• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.61-74
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• 1967

In order to confirm whether acquired immunity or resistance can be developed by the repeated hookworm infections, the 150 mature actively moving filariform ancylostoma duodenale larvae obtained from the severe hookworm anemia patients were orally given to 8 healthy volunteers in three divided doses, 50 in each, at 5 day interval. Also the hematological changes as well as several ferrokinetics using $^{59}Fe$ were done and were compared with 10 controls. The clinical symptoms and signs were checked every day for the first 3 weeks and then twice weekly until the end of the experiment. The appearance of the ova in the stool was examined by the formalin ether method and the ova was counted by the Stoll's method. The following laboratory tests were done: 1) Red blood cell count, venous blood hematocrit(micromethod), hemoglobin count (cyanomethemoglobin method) were checked every 5 to 7 day interval. 2) Plasma iron concentration (Barkan's modified method) was determined every 2 to 3 week interval. 3) Radioisotope studies: a) Ferrokinetics: Huff et al and Bothwell's method were applied. Erythropoietic Index (% of normal)=$\frac{Subject's\;turnover/100ml\;whole\;blood{\times}100}{Average\;normal\;turnover/100ml\;whole\;blood}$ of the gastrointestinal absorption of iron: Radioiron($^{59}Fe$) balance b) Quantitative measurement method was applied. c) Determination of the plasma erythropoietin activity: Fried's method was applied. Following were the results: 1) The serum iron level was lower. The red cell volume was decreased, but with relative increase of plasma volume. 2) The plasma iron disappearance time was accelerated and the plasma iron turnover rate was decreased. The red cell iron turnover rate was markedly increased, while all of the red cell iron concentration, circulating red cell iron. plasma iron pool were decreased. The daily iron pool turnover and red cell renewal rate were increased. 3) The erythropoietic index, erythropoietin activity and intestinal absorption of iron($^{59}Fe$) were markedly increased. 4) The infectivity was $9.8{\pm}1.31%$ which was lower than that observed in the single infection. 5) From these observations, it is concluded that the hookworm anemia is essentially iron deficieny in its origin and some immunity acquisition is possible with repeated infections.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.981-986
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• 1996

김치는 한국인의 대표적인 발효식품으로서 정장 작용이 있다고 여겨져 왔다. 그러나 이를 입증하는 객관적인 자료가 미비한 상태이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 김치의 섭취가 인체의 장내 미생물에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 인체 실험대상자는 10명으로 실험기간중의 이들의 식이는 생균제, 항생제, 유산균 발효 제품을 제외한 자유식을 섭취하게 하였다. 실험 기간은 10주로 2주 간격으로 김치 비섭취 및 섭치 기간을 반복했으며 섭취 기간 중에는 매일 200 g의 김치를 섭취하게 하였다. 각 기간별로 분변의 장내 미생물 균총 분포도(Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Staphylococcus, Clostridium perfringens), 변의 pH, 수분 함량 및 $\beta-glucosidase$, $\beta-glucuronidase$ 등의 효소활성도를 조사하였다. 조사 결과 김치의 섭취 기간 중 김치에 존재하는 젖산균인 Lactobacillus와 Leuconostoc의 수가 장내에서 유의적으로 증가하였으며(p<0.05) 그 외 조사된 다른 균총수의 변화는 유의적이지 않았다. 장내 유해효소로 알려진 $\beta-glucosidase$와 $\beta-glucuronidase$의 수준은 김치 섭취시에 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05).

• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2007

To evaluate the accuracy and extent in the localization of cerebral motor coutex activation using a gradient- echo echo planar imaging(GE-EPI) compared to spin-echo echo planar iimaging(SE-EPI) on 3T MR imaging. Functional MR imaging of cerebral motor cortex activation was examined in GE-EPI and SE-EPI in five healthy male volunteers. A right finger movement was accomplished with a paradigm of 6 task and rest, periods and the cross-correlation was used for a statistical mapping algorithm. We evaluated any sorts of differenced of the time seried and the signal intensity changes between the rest and task periods obtained with two technoques. The qualitative analysis was distributed with activation sites of large veins and small veins by using two techniques and was found that both the techniques were clinically uesful for delineating large veins and small veins in fMRL Signal intensity charge of the rest and activation periods provided simmilar activations in both methods(GE-EPI : 0.93$\pm$0.11, SE-EPI : 0.80$\pm$.015) but the signal intensity in GE-EPI(133.95$\pm$15.76) was larger than in SE-EPI(74.5$\pm$18.90). The average SNRs of EPI raw data were higher at SMA in SE-EPI(48.54$\pm$12.37) than GE-EPI(41.4$\pm$12.54) and at M1 in SE-EPI(43.24$\pm$11.77) than GE-EPI(38.27$\pm$6.53). The localization of activation voxels of the GE-EPI showed a larger vein but the SE-EPI generally showed small vein. Then the analysis results of the two techniques were used for a statistacal paired student t-test. SE-EPI was found clinically useful for localizing the cerebral moter cortex cativation on 3.0T, but showed a little different activation patterns comparad to GE-EPI. In conclusion, SE-EPI may be feasible and can detect true cortical activation from capillaries and GE-EPI can obtain the large veins in the motor cortex activation on 3T MR imaging.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.139-146
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• 2008

Purpose: The objective of this study is anthropometric analysis of mouth and lower face of Korean. The relationship of soft-tissue to underlying bony structures determine the overall aesthetics of the face. The goal of aesthetic surgery of the face is to achieve the ideal normal and enhance the aging face. The purpose of present study was to determine the change of the morphology of the mouth and lower face based on soft-tissue landmarks according to age group to facilitate prediction during aesthetic surgery. Methods: The standardized photographs of 2,018 healthy volunteers(18 to 79 years of age; 1,070 males, 948 females) were investigated. Age groups were classified into young, middle-aged, and elderly groups. Five and seven items were measured on frontal and lateral view photographs, respectively. Individual dimensions were compared in the three age groups and between males and females. Results: The width of mouth is 4.5 times larger than that of philtrum. Most of measured data decreased with age. However, woman's lip width of the mouth somewhat increased from the young to elderly. The width of lower face is 2.5 times larger than mouth in young age group and increased slightly from the young to middle-aged and thereafter slightly decreased to elderly group. Upper lip was more higher than lower lip and male lip was more higher than female. But male and female lip height is similar at old age. Conclusion: Most of Koreans showed prominent lower face because of the development or protrusion of the mandible. And the descent of soft-tissue around the mouth was one of the significant characteristics of senile change. The posterior retrusion of the subnasal was an another characteristic. This study will help to elucidate the age-related dimensional differences of the human being and to provide useful information for clinical applications in oral and aesthetic surgery.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.231-240
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• 2001

