• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2009

The full-length cDNA encoding Perilla frutescens limonene synthase (PFLS) (603 amino acids, GenBank accession no. D49368) was cloned. To elucidate the role of PFLS in gene regulation, we transiently transformed full-length PFLS into tobacco plants. PFLS mRNA was first detected in the intact leaves of the plants at 6 h, and the LS transcript level increased after 12 h in leaves treated with oxidative stress-related chemicals. The transient overexpression of PFLS resulted in increased transcription of NbPR1 and NbSIP in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Thus, our result confirmed that the infiltration of PFLS gene act as a transcriptional regulator of NbPR1 or NbSIP genes in the tobacco.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2017

Bacteria are among the most common causes of severe diseases in both plants and animals. Salmonella spp. has deleterious effects and is the cause of various transmittable diseases. Because of strains resistivity, side effects and high prices of synthetic antibiotics, it has become essential to explore safe and economical natural sources of antibiotics. In this study, growth inhibitory effects of natural antibiotics present in crude extracts of Galla rhois, Thujae semen, Paeonia japonica, and Armeniacae semen were investigated both in vivo and iv vitro. Ethanol extracts of the above-mentioned plants were prepared and tested against seven serovars of Salmonella and Escherichia coli by disc diffusion method. In addition, the antibacterial effects of the plant extracts were determined in vivo using ducks as model animals. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed using blood and fecal samples of control, infected, and treated groups of the ducks to determine the gene expression levels of the bacteria. Our results confirmed that the Galla rhois ethanol extract had the highest antibacterial activity among the plant extracts when they were used individually. However, the Galla rhois, Thujae semen, and P. japonica ethanol extracts showed stronger antibacterial effects against all the bacterial species used when the extracts were combined at a ratio of 3:3:2, respectively.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2017

회화나무는 한의학에서 간과 혈관계 질환의 치료에 사용되어온 약용 식물로, 그 꽃과 열매를 괴화와 괴각이라 한다. 괴화와 괴각은 메탄올 추출물로부터 에틸아세테이트 분획물을 얻어 시료로 사용하였고, B16 F10 세포를 이용하여 Western blot을 실행하였다. 미백효과를 확인하기 위해, tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, MITF 단백질을 확인하였다. 그 결과, 괴화와 괴각 추출물은 세포 생존율에는 영향이 미미하였으며, 모두tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, MITF 단백질의 발현 억제효과를 나타냈다. 또한 농도 의존적으로 억제효과를 보였으며, 이를 통해 전통적으로 사용되어 왔던 괴화와 괴각은 기능성 화장품의 원료와 같은 천연식물 유래 자원으로 상당한 가치를 나타냈다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.143-153
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• 2019

Background: Ginseng is one of the well-known medicinal plants, exhibiting diverse medicinal effects. Its roots possess anticancer and antiaging properties and are being used in the medical systems of East Asian countries. It is grown in low-light and low-temperature conditions, and its growth is strongly inhibited at temperatures above $25^{\circ}C$. However, the molecular responses of ginseng to heat stress are currently poorly understood, especially at the protein level. Methods: We used a shotgun proteomics approach to investigate the effect of heat stress on ginseng leaves. We monitored their photosynthetic efficiency to confirm physiological responses to a high-temperature stress. Results: The results showed a reduction in photosynthetic efficiency on heat treatment ($35^{\circ}C$) starting at 48 h. Label-free quantitative proteome analysis led to the identification of 3,332 proteins, of which 847 were differentially modulated in response to heat stress. The MapMan analysis showed that the proteins with increased abundance were mainly associated with antioxidant and translation-regulating activities, whereas the proteins related to the receptor and structural-binding activities exhibited decreased abundance. Several other proteins including chaperones, G-proteins, calcium-signaling proteins, transcription factors, and transfer/carrier proteins were specifically downregulated. Conclusion: These results increase our understanding of heat stress responses in the leaves of ginseng at the protein level, for the first time providing a resource for the scientific community.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.364-368
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• 2018

R2R3 유형의 단백질인 IbMYB1 전사인자는 고구마의 뿌리에서 안토시아닌 생합성 과정을 조절하는 중요한 단백질이다. 선행연구에서 IbMYB1 유전자의 발현 증가를 통한 안토시아닌의 합성 증가가 담배, 애기장대 및 고구마의 저장뿌리에서 증명된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 괴경(저장줄기) 특이적 PATATIN 프로모터와 산화스트레스 유도성 SWPA2 프로모터의 조절하에서 안토시아닌을 고함유하는 IbMYB1 유전자 과발현 형질전환 감자를 개발하여 그 특성을 분석하였다. PAT-IbMYB1 형질전환 식물체들은 대조구 식물체 및 SWPA2-IbMYB1 식물체 보다 높은 안토시아닌 함량을 괴경에서 나타내었다. 본 연구의 결과로서, IbMYB1의 과발현은 형질전환 기술을 이용한 특정 조직 특이적 안토시아닌 생산에 매우 좋은 개발 기술이 될 것으로 생각되는 바이다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.667-674
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• 2018

