• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.854-863
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• 1990

Since the open heart surgery was performed, various kinds of problem concerning the extracorporeal circulation[EGG] have been known. The author investigated the changes of serum potassium ion before and after ECC among the 102 patients including 63 adults and 39 children who underwent open heart surgery from April 19S6 to February 1990 in Chung-Ang University Hospital. The mean values of potassium ion before and after ECC were analyzed according to the influencing factors such as priming solution, aortic cross clamping time, the underlying disease, the type of oxygenator and the amount of cardioplegic solution. The results were as follows: l. In the aspect of congenital and acquired heart disease groups, the mean values of serum potassium ion[Mean\ulcornerS.D.] before and after ECC revealed a significant change only in the acquired heart disease group[congenital; 3.87$\pm$0.48mEq /L vs. 4.05$\pm$0.73mEq /L, P>0.05, acquired: 4.40 $\pm$0.98mEq /L vs. 4.11$\pm$0.52mEq /L, P<0.05]. Between the two groups, the changes of the mean values of serum potassium ion before and after ECC were significant[P<0.05]. But all values were within normal limits. 2. In the aspect of the aortic cross clamping time[ACCT], in the groups of less or more than 120 minutes, the mean values of serum potassium ion before and after ECC revealed no significant change[less than 120 min; 3.97+-0.64mEq /L vs. 3.99+0.67mEq /L, P>0.05, more than 120 min; 4.34+0.82mEq /L vs. 4.27+0.62mEq /L, P>0.05], and The changes of mean values of serum potassium ion between the two groups were not significant[P>0.05]. 3. In both membrane and bubble oxygenator groups, the mean values of serum potassium ion before and after ECC did not reveal a significant difference respectively [membrane; 4.74 +1.40mEq /L vs. 4.28+0.3lmEq /L, P>0.05, bubble; 4.02 +0.60mEq /L vs. 4.05 L0.68mEq/L, P>0.05], and no differences between the membrane and bubble oxygenator groups[P >0.05]. 4. In the groups of membrane and bubble oxygenator in the cases of ACCT more than 120 minutes, the mean values of serum potassium ion before and after ECC did not reveal a significant difference respectively[membrane; 4.36$\pm$0.85mEq /L vs. 4.37$\pm$0.26mEq /L, P>0.05, bubble; 4.30 $\pm$0.80mEq/L vs. 4.23$\pm$0.67mEq/L, P>0.05], and no differences between the two groups[P>0.05]. 5. In spite of increased amount of cold potassium cardioplegic solution, the mean values of serum potassium ion before ECC were similar to those of serum potassium ion after ECC[less than 20ml /kg

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 2001

After performing mandibular setback surgery, we found some changes in patterns and organs of speech. This investigation was undertaken to investigate the aspect and degree of speech patterns according to the amount of surgical setback in mandibular prognathic patients. Thirteen patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion were studied preoperative and postoperative over 6 months. They had undergone the mandible setback operation via bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy(BSSRO). We split the patients into two groups. Group 1 included patients whose degree of mandibular setback was 6mm or less, and Group 2 above 6mm. Control group was two adults wish normal speech patterns. A phonetician performed narrow phonetic transcriptions of tape-recorded words and sentences produced by each of the patients and the acoustic characteristics of the plosives, fricatives, and flaps were analyzed with a phonetic computer program (Computerized Speech Lab(CSL) Model 4300B(USA)). The results are as follows: 1. Generally, Patients showed longer closure duration of plosives, shorter VOT(voice onset time) and higher ratio of closure duration against VOT. 2. Patients showed more frequent diffuse distribution than the control group in frication noise energy of fricatives. 3. In fricatives, frequency of compact from were higher in group 1 than in group 2. 4. Generally, a short duration of closure for /ㄹ/ was not realized in the patient's flaps. Instead, it was realized as fricatives, sonorant with a vowel-like formant structure, or trill type consonant. 5. Abnormality of the patient's articulation was reduced, but adaptation of their articulation after surgery was not perfect and the degree of adaptation was different according to the degree of surgical setback.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.423-429
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• 2013