Purpose: Normal aging results in detectable changes in the brain structure and function. We evaluated the changes of regional cerebral glucose metabolism in the normal aging process with FDG PET. Materials and Methods: Brain PET images were obtained in 44 healthy volunteers (age range 20-69 'y'; M:F = 29:15) who had no history of neuropsychiatric disorders. On 6 representative transaxial images, ROIs were drawn in the cortical and subcortical areas. Regional FDG uptake was normalized using whole brain uptake to adjust for the injection dose and correct for nonspecific declines of glucose metabolism affecting all brain areas equally. Results: In the prefrontal, temporoparietal and primary sensorimotor cortex, the normalized FDG uptake (NFU) reached a peak in subjects in their 30s. The NFU in the prefrontal and primary sensorimotor cortex declined with age after 30s at a rate of 3.15%/decade and 1.93%/decade, respectively. However, the NFU in the temporoparietal cortex did not change significantly with age after 30s. The anterior (prefrontal) posterior (temporoparietal) gradient peaked in subjects in their 30s and declined with age thereafter at a rate of 2.35%/decade. The NFU in the caudate nucleus was decreased with age after 20s at a rate of 2.39%/decade. On the primary visual cortex, putamen, and thalamus, the NFU values did not change significantly throughout the ages covered. These patterns were not significantly different between right and left cerebral hemispheres. Of interest was that the NFU in the left cerebellar cortex was increased with age after 20s at a rate of 2.86%/decade. Conclusion: These data demonstrate regional variation of the age-related changes in the cerebral glucose metabolism, with the most prominent age-related decline of metabolism in the prefrontal cortex. The increase in the cerebellar metabolism with age might reflect a process of neuronal plasticity associated with aging.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.315-321
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two lercanidipine hydrochloride tablets, Zanidip tablet (LG Life Sciences Ltd., Korea, reference drug) and Samchundang Lercanidipine tablet 10 mg (Sam Chun Dang Pharm. Co. Ltd., Korea, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). After adding an internal standard (amlodipine maleate) to human serum, serum samples were extracted using hexan-isoamyl alcohol (100:1, v/v). Compounds were analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. This method showed linear response over the concentration range of 0.05-20 ng/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The lower limit of quantitation using 0.5 mL of serum was 0.05 ng/mL which was sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic studies. Thirty healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the lercanidipine hydrochloride dose of 20 mg in a $2\;{\times}\;2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Serum concentrations of lercanidipine were monitored by an LC/MS/MS fer over a period of 24 hr after the administration. $AUC_t$ (the area under the serum concentration-time curve from time 0 to 24 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (the maximum serum drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (the time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the serum concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters, indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for Samchundang Lercanidipine/Zanidip were log 0.9505-log 1.2258 and log 0.9987-log 1.2013, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of log 0.80-log 1.25. Thus, the criteria of the KFDA guidelines for the bioequivalence was satisfied, indicating Samchundang Lercanidipine tablet 10 mg and Zanidip tablet are bioequivalent.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2010

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two choline alphoscerate soft capsules, Gliatilin soft capsule (Daewoong Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.) and Cholicerin soft capsule (Sam Chun Dang Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Serum concentrations of choline after oral administration of choline alphoscerate were determined using a validated LC/MS/MS method. This method showed linear response over the concentration range of 0.5-20 ${\mu}g$/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The lower limit of quantitation using 100 ${\mu}L$ of serum was 0.5 ${\mu}g$/mL which was sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic studies. Thirty six healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the choline alphoscerate dose of 1200 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals up to 8 hr. $AUC_t$ (the area under the serum concentration-time curve from time 0 to 8 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (the maximum serum drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (the time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the serum concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters, indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for Cholicerin/Gliatilin were log0.9998-log1.1172 and log0.9938-1.0944, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of log0.80-log1.25. Thus, the criteria of the KFDA guidelines for the bioequivalence was satisfied, indicating Cholicerin soft capsule and Gliatilin soft capsule are bioequivalent.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.323-328
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• 2004

대뇌조직 구분을 위한 실험적인 정보를 제공하기 위한 뇌조직 확률 지도를 개발하는 경우 개인마다 구조적으로 다양한 형태를 가진 뇌의 특성과 특히 인종간의 두드러진 차이론 반드시 고려해야 한다 본 연구에서는 특정 그룹에 대한 뇌조직 확률 지도를 제작하는데 필요한 절차를 알아보고 나이에 따른 그룹간의 뇌조직 확률 지도의 구조적인 차이를 살펴보고자 한다 피험자 그룹은 100명의 건강한 한국인이며 나이에 따라 두 그룹으로 분류하였다. 뇌 확률 지도의 기준 좌표계를 설정하기 위해 전체 그룹 내의 모든 피험자의 뇌 영상에 대한 평균 영상을 구하고, 각 뇌 영상을 기준 좌표계로 정규화 시킨다. 정규화 과정에서 얻어진 변환 매개 변수를 미리 각 뇌조직(회질, 백질, 뇌척수액)으로 분할된 피험자의 영상에 적용하고 각 그룹 내에서 변환된 뇌 조직 영상을 평균함으로써 뇌 조직 확률 지도를 완성하였다. 나이에 따른 구조적인 차이를 살펴보기 위해 그룹간 확률 값의 차이 영상을 구하였다. 이전 연구결과에서와 마찬가지로 나이가 증가함에 따라 뇌실이 확대되고 회질의 위축이 전체적인 뇌 영역에서 일어났다. 그러므로 우리는 대뇌 조직 분할을 위해 설험적인 정보들을 사용하고자 할 때는 특정 그룹에 대한 뇌 확률 지도를 사용할 것을 제안한다.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.136-145
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• 2014