In this study, we evaluated the whitening activity of prethanol A and water extracts from Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai. The extracts were prepared using 0, 50, 70, and 100% prethanol A at $121^{\circ}C$, 1.2 atm for 15 minutes. To confirm effective extraction, the acteoside content of each extract was analyzed with the HPLC-PDA method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity assays, and the whitening activity was evaluated based on inhibitory activities on the protein and mRNA expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2), and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in B16 F10 cells. Each extract showed strong antioxidant and whitening activity. $IC_{50}$ values of antioxidant activity from each extract were in order of 100%, 70%, 50%, and 0%. In addition, whitening activity inhibited the protein and mRNA expression of melanin synthesis factor, following the same pattern as antioxidant activity. In conclusion, water and prethanol A extracts of A. distichum showed effective antioxidant and whitening activity and are thus considered to be valuable materials for whitening cosmetics. The results of this study will also provide basic data for the safe and efficient production of A. distichum as a cosmetic material.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.442-449
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• 2021

Background: Panax ginseng is an important crop in Asian countries given its pharmaceutical uses. It is usually harvested after 4-6 years of cultivation. However, various abiotic stresses have led to its quality reduction. One of the stress causes is high content of heavy metal in ginseng cultivation area. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can play a role in healthy growth of plants. It has been considered as a new trend for supporting the growth of many crops in heavy metal occupied areas, such as Aluminum (Al). Methods: In vitro screening of the plant growth promoting activities of five tested strains were detected. Surface-disinfected 2-year-old ginseng seedlings were dipping in Rhizobium panacihumi DCY116^T suspensions for 15 min and cultured in pots for investigating Al resistance of P. ginseng. The harvesting was carried out 10 days after Al treatment. We then examined H₂O₂, proline, total soluble sugar, and total phenolic contents. We also checked the expressions of related genes (PgCAT, PgAPX, and PgP5CS) of reactive oxygen species scavenging response and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Results: Among five tested strains isolated from ginseng-cultivated soil, R. panacihumi DCY116^T was chosen as the potential PGPR candidate for further study. Ginseng seedlings treated with R. panacihumi DCY116^T produced higher biomass, proline, total phenolic, total soluble sugar contents, and related gene expressions but decreased H₂O₂ level than nonbacterized Al-stressed seedlings. Conclusion: R. panacihumi DCY116^T can be used as potential PGPR and "plant strengthener" for future cultivation of ginseng or other crops/plants that are grown in regions with heavy metal exposure.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.540-545
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• 2022

Betulin is a triterpenoid natural product contained in several medicinal plants including Betulae Cortex. These medicinal plants have been used for controlling diverse inflammatory diseases in folk medicine and betulin showed anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anticancer activities. In this study, we tried to examine whether betulin exerts a regulative effect on the gene expression of MUC5AC mucin under the status simulating a pulmonary inflammation, in human airway epithelial cells. Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with betulin for 30 min and then stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 24 h or the indicated periods. The MUC5AC mucin mRNA expression and mucin glycoprotein production were measured by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. To elucidate the action mechanism of betulin, effect of betulin on PMA-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling pathway was also investigated by western blot analysis. The results were as follows: 1) Betulin significantly suppressed the production of MUC5AC mucin glycoprotein and down-regulated MUC5AC mRNA expression induced by PMA in NCI-H292 cells. 2) Betulin inhibited NF-κB activation stimulated by PMA. Suppression of inhibitory kappa B kinase (IKK) by betulin led to the inhibition of the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitory kappa B alpha (IκBα), and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. This, in turn, led to the down-regulation of MUC5AC glycoprotein production in NCI-H292 cells. These results suggest betulin inhibits the gene expression of mucin through regulation of NF-kB signaling pathway, in human airway epithelial cells.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2017

Objective : Phellinus spp. mushroom is an object of interest because it has excellent anticancer effect. Owing to the similalarities in the morphology, Phellinus linteus and Phellinus baumii are often used as same Sang Hwang Mushroom in the Korean market.. The quality control for mushrooms is needed because there are many differences in the efficacy according to cultivation method and cultivation area. Therefore, a reliable authentication method of these herbal medicine is necessary to compare and measure the amount of beta-glucan which is known to have a hypoglycemic effect, from the mushrooms collected in various regions Methods : 7 samples of medicinal mushrooms supplying phellinus spp. were collected in Korea, China and Cambodia. We investigated the hardness, colors, extract ratio, ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activities, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) expressions of water extracts from Phellinus spp and also MTT assay were examined for cell toxicity. Results : The results revealed that Phellinus spp.water Ext.inhibited ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ activity. glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4), the key insulin signaling pathway transcription factor, was remarkably increased by the Phellinus baumii water extract Conclusions : These results suggest that The more yellowish the mushroom is, the lower the hardness, the more the content of ${\beta}-glucan$ is proportional. Because the more ${\beta}-glucan$, the greater the effect of hypoglycemia. compared to the hypoglycemic effect, Phellinus Baumii grown at hanging on selves for 7 month in the green house is the best.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2023

Viral infections are known as one of the major factors causing death. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that demonstrated a wide range of antiviral potential, and saponins are the major bioactive ingredients in the genus Panax with vast therapeutic potential. Studies focusing on the antiviral activity of the genus Panax plant-derived agents (extracts and saponins) and their mechanisms were identified and summarized, including contributions mainly from January 2016 until January 2022. P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolius were included in the review as valuable medicinal herbs against infections with 14 types of viruses. Reports from 9 extracts and 12 bioactive saponins were included, with 6 types of protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides and 6 types of protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides. The mechanisms mainly involved the inhibition of viral attachment and replication, the modulation of immune response by regulating signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1)/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. This review includes detailed information about the mentioned antiviral effects of the genus Panax extracts and saponins in vitro and in vivo, and in human clinical trials, which provides a scientific basis for ginseng as an adjunctive therapeutic drug or nutraceutical.