• 대한약침학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2011

Objectives & Methods: This research may accounts for Self Targeting Therapy (STT) which is a peculiar operation of Mountain Ginseng Pharmacopuncture. The objectives include analysis of its mechanism and reporting of clinical cases. Results: 1. STT of Mountain Ginseng Pharmacopuncture refers to the function of curing and making a diagnosis of the disease by oneself. 2. The mechanism of STT is to pursue the latent illness and make the remedial action by oneself. In this process, the symptom of latent disease is outwardly expressed. 3. The most popular symptom expressed is manifestation of pecular sensation along the specific meridians. Then followed headache, dizziness, powerless and etc. Diverse symptoms can be expressed by a patient. 4. If the revealed symptoms are carefully observed, the cause of the disease or the patient state can be diagnosed easily. Conclusion: The mechanism of STT of Mountain Ginseng Pharmacopuncture can be a great asset in clinical trials. Other studies on STT of Mountain Ginseng Pharmacopuncture should be followed in the future.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2003

산삼과 인삼의 세포주를 확립하고, 배양을 통하여 세포성장 및 탄소원 소모 경향과 이들이 생산하는 생리활성물질의(ginsenoside) 생성 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 세포주는 직접 산삼(KM2, KM3, KM5의 뿌리) 및 재배인삼(포천, 홍천, 영주, 무주와 금산에서 재배된 시료)으로부터 callus를 유도하고 장기간 배양하여 확립하였다. 산삼과 재배인삼 세포배양 결과 나타난 특성을 비교해 보면, specific growth rate($\mu$, day-1)는 각각 0.067과 0.035로서 산삼유래의 KM5 세포가 약 2배 정도 빨랐고, 반면에 ginsenoside 생성속도는 각각 0.53과 2.53 mg/L day로 재배인삼 세포에서 약 5배 더 높게 나타났다. 그런데 sugar consumption rate는 각각 1.51과 1.54 g/L any로 비슷한 수준으로 나타났는데, 이러한 결과들을 고찰해 볼 때, 기초 세포배양 조건에서는 KM5 보다 재배인삼인 KE세포에서 ginsenoside 생합성 대사가 더욱 활발하게 이루어지고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.76-80
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• 2015

Background: Identifying suitable site for growing mountain-cultivated ginseng is a concern for ginseng producers. This study was conducted to evaluate the soil properties of cultivation sites for mountain-cultivated ginseng in Hamyang-gun, which is one of the most well-known areas for mountain-cultivated ginseng in Korea. Methods: The sampling plots from 30 sites were randomly selected on or near the center of the ginseng growing sites in July and August 2009. Soil samples for the soil properties analysis were collected from the top 20 cm at five randomly selected points. Results: Mountain-cultivated ginseng was grown in soils that varied greatly in soil properties on coniferous, mixed, and deciduous broad-leaved stand sites of elevations between > 200mand < 1,000 m. The soil bulk density was higher in Pinus densiflora than in Larix leptolepis stand sites and higher in the < 700-m sites than in > 700-m sites. Soil pH was unaffected by the type of stand sites (pH 4.35-4.55), whereas the high-elevation sites of > 700mwere strongly acidified, with pH 4.19. The organic carbon and total nitrogen content were lower in the P. densiflora stand sites than in the deciduous broad-leaved stand sites. Available phosphorus was low in all of the stand sites. The exchangeable cationwas generally higher in the mixed and low-elevation sites than in the P. densiflora and high-elevation sites, respectively. Conclusion: These results indicate that mountain-cultivated ginseng in Korea is able to grow in very acidic, nutrient-depleted forest soils.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.408-420
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• 2019

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is an invaluable medicinal plant containing various bioactive metabolites (e.g., ginsenosides). Owing to its long cultivation period, ginseng is vulnerable to various biotic constraints. Biological control using endophytes is an important alternative to chemical control. Methods: In this study, endophytic Trichoderma citrinoviride PG87, isolated from mountain-cultivated ginseng, was evaluated for biocontrol activity against six major ginseng pathogens. T. citrinoviride exhibited antagonistic activity with mycoparasitism against all ginseng pathogens, with high endo-1,4-${\beta}$-D-glucanase activity. Results: T. citrinoviride inoculation significantly reduced the disease symptoms caused by Botrytis cinerea and Cylindrocarpon destructans and induced ginsenoside biosynthesis in ginseng plants. T. citrinoviride was formulated as dustable powder and granules. The formulated agents also exhibited significant biocontrol activity and induced ginsenosides production in the controlled environment and mountain area. Conclusion: Our results revealed that T. citrinoviride has great potential as a biological control agent and elicitor of ginsenoside production.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2010

Objective : Ginseng is one of most widely used herbal medicine. Ginseng showed anti-metastasis activities. However, its molecular mechanisms of action are unknown. So we want to report the wild ginseng repress which plays key roles in neoplastic epithelial-mesenchymal transition process. Methods : Treatment of the human colorectal carcinoma LOVO cells and human gastric carcinoma SNU601 cells with the increased concentrations of cultivated wild ginseng extracts resulted in a gradual decrease in the AXIN2 gene expression. Results : Metastasis-suppressor genes, maspin and nm23 was not affected by the treatment of ginseng extracts in LOVO cells. Moreover, the mountain cultivated wild ginseng or mountain wild ginseng are similar in their inhibitory effects on the expression of AXIN2 gene, but are substantially stronger than cultivated ginseng. Conclusion : We described the novel mechanism of wild ginseng-induced anti-metastasis activity by repressing the expression of AXIN2 gene that plays key roles in epithelial-mesenchymal transition process.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.35-49
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• 2011

Objectives: The aim of this experiment is to know about Effect of pulse-wave factors in Middle Aged Women by Mountain Cultivated Ginseng Pharmacopuncture. Methods: First 20 Middle Aged women are diagnosed by pulse diagnosis, and then Mountain Cultivated Ginseng Pharmacopuncture(1 injection 20cc) were injected. 30 minutes later, pulse diagnosis again performed. As a result, method of one-group pretest-posttes design were used for evaluation. Results: T(Total pulse cycle) time statistically significant increased on both left and right chon, kwan, cheok. T4 time statistically significant increased on both left and right chon, kwan, cheok. T4-T1/T indexs except left cheokmaek, Right cheokmaek observation area decreased significantly in four sites. Wm(indicating high pressure retention time) indexs increased significantly in the five sites were observed except right chon maek. Conclusions: Effect of pulse-wave factors in Middle Aged Women by Mountain Cultivated Ginseng Pharmacopuncture increased T, T4, Wm and decreased T4-T1/T indexs. The results of this experiment, Mountain Cultivated Ginseng Pharmacopuncture induced to increase the Pulse-wave's stability and strength.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권12호
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• pp.1654-1659
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 산삼배양근과 압출성형 산산배양근의 발효특성을 알아보기 위해 발효액의 pH 및 산도, 당도, 총당, 환원당, 알코올 함량의 변화를 홍삼발효액과 비교하였다. Saccharomyces cerevisiae와 Aspergillus usamii, Rhizopus japonicus를 함유한 누룩을 접종하여 15일간 발효시킨 알코올 발효액의 pH, 당도, 환원당, 총당은 발효 시간 5일 전에 급격히 감소하여 이후 완만하게 감소하여 안정된 상태를 보여주었다. 또한, 산삼배양근을 압출성형 시킴으로써 환원당, 총당, 알코올 함량이 2배 이상 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다. 발효액의 최종 산도는 홍삼 $1.12{\pm}0.06%$, 산삼배양근 $1.19{\pm}0.06%$, 압출성형 산삼배양근 $0.97{\pm}0.01{\sim}1.02{\pm}0.01%$로 측정되었다. 알코올 발효를 시킨 발효액의 최대 알코올 함량 은 홍삼 $3.82{\pm}0.10%$ 산삼배양근 $0.91{\pm}0.06%$, 압출성형 산삼배양근 $1.86{\pm}0.10{\sim}2.18{\pm}0.06%$로 측정되어 산삼배양근을 압출성형 시킴으로써 최대 2.5배 알코올 함량을 향상시킬 수 있었다. 압출성형물 중에서도 배럴온도 $140^{\circ}C$, 수분함량 25%로 압출성형 시킨 산삼배양근이 환원당, 총당, 알코올함량이 가장 높게 측정되었다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서 압출성형공정을 통하여 산삼배양근 발효적성의 향상과 함께 새로운 산삼발효제품과 식품개발의 가능성을 발견하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.540-547
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• 2017

Background: In general, after Panax ginseng is administered orally, intestinal microbes play a crucial role in its degradation and metabolization process. Studies on the metabolism of P. ginseng by microflora are important for obtaining a better understanding of their biological effects. Methods: In vitro biotransformation of P. ginseng extract by rat intestinal microflora was investigated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 h, and the simultaneous determination of the metabolites and metabolic profile of P. ginseng saponins by rat intestinal microflora was achieved using LC-MS/MS. Results: A total of seven ginsenosides were detected in the P. ginseng extract, including ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd. In the transformed P. ginseng samples, considerable amounts of deglycosylated metabolite compound K and Rh1 were detected. In addition, minimal amounts of deglycosylated metabolites (ginsenosides Rg2, F1, F2, Rg3, and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides) and untransformed ginsenosides Re, Rg1, and Rd were detected at 24 h. The results indicated that the primary metabolites are compound K and Rh1, and the protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides were more easily metabolized than protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides. Conclusion: This is the first report of the identification and quantification of the metabolism and metabolic profile of P. ginseng extract in rat intestinal microflora using LC-MS/MS. The current study provided new insights for studying the metabolism and active metabolites of P. ginseng.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.89-101
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• 2004

Objective : The present experiments were designed to study on the immune-enhancing effect of Mountain grown ginseng, Mountain cultivated ginseng, and Panax ginseng Method : In order to compare the immune-enhancing effect of moutain grown ginseng, moutain cultivated ginseng and Panax ginseng, the study was done through the forced swimming test (FST), measurement of T helper Th1, Th2 cytokines and fatigue related factors. Result : Moutain grown ginseng and panax ginseng decreased the immobility time in the FST compared to the control. Glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Total-protein (T-protein) in serum were investigated. The serum achieved from ginseng administered mouse showed higher BUN, T-protein than the control. moutain grown ginseng administered group showed lower LDH than the control group. moutain grown ginseng administered mouse showed higher glucose than the control. Creatinine was same in either experimental or control group. Ginseng-induced cytokine production in human T-cell line, MOLT-4 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages were compared. Moutain cultivated ginseng (10-4 dilution) and panax ginseng (10-3 dilution) were increased the interferon $IFN-{\gamma}$ production compared with media control (about 1.6-fold P<0.05) at 48 h. Moutain grown ginseng (10-4 dilution) was increased the $IFN-{\gamma}$ and interleukin IL-4 production compared with media control (about l.4-fold for $IFN-{\gamma}$ and 1.6-fold for IL-4 P<0.05) at 48 h. Moutain grown ginseng (10-3 dilution) and moutain cultivated ginseng (10-4 dilution) were increased the turmor necrosis factor $TNF-{\alpha}$ production compared with $rIFN-{\gamma}$ treated cells (about 1.9-fold for $TNF-{\alpha}$ P<0.05), respectively. Moutain cultivated ginseng (10-3 dilution) was increased the IL-12 production compared with $rIFN-{\gamma}$ treated cell (about 1.7-fold for IL-12 P<0.05). Conclusion : These data suggest that three different three kinds of ginseng act on immune responses in different aspects.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.202-210
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• 2024

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer polysaccharides exhibit various biological functions, like antagonizing galectin-3-mediated cell adhesion and migration. Galectin-8 (Gal-8), with its linker-joined N- and C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), is also crucial to these biological processes, and thus plays a role in various pathological disorders. Yet the effect of ginseng-derived polysaccharides in modulating Gal-8 function has remained unclear. Methods: P. ginseng-derived pectin was chromatographically isolated and enzymatically digested to obtain a series of polysaccharides. Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) quantified their binding affinity to Gal-8, and their inhibitory effects on Gal-8 was assessed by hemagglutination, cell migration and T-cell apoptosis. Results: Our ginseng-derived pectin polysaccharides consist mostly of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and homogalacturonan (HG). BLI shows that Gal-8 binding rests primarily in RG-I and its β-1,4-galactan side chains, with sub-micromolar K_D values. Both N- and C-terminal Gal-8 CRDs bind RG-I, with binding correlated with Gal-8-mediated function. Conclusion: P. ginseng RG-I pectin β-1,4-galactan side chains are crucial to binding Gal-8 and antagonizing its function. This study enhances our understanding of galectin-sugar interactions, information that may be used in the development of pharmaceutical agents targeting Gal-8.