목적 : 본 무작위배정 플라시보 대조군 교차연구는 신문혈의 침 치료가 뇌 활성도와 자율신경계에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 뇌파(EEG)와 심박변이도(HRV)를 통해 알아보고자 한 연구이다. 방법 : 18명의 건강인 피험자가 참여하여 1-3일의 간격을 두고 무작위배정 순서에 따라 신문혈에 진짜침과 가짜침으로 시술받았고, 치료 전, 후에 각각 뇌파와 심박변이도를 측정하였다. 피험자의 스트레스 정도에 따른 반응의 차이를 살펴보기 위하여 스트레스설문지를 이용하여 서브그룹분석을 시행하였다. 결과 : 그 결과, 침 치시술은 뇌파 중 ${\alpha}$밴드 값의 증가를 나타냈으며, 진짜침 그룹의 경우 심박변이도의 결과값 중 HF와 RMS-SD의 증가가 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 스트레스 정도에 따른 서브그룹 분석에서는 진짜침 그룹 중 스트레스 정도가 높은 피험자는 ${\alpha}$밴드 값이 증가한 반면, 스트레스 정도가 낮은 피험자는 감소하거나 증가의 폭이 낮은 것을 알 수 있었으며, 거짓침 그룹에서는 비교적 적은 변화를 나타내었다. 결론 : 본 연구 결과를 통해 침이 뇌 활성도 및 자율신경계에 영향을 미치며, 이는 부교감신경계통과 관련이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 이러한 결과는 환자의 스트레스 정도에 따라 다른 반응을 나타냄을 보여주었다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.329-338
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• 2005

The determination of peripheral nerve conduction velocity is an important part to electrodiagnosis. Its value as neurophysiologic investigative procedure has been known for many years but normal value of digital nerve was not reported in Korea. To evaluate of digital nerve conduction velocity of median nerve for obtain clinically useful reference value and compare difference in each fingers. 71 normal volunteers(age, 19-65 years; 142 hands) examined who has no history of peripheral neuropathy, diabetic mellitus, chronic renal failure, endocrine disorders, anti-cancer medicine, anti-tubercle medicine, alcoholism, trauma, radiculopathy. Nicolet Viking II was use for detected conduction velocity and amplitude of digital nerves in median nerve. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. Descriptive analysis was used for obtain mean and standard deviation, ANOVA was used to compare each fingers and independent t-test was used to compare between Rt and Lt side also compare between different in genders. Conduction velocity of the right thumb was 49.77m/sec, index finger was 56.80m/sec, middle finger was 56.15m/sec and ring finger was 53.38m/sec. The left thumb was 50.48m/sec, index finger was 56.76m/sec, middle finger was 55.99m/sec and ring finger was 53.23m/sec. Amplitude of the right thumb was $64.30{\mu}V$, index finger was $73.95{\mu}V$, middle finger was $77.97{\mu}V$ and ring finger was $43.92{\mu}V$. The left thumb was $74.21{\mu}V$, index finger was $85.72{\mu}V$, middle finger was $88.06{\mu}V$ and ring finger was $47.28{\mu}V$. There were significantly difference between thumb, index, middle and ring fingers(p<.01) but there were no statistically difference between conduction velocity and amplitude of index and middle fingers(p>.01). The conduction velocity of index finger are faster than other fingers and amplitude of middle finger are greater than other fingers. The present results revealed that electodiagnosis can easily perform in index and middle finger for digital nerve of median nerve study.