• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.199-209
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• 2008

Objectives : To explore the adverse events and safety following facial cosmetic acupuncture treatment (Miso-Acupuncture). Subjects and methods : This study was a retrospective survey of practitioner's reports. The practitioners worked as facial cosmetic acupuncturists, gave informed consent, and completed a case report form between July and November of 2007. On this form, practitioners were asked to report the degree of adverse events relating to the Miso-Acupuncture, the total safety of the treatment, and reasons patients gave for quitting treatment. The practitioners in this study were all Oriental Medicine Doctors(OMD) who had trained at the Miso-Acupuncture Academy for 40 hours we received 23 final report cases. Results : In this study, adverse events following Miso-Acupuncture treatment were mild bruising(15 ; 65.2%), bleeding(12 ; 52.2%), pain(8 ; 34.8%), fatigue(7 ; 30.4%), headache(5 ; 21.7%), and others(10 ; 43.5%). The average degree of adverse events was between mild and moderate, which needs no extra treatment. The total safety of treatment for 16 weeks was between safe and nearly safe, and there was no need to quit treatment in spite of mild adverse events. Eight patients(34.8%) quit treatment, almost all for personal reasons unrelated to the Miso-Acupuncture. Conclusions : These results suggest that the Miso-Acupuncture has no serious adverse events and is a relatively safe treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 1999

Based on literature, status and role of the NP in America was reviewed. The process of developing NP program in America suggests us many things. In America, nurse practitioners have sustained a mutually beneficial status with their patients for over thirty years. Excel fence in academic education and clinical training will enable nurse practitioners to continue to provide quality health care. The magnitude changes in the health care system of the United States, the challange of providing real access of health care continues. Lack of access to adequate primary care was the driving force in the initial 1965 Federal Involvement in developing the NP role. In 1993 President Bill Clinton's health care reform initiative provided policy support for NPs as primary care providers. The Institute of Medicine explicitly recognized NPs as an integral part of the primary care team. In addition, several national reports recognized NPs as affordable, accessible, high-quality care providers. The recent passage of direct Medicare reimbursement for NPs reflected public policy statements coincided with and likely contributed to a growth spurt in the NP workforce. From 1965 to 1977 NP programs offered traditional primary care clinical tracks(adult, family, woman's health, and pediatrics) for relatively small clusters of students in a variety of institutional settings. From 1978 to 1990 these educational programs were incorporated into graduate schools of nursing. By 1990 the majority of NPs received educational preparation in master's-level nursing programs. A new emphases was placed on postmaster's NP programs designed for master's prepared clinical nurse specialists and nurse managers. he the health care system shifted hospital nursing resources toward community-based care, these master's -level nurses sought additional NP preparation. NP educational programs are defined as the educational structure in which one or more NP clinical tracks are offered. NP clinical tracks, in turn, offer curriculum and supervised clinical experiences that match standards in specific practice areas such as family(FNP), adult(AUP), geriatrics(GNP), pediatrics(PNP), women's health (WHNP), neonatal (NNP), and acute care(ACNP). There were indications that NP practice was expanding into new clinical areas as evidenced by new types of tracks, particularly in acute care and psychiatry. The increase in acute care NP students likely reflects the increased demand from hospitals and other acute care settings. In Korea, change of nurse's role into nurse practitioner's role may have many difficulties. The need of health consumer, policy support of government, approval of medical care team are all essential component. Every nursing personnel make effort to planning the new health care delivery system.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.25-41
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• 2012

