• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 1991

In order to assess the effects of radiofrequency-induced local hyperthermia on the normal liver, histopathologic findings and biochemical changes after localized hyperthermia in canine liver were studied. Hyperthermia was externally adminsitered using the Thermotron RF-8 (Yamamoto Vinyter Co., Japan; Capacitive type heating machine) with parallel opposed electrodes. Thirteen dogs were used and allocated into one control group (N=3) and two treatment groups according to the treatment temperature. Group I (N=5) was heated with $42.5\pm0.5^{\circ}C$ 30 minutes, and Group II (N=5) was heated with $45\pm0.5^{\circ}C$ for 15-30 minutes. Samples of liver tissue were obtained through a needle biopsy immediately after hyperthermia and T,14, and 28 days after treatment. Blood samples were obtained before treatment and W, 3,5, 7,14 and 28 days after treatment and examined for SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphatase. Although SGOT and SGPT were elevated after hyperthermia in both groups (three of five in each group), there was no liver cell necrosis or hyperthermia related mortality in Group 1. A hydropic swelling of hepatocytes was prominent histologic finding. Hyperthermia with $45^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes was fatal and showed extensive liver cell necrosis. In conclusion, liverdamage dy heat of $42.5\pm0.5^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes is reversible, and liver damage by heat of $45\pm0.5^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes can be fatal or irreversible. However, these results cannot be applied directly to human trial. Therefore, in erder to apply hyperthermic treatment on human liver tumor safely, close obsewation of temperature with proper thermometry is mandatory. Hyperthermic treatment should be confined to the tumor area while sparing a normal liver as much as possible.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 1991

An interstitial radiofrequency needle electrode system was constructed for interstitial heating of brain tissue. Radiofrequency electrodes with Thermotron RF 8 were tested in an agar phantom and in a normal canine brain to determine how variations in physical factors affected temperature distributions. Temperature distributions were checked after heating with 1 mm diameter needle electrode implants on the corners of 1 and 2 cm squares in a phantom and plot isotherms for various electrodes arrangement. We observed that the 1 cm square array would heat a volume with a 1.25 cm radius circular field cross section to therapeutic temperatures ($90\%$ relative SAR using Tm) and the 2 cm square array with a 1.75 cm radius rectangular field with central inhomogeneity. With 2 cm long electrode implants, we observed that the 1 cm square array would heat a 3 cm long sagittal section to therapeutic temperature ($90\%$ relative SAR using Tm). We found that radiofrequency electrodes could be selected to match the length of the heating area without affecting its performance. The histopathological changes associated with RF heating of normal canine brains have been correlated with thermal distributions. RF needle electrode heating was applied for 50min to generate tissue temperatures of $43^{\circ}C$. We obtained a quarter of the heated tissue material immediately after heating and sacrificed at intervals from $7\sim30$days. The acute stage (immediately after heating) was demonstrated by liquefactive necrosis, pyknosis of neuronal element in the gray matter and by some polymer-phonuclear leukocytes infiltration. The appearance of lipid-laden macrophages surrounding the area of liquefaction necrosis was demonstrated in all three sacrificed dogs. Mild gliosis occurring around the necrosis was demonstrated in the last sacrificed (Days 30) canine brain.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.2 s.26
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• pp.290-301
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• 1989

This is preliminary report on anthrax epidemic occurred in an island with about 100 residents. Since 1982 there had been sudden deaths among all kinds of domestic animals including cattle, dogs, ducks, chicken and goat but only a few among cats in an isolated island about three hours distance away by ferry boat from Mokpo city. From 1986 through 1988 nine human deaths and four patients occurred, which made the government intervene for investigation on June 25 1988. The epidemiological investigation consisted of interview survey and medical examination, medical record analysis, laboratory work to isolate the pathogens under the direction of hypothesis derived from the study and further confirmation of the pathogens by international institute. The summarized results are as followings: 1. According to the interview survey there were many deaths among domestic animals usually in cold and dry season such as January through March and September through November; 36 heads of cattle leaving one head, more than 40 hogs(all), hundreds of chicken leaving few alive, goats that had taken home from mountain and two or three cats out of around 40 had sudden deaths from 1982 till 1985, when the residents stopped to purchase and take them into the island anymore. Also there were eleven persons who had experienced the similar syndrome complex to those of admitted and expired patients and four of them revealed typical chest X-ray findings; from one of these four patients(Rho) B. anthracis is isolated. 2. Medical record on patients who had been admitted, showed common characteristics of the disease course. On admission they had either gastrointestinal or upper respiratory infection symptoms which invariably progressed to septicemic nature with pulmonary interstitial infiltration and mediastinal widening/bulging, and then to deadly acute respiratory distress syndrome. At the end stage chest X-ray revealed multiple bullous emphysema. One of another characteristics was oral ulceration with bleeding occurred in about 50% of the patients. Laboratory test results in common were leukocytosis with left shift and abnormal liver and kidney functions, particularly at the later stage of the illness. 3. Epidemiological characteristics was striking in that both mortality and incidence rates were high: the mortality rate was 8.7% average, male being three times higher than females but there was no distictive clustering by age group. The incidence rate for both sexes was 28.2% and there was no sex difference although a tendency of higher incidence among older ages was noticed. The highest mortality and incidence were observed in Won village where the first death of animal occurred and with the highest frequency among three villages of the island. 4. Among twelve bacilli species isolated from various specimens, two strains, one from patient and the other from soil where the recently died cow is hurried, were confirmed as B. anthracis by Pasteur Institute and CDC of USA(strain from soil). CDC reported that the strain did not produce capsule in bicarbonate media but reacted with the bacteriophage and one of five sera taken from the patients. Mode of transmission as well as incubation period of the agent has not been established yet, which needs further investigation in relation to the antigenic structure of the variant when it is confirmed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.637-647
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• 1999

Background: Ischemia-reperfusion injury is one of the major contributing causes of early graft failure in lung transplantation. It has been suggested that triiodothyronine (T3) may ameliorate ischemia-reperfusion injury to various organs in vivo and in vitro. Predicting its beneficial effect for ischemic lung injury, we set out to demