higher in SO₄/sup 2-/ for rainfall, throughfall and stemflow, and in NO₃/sup -/ for soil solution.

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Dietary Phytoncide Supplementation Improved Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Finishing Pigs

  • Li, Han Lin;Zhao, Pin Yao;Lei, Yan;Hossain, Md Manik;Kang, Jungsun;Kim, In Ho
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.29 no.9
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    • pp.1314-1321
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    • 2016
  • We conducted this 10-wk experiment to evaluate the effects of dietary phytoncide, Korean pine extract as phytogenic feed additive (PFA), on growth performance, blood characteristics, and meat quality in finishing pigs. A total of 160 pigs ([Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire]${\times}$Duroc, body weight (BW) = $58.2{\pm}1.0kg$) were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 treatments according to their BW and sex, 10 replicate pens per treatment with 4 pigs per pen were used (2 barrows and 2 gilts). Dietary treatments were: CON, control diet; PT2, CON+0.02% PFA; PT4, CON+0.04% PFA; PT6, CON+0.06% PFA. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was higher in PT4 (p<0.05) than in PT6, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was lower in PT6 than in CON (p<0.05). Besides ADFI decreased linearly (p<0.05) with the increased level of phytoncide and gain:feed ratio in PT4 treatment was higher (p<0.05) than CON treatment. During 5 to 10 weeks and overall, quadratic (p<0.05) effect was observed in ADG among the treatments. At the end of this experiment, pigs fed with PT4 diet had a greater (p<0.05) red blood cell concentration compared to the pigs fed CON diet. Water holding capacity increased linearly (p<0.05) with the increased level of phytoncide supplementation. Moreover, firmness, redness, yellowness, and drip loss at day 3 decreased linearly (p<0.05) with the increase in the level of phytoncide supplementation. In conclusion, inclusion of phytoncide could enhance growth performance without any adverse effects on meat quality in finishing pigs.

A Study on Food Attitude and Dietary Habits of Pre-school Children (취학전(就學前) 아동(兒童)의 식품기호(食品嗜好)와 식습관(食習慣) 조사연구(調査硏究))

  • Lim, Hyeon-Sook
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.60-68
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    • 1976
  • A group of 132 pre-school children with a mean age of six years and one month was the subjects of this investigation. These children were members of three nursery schools locating in Kwang-ju city. Each child's mother replied to a questionaire which included 42 food items and 4 questions. The results showed that the food preference of each child was variable and the group as a whole expressed more positive than negative feelings. The average number of foods liked per child was 22.9(range: $7{\sim}42$) among 42 food items. Peach, Apple, Strawberry, Laver, Egg, Tomato, Sweet Potato, Tangerine Orange and Beef were ranked in descending order of 'like' ratings. The average number of foods refused was 4.9 (range: $0{\sim}25$). Onion, Liver, Red Pepper Leaf, Root of Bellflower, Taro, Wild Seasame Leaf, Egg Plant, Cabbage, Water Cress and Bracken were ranked in descending order of 'refuse' ratings. The odor of hurting feelings, the hot taste and the flabby texture were the reasons why the children refused these foods. The average number of foods unexperienced was 4.4 (range: $0{\sim}14$). Kidney, Dried Small Whitebail, Tangle (DA SHI MA), Liver, SA RI Mushroom, Acorn Mook, Dried Fragrant Mushroom, Pine Agaric, Root of Bellflower and Ped Pepper Leaf were ranked in descending order of 'unexperience' ratings. Children's 'like' rating toward total foods was 57.3% and the 'refuse' rating was 11.7%. Among eight food groups, fruits showed the highest favority (91.4%) and mushroom showed the least (25.9%). The difference between male and female in the preference of total foods did not showed significant level. But the difference were significant in those of individual food groups; other vegetables, green and yellow leafy vegetables, mushrooms(above, p.<01), fishes and shellfish and sea weeds (above, p<.05). Children who had experienced meals missed rated 59.1% and 34.1% of these children missed meals once a week. The main reason for maels missed was due to the heavey snacks before meal time. Children who had snacks twice a day rated 45.6%. Main foods used as their snacks were starch foods (Cake, Biscuit, Sweet Potato) and citrous foods (Fruits, Apple, Tangerine).

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A Study on the Restoration of Shinan Shipwreck (신안해저 인양 침몰선의 복원 연구)

  • Kim, Yong Han
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.4 no.1 s.4
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    • pp.3-10
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    • 1995
  • This study focused on the reconstructional point of Shinan ship-wreck that was excavated between $1976\~1984$. The wreck, which might be sunk in the beginning of the 14th century, is regarded as a vessel of Yuan dynasty, China. This paper tried to find out some structural characteristics and principal dimensions for restoration. The Shinan shipwreck's structural characteristics are summarized as follow, 1) The Shinan shipwreck is formed V-shaped cross section with bar keel, 2) The vessel is divided 8 holds by 7 bulkheads. 3) The ship has flat type stem and transome stern. 4) A rabbeted clinker -built is basically adopted on planking joint. 5) A wooden sheathing, which means a sort of protecting board against marine insects, is covered outside of the main hull, 6) For making an watertight structure, oakum and lime mixtured t'ung-oil are used along the seam of planking and bulkhead. 7) A V-shaped deep water-way exists at both deck side. 8) The shipwreck is believed to have 2 masts at least. 9) The shiptimbers are classified as Chinese Red Pine(Pinus Massonina) which is mainly grown in the southern part of China. Considering as mentioned above the structural characteristics, Shinan ship-wreck could be classified as Chinese Fu-chuan type(복선형) of sea-going ship. The Shinan ship's principal dimensions which are calculated on the basis of Chinese traditional shipbuilding custom, are as follow, Length overall(L.O.A). : 34.80m Length water line(L.W.L) : 24.90m Breadth(B.max.) : 11m Breadth(B) : 10m Depth at keel line(H) : 3.75m Draft(D). : 3.15m Freeboard(F) : 0.65m Ratio, length/breadth(L/B). : 2.26 Ration, breadth/depth(B/D) : 3.5 Height of stem : 7m Height of stern : 10m Displacement : ab.340ton.

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