The present study aimed to find the most sensitive placement of the skull to perceive speech through the bone vibrator in various protection methods while being exposed to noise. Twenty young normal-hearing adults (10 male and 10 female) participated in the study. As stimulus, Korean spondee words were presented via one of five skull locations (i.e., jaw angle, condyle, temple, mastoid, and vertex), while the participants wore one of four protection methods (i.e., ear form, ear plug, ear muff, and ear form and muff together) against white noise in one of four noise directions (i.e., 0, 90, 180, 270 degrees). The results showed: 1) there was a significant difference among the five skull locations with condyle being the most sensitive placement; 2) there was a significant difference among the four protection methods, with the ear form plus ear muff condition (or dual protection) providing the lowest threshold; 3) when exposed to noise from 90 degrees, the significantly lowest threshold was found; 4) there was no significant difference in results by gender. The pattern of results suggests that the communicative condition via the condyle bone conduction and the dual protection of the air conduction under any noise direction might be ideal for preventing noise-induced hearing loss, although further studies should be undertaken in this area.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare the replicability of centric relation made by means of self guided method, bimanual manipulation, chin-point guidance, leaf gauge method, gothic arch tracing. The EPA test of Arcus $Digma^{(R)}$ was employed for examining the reproducibility of centric relation. 10 adults with normal occlusion were participated in this study. In this limitation of study, the following results were obtained; Condyle position was different depending on different methods of guiding centric relation. Left and right temporomandibular joints showed a little different degree of repeatability. Bimanual manipulation using anterior jig was the most replicable. Chin point guidance provided the second most repeatable method, and Gothic arch tracing showed the third, the leaf gauge was the forth, the self-guided method was the worst.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 2016

It is widely acknowledged that the human auditory system is organized tonotopically and people generally listen to sounds as a function of frequency distribution through the auditory system. However, it is still unclear how acoustic features of speech sounds are indicated to the human brain in terms of speech perception. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether two sounds with similar high-frequency characteristics in the acoustic analysis show similar results at the level of auditory brainstem. Thirty three young adults with normal hearing participated in the study. As stimuli, two Korean monosyllables (i.e., /ja/ and /cha/) and four frequencies of toneburst (i.e., 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) were used to elicit the auditory brainstem response (ABR). Measures of monosyllable and toneburst were highly replicable and the wave V of waveform was detectable in all subjects. In the results of Pearson correlation analysis, the /ja/ syllable had a high correlation with 4000 Hz of toneburst which means that its acoustic characteristics (i.e., 3671~5384 Hz) showed the same results in the brainstem. However, the /cha/ syllable had a high correlation with 1000 and 2000 Hz of toneburst although it has acoustical distribution of 3362~5412 Hz. We concluded that there was disagreement between acoustic features and physiology outcomes at the auditory brainstem level. This finding suggests that an acoustical-perceptual mapping study is needed to scrutinize human speech perception.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.463-471
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• 2005

Recently, the number of diabetic patients have been increased with westernized living way and meal habitation. The regulation of blood sugar concentration is very important for diabetic patients to keep homeostasis and, to prevent acute or chronic complications. Epinephrine combined with lidocaine is used in dental clinic extensively. And epinephrine combined with lidocaine also effects on decreasing the blood leakage volume by constricting micro vessle and arteriole. But, So far there are few researches about the effect of epinephrine contained in dental local anesthetic agent on the blood sugar of diabetes during minor oral surgery. The purpose of this study was intended to investigate whether epinephrine which combined with dental local anesthetics influence body glucose level in diabetes patients by glucose monitoring. The subject of this study were 38 diabetic patients and 38 normal adults, each patient was checked body glucose after a meal 2 hours later with resting state, and injection 1:100000 epinephrine with dental lidocaine 54 ml or lidocaine 54 ml only. And then the body glucose level was checked 5 minutes and 30 minutes after injection. The results were analyzed by two way ANOVA test (p<0.05). The results were as follows: In the experimental group 1, the mean of the blood sugar level was 180.3 mg/dl before an anesthetic injection, 182.8 mg/dl after 5minutes of the anesthetic injection and 182.2 mg/dl after 30minutes of the anesthetic injection. The change of the blood sugar level was not statistically by two-way ANOVA tests (p<0.05). In the experimental group 2, the mean of the blood sugar level was 237 mg/dl before an anesthetic injection, 234.5 mg/dl after 5minutes of the anesthetic injection and 231.8 mg/dl after 30minutes of the anesthetic injection. The change of the blood sugar level was not statistically by two-way ANOVA tests (p<0.05). In the controlled group 1, the mean of the blood sugar level was 117.6 mg/dl before an anesthetic injection, 119.1 mg/dl after 5minutes of the anesthetic injection and 129.3 mg/dl after 30minutes of the anesthetic injection. The change of the blood sugar level was not statistically by two-way ANOVA tests (p<0.05). In the controlled group 2, the mean of the blood sugar level was 104.2 mg/dl before an anesthetic injection, 102 mg/dl after 5minutes of the anesthetic injection and 105.3 mg/dl after 30minutes of the anesthetic injection. The change of the blood sugar level was not statistically by two-way ANOVA tests (p<0.05).

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate of dental plaque, calculus and gingival inflammation in Beagle dogs. Forty adults Beagle dogs (28 male and 12 female) were used in this study. The dogs weighed 9.5 kg and were in good oral and systemic health as determined by physical examination, and all dogs had full and normal dentition. The dogs were given a commercial pellet feed during 2 years period. For all examination procedures, the dogs were premedicated with a subcutaneous injection of atropine sulfate (0.04 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced and maintained by intravenous administration of ketamine (8 mg/kg) and xylazine (2 mg/kg). Dental plaque, calculus and gingival inflammation were assessed by Logan and Boyce clinical plaque index. Calculi covering the maxillary carnassial and first molar teeth were extensive and were accompanied by severe gingival inflammation and pocket formation. Calculi, accompanied by gingival inflammation, were clearly evident on buccal surfaces of other teeth. Calculi didn't showed on the lingual surfaces, but linguogingival inflammation formed in premolar teeth. Although the general pattern was clear, there was considerable variation among dogs in the rate of deposition of calculus and extend of gingival inflammation. This investigation suggest that feeding of the commercial dry food without dental hygiene increase plaque accumulation and may be a contributing factor in calculi formation and periodontal disease.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.515-520
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• 2007

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is the leading cause of pneumonia in older children and young adults. Normally, it does not progress to a condition requiring hospitalization but improves spontaneously or has a mild clinical course. We report two cases of M. pneumoniae pneumonia with different clinical manifestations from the normal course. The patients were young healthy individuals. The diagnoses were made by serology. However, it could not be determined beforehand that they had M. pneumoniae pneumonia. Based on the empirical treatment strategy of severe community acquired pneumonia, the patients were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics including cephalosporin, quinolone and macrolide. After administering the antibiotics, they showed a gradually favorable clinical course and recovered without residual complications. A M. pneumoniae infection should be considered as a cause of severe community acquired pneumonia, and empirical treatment targeting this organism might be helpful in treating patients with the severe manifestation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1347-1354
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• 2006

The aims of this study were to establish a simple and effective method for isolating male germline stem cells (GSCs), and to test the possibility of using these cells as a new approach for male infertility treatment. Testes obtained from neonatal and adult mice were manually decapsulated. GSCs were collected from seminiferous tubules by a two-step enzyme digestion method and plated on gelatin-coated dishes. Over 5-7 days of culture, GSCs obtained from neonates and adults gave rise to large multicellular colonies that were subsequently grown for 10 passages. During in vitro proliferation, oct-4 and two immunological markers (Integrin ${\beta}1,\;{\alpha}6$) for GSCs were highly expressed in the cell colonies. During another culture period of 6 weeks to differentiate to later stage germ cells, the expression of oct-4 mRNA decreased in GSCs and Sertoli cells encapsulated with calcium alginate, but the expression of c-kit and testis-specific histone protein 2B(TH2B) mRNA as well as the localization of c-kit protein was increased. Expression of transition protein (TP-l) and localization of peanut agglutinin were not seen until 3 weeks after culturing, and appeared by 6 weeks of culture. The putative spermatids derived from GSCs supported embryonic development up to the blastocyst stage with normal chromosomal ploidy after chemical activation. Thus, GSCs isolated from neonatal and adult mouse testes were able to be maintained and proliferated in our simple culture conditions. These GSCs have the potential to differentiate into haploid germ cells during another long-term culture.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.600-606
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• 2005

Background : The development of bronchoscopic equipment along with the precision of radiographic techniques had reduced the mortality rate of patients with tracheobronchial foreign bodies but has been no change in the incidence of tracheobronchial foreign bodies since their introduction. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical characteristics of a tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration and to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment modality in children and adults. Methods : This is a retrospective review of 64 patients who underwent bronchoscopic procedures for the treatment of aspirated foreign bodies from December 1994 through March 2004 at the Chonnam national university hospital. Results : There were 47 males and 17 females, aged from 1 month to 78 years. Most of the patients had no underlying illness except for one patient with a cerebrovascular accident that contributed to the foreign body aspiration. The most common symptom was cough, which was noted in 54 patients (84.3%). The other presenting symptoms were dyspnea (48.8%), fever (20.3%), sputum (14%), vomiting (7.8%), and chest pain (4.6%). Those whose tracheobronchial foreign bodies were diagnosed more than 2 days after the aspiration (21 patients) were more likely to have pneumonia than those whose foreign bodies were diagnosed within 2 days (p = 0.009). Foreign bodies were visualized in the plain chest radiographs in 12 cases (18.8%), while others showed air trapping (21, 32.8%), pneumonia (15, 23.4%), atelectasis (7, 10.9%), and normal findings (9, 14.1%). The foreign bodies were more frequently found in the right bronchial tree (36) compared with the left bronchial tree (22, p = 0.04). In order to remove the foreign bodies, twenty (31.2%) cases were removed using flexible bronchoscopy, while 42 (65.6%) and 2 (3.2%) cases required rigid bronchoscopy and surgery, respectively. Conclusions : Tracheobronchial Foreign body aspiration had a bimodal age distribution in the infancy and old age around 60 years. They were found more frequently in the right bronchial tree. In addition, patients whose foreign bodies were diagnosed more than 2 days after the aspiration were more likely have a infection. Rigid bronchoscopy is the procedure of choice for uncooperative children and for those with foreign bodies lodged deeply in the small bronchial tree.