Objective : Neijingshiyifanglun with additions and emendations was written by Liu Yude, a doctor who lived during Ming period. I researched the origin of the book, and analyzed the features of it as well. I also approximated his birth date and death date. In doing this, I gained a better understanding the practice of medicine in ancient China. Method : I researched the book by comparing its contents, including the causes of diseases, the descriptions of symptoms, the transmissions of diseases, and treatments, with other sources that he had referenced. Result : In understanding Hwangdineijing, Liu Yude was influenced by many medical scholars such as, Wang Bing, Ma Shi, and Wu Kun, but his opinion is most similar to that of Zhang Jiebin. In the field of the Chinese Medical Theory, he was deeply influenced by 'JinYuan-Sidaijia's theories, particularly Li Gao and Zhu Zhenheng. In fanglun, he was greatly influenced by Yifangkao. He concluded that 'aggregationaccumulation' was a disease of stuffiness, and suggested its cure in through 'yangjingzezichu' and 'treatment of blood aspect'. He recognized the disease of 'reversal of qi' as the disease of 'jiaoqi'. He also indicated that the word of 'qi' is not 'rough' but 'tears' or 'yingfengliulei'. Conclusion : 1. He was an excellent medical practitioner and scholar in the history of oriental medicine. 2. He found and corrected errors in the opinions of Wang Bing, Ma Shi, and Wu Kun. 3. He frequently practiced Taipinghuiminhejijufang, and considered Spleen-Stomach, yin-blood, and fire-heat important. 4. He captured the spirit of Huangdisuwenxuanminglunfang, Neijingshiyifanglun, Yifangkao in views of remedy and theory. 5. Neijingshiyifanglun with additions and emendations is the most comprehensive book about fanglun because of its thorough analysis of the Hwangdineijing and its connection to the treatment of ancient diseases in Oriental Medical History.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.76-82
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• 2017

The quantitative expansion of nursing schools has necessitated the qualitative improvement of nursing education, which requires the development of nursing education for clinical practice. To identify strategies for strengthening the educational capacity of clinical fields and nursing schools, this study first examined the current status of nursing education for clinical practice, and then proposed several prospective directions for education. Nursing clinical practice-related studies from several Korean and international electronic databases were reviewed. Insufficient training hospitals and lack of qualified clinical training instructors were the main problems found within nursing educational resources for clinical practice, while the simple practice contents based on observation and inadequate evaluations were the main problems found in nursing educational management for clinical practice. This study suggests better standards and educational accountability for training hospitals and programs to nurture human resources for clinical practice, as well as a variety of training methods to integrate practical training courses and the expansion of formation evaluation. Based on these results, it is necessary to establish governance for nursing education for clinical practice and clarify the role and standards of each practitioner, strengthen the educational role of the hospital, and improve the system. In addition, introducing various types of education methods and strengthening evaluation standards are needed in order to enhance nursing education for clinical practice.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.553-561
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• 2007

Purpose: This study aimed to assess needs of training programs for APN practice courses and continuing education programs for APNs to provide baseline data to improve APN education and practice. Methods: A total of 98 questionnaires were distributed to professors in 38 nursing institutions and 64 (65.3%) were returned. Data collection was performed in November and December, 2007 through email. Results: Professors in charge of geriatric and home care nurse practitioner programs constituted 43.7% of the study participants. Forty-one percent answered that they were satisfied with the practice programs they currently have operated, while 36.5% responded to have difficulty in appointment of institutions for practice programs and 56.3% had problems in assignment of preceptorship. In case of developing training programs for APN practice courses, 58.7% answered that they are willing to participate, and 90.6% felt needs for development of continuing education programs for APNs. Regarding liability insurance for APN students, only 11.5% provided insurance policy. Conclusion: The study results indicated that standardized training programs are needed to assure quality of APN education, and continuing education programs are required to provide opportunities for APNs to improve competencies.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.433-443
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• 2022

Purpose: This qualitative study was to understand the awareness of epidemiological investigation tasks for nurses who were in charge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemiological investigations. Methods: Before data collection, written consent was obtained from 13 participants, and the data were then collected from September 1 to December 31, 2021. Individual interviews were conducted and recorded by video interview using Zoom, and data were transcribed verbatim. Four themes were derived by using the qualitative thematic analysis method. Results: The participants perceived that epidemiological investigations were burdensome but that the field work was important, and that expertise and collaboration were required. The participants started work without preparation due to the explosive increase in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases, and they recognized work conflicts, unstable employment, and exhaustion as obstacles to their work performance. On the other hand, the participants took pride in contributing to the national epidemiological investigation and control and felt a sense of responsibility as nursing professionals. Finally, participants mentioned that the training of infectious disease practitioner was important for work improvement. Conclusion: Further research is needed on the development of standardized manuals for the training of nursing personnel as infectious disease specialists through the job analysis of epidemiological investigators.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.35-47
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• 2016

"JeSeBoGam (濟世寶鑑)" was a medical document authored by Moon Gi-hong during the Japanese colonial rule in 1933, and the author acted as a Korean medicine doctor, an acupuncturist, a medicine practitioner and an apothecary. Since its first publication in 1933, it has been published three times in 1966 and 1975, from the Japanese colonial period to the liberation period. "JeSeBoGam" is largely divided into Preface part, "List of drugs according to symptoms [隨症用藥目錄]", "JeSeBoGam-Gap (濟世寶鑑甲)", and the Appendix includes "Key points for diagnosing the disease [察病要訣]" "Key points of acupuncture and pulse [脈訣]" "Key points of acupuncture and moxibustion treatment [針灸訣]" in the back of the book. In 1933, there are attached exam books and license application forms related to Korean medicine doctor and pharmacist, so strict regulations on them during the Japanese occupation period can be confirmed. "JeSeBoGam-Gap" contains 208 prescriptions from 143 prescriptions taken from "BangYakHapPyeon" and 65 prescriptions from other books. It divided into Gap (甲) Eul (乙) Byung (丙) Jung (丁). These prescriptions were placed in "List of drugs according to symptoms [隨症用藥目錄]" according to a symptom 1,286 times. Considerable parts of organization and prescription drug composition of "JeSeBoGam" are closely related with "BangYakHapPyeon", but there were adjustments in all medicinal ingredients and capacity for the rest of them except 23 prescription drugs. Compared to "BangYakHapPyeon", there was a tendency to substitute the basic prescription in "JeSeBoGam" for prescriptions used for the same disease. Though only 65 prescriptions were taken from books other than "BangYakHapPyeon", 575 times were reflected in "List of drugs according to symptoms [隨症用藥目錄]", and the rate of utilization is high compared with the number of prescriptions of "BangYakHapPyeon". It is thought that the circumstances of the Japanese occupation period, limits in medicinal ingredients composition due to regional characteristics, and changes in a patient's condition and the treatment method might have an influence on the author's drug use tendency. "JeSeBoGam" is similar to "BangYakHapPyeon" in composition, but it is a new practical medical book in which the author's clinical records are concentrated.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.1-23
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• 2010

Objectives and methods : The Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA) were published in five journals in 2001 and 2002. These guidelines, in the form of a checklist and explanations for use by authors and journal editors, were designed to improve reporting of acupuncture trials, particularly the interventions, thereby facilitating their interpretation and replication. Subsequent reviews of the application and impact of STRICTA have highlighted the value of STRICTA as well as scope for improvements and revision. To manage the revision process a collaboration between the STRICTA Group, the CONSORT Group, and the Chinese Cochrane Centre was developed in 2008. An expert panel with 47 participants was convened that provided electronic feedback on a revised draft of the checklist. At a subsequent face-to-face meeting in Freiburg, a group of 21 participants further revised the STRICTA checklist and planned dissemination. Results : The new STRICTA checklist, which is an official extension of CONSORT, includes six items and 17 sub-items. These set out reporting guidelines for the acupuncture rationale, the details of needling, the treatment regimen, other components of treatment, the practitioner background, and the control or comparator interventions. In addition, and as part of this revision process, the explanations for each item have been elaborated, and examples of good reporting for each item are provided. In addition, the word "controlled" in STRICTA is replaced by "clinical", to indicate that STRICTA is applicable to a broad range of clinical evaluation designs, including uncontrolled outcome studies and case reports. Conclusions : It is intended that the revised STRICTA, in conjunction with both the main CONSORT Statement and extension for nonpharmacologic treatment, will raise the quality of reporting of clinical trials of acupuncture.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 2008

The Song Dynasty(宋代) period gained the summit in the developmental phase of the history in pediatrics. In 1076, Taeuiguk(太醫局) was founded and Sobangmaek(小方脈) was the one of nine branch in Taeuiguk(太醫局). As a result, educational agency and system was arranged in the field of pediatrics. At the same time, pediatrics have furnished with foundation to develop independent field in medical science. Especially, Byeonjeungnonchi(辦證論治) system is established in pediatrics science according to the compilation of "Soayakjeungjikgyeol(小兒藥證直訣)" by Jeoneul(錢乙). Children's doctors, Jeoneul(錢乙), Jinmunjung(陳文中) and Donggeup(董汲) arranged clinically theories, so they made that age the peak of the pediatrics. Looking at the developmental part of theory in pediatrics of the Song Dynasty period, Jeoneul(錢乙), who was the representative children's doctor in Song Dynasty period, insisted that children had formed Ojang-yukbu(五臟六腑) in the physiological part but they were not perfect like adult's. Therefore they had to consider the poor part in children's body, and then they had to cure them. 'Byeonjeung(變蒸)' was considered to be normal physiological phenomenon. Also he insisted that Yukeum(六淫), 'Pung, Han, Seo, Seup, Jo, Hwa(風, 寒, 暑, 濕, 燥, 火)' and 'Gyeong, Pung, Gon, Cheon, Heo(驚, 風, 困, 喘, 虛)' are the main cause of the children's five vital organ's pathology Like this, his academic thought, which lay emphasized on children's spleen and stomach and Ojangbyeonjeung(五臟辦證) main principles, affected on doctors, Donggeup(董汲), Yeomhyochung(閣孝忠), Yubang(劉肪), Jang-wonso(張元素), Idong-won(李東垣), Manjeon(萬全). Bangje(方劑) fields of pediatrics had developed so fast and "Taepyeongsunghyebang(太平聖惠方)" contained about 2689 kinds of children's prescription. According to this, there are so many kinds of medicinal shape, for example 'Hwan, San, Go, Dan(丸, 散, 膏, 丹)', which cured children' s disease. Through this, we find that the shape of medicine about the children's diseases had developed to the more simple direction, taking account of the children's clinical trait.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.201-209
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was designed to make beneficial proposal for clinical application on some of the most common disorders treated by Oriental medicine by analyzing treatment process and prognosis. Methods : Number of peculiar attributes pertaining to a specific disorder were analyzed and based on those attributes, patterns associated with process and prognosis were interpreted in reference with classical literatures. Results : 1. Factors which can influence the progression and prognosis include time of onset, intensity of symptoms, course of passage, effects of risk factors, condition of the patient's righteous qi(正氣), accuracy of differential diagnosis made by the practitioner, accuracy of treatment methods, and other unexpected external influences. 2. Correlation between the condition of disorders and treatment progression is closely associated with proper treatment procedures and performances. The time of onset and intensity play critical roles in the treatment process and prognosis and showed pattern tendency with mutual interactions. 3. When there is complication of various disorders, it is ideal to give priority to more urgent illness and take care of moderate illness later. If there isn't any correlation between disorders, treat them in the order of acute to chronic disorders. The approach is reversed when disorders are related, treating in the order of most chronic to most acute. 4. In a case of complication of various disorders, depending on the disorder being acute or chronic, intensity, and accuracy of treatments, either a domino effect or gradual fade out of symptoms were witnessed. 5. The concept of "Five Evils Theory" according to Nan Jing(Difficult Classic) is essential in grasping disease progression due to interrelationships between zangfu organs. Conclusions : Predicting of disease process and prognosis for vast array of disorders treated by Oriental medicine is a very difficult task, yet evaluating the disorder's peculiar properties and influential factors resulted in few principles which can be effectively applied into clinical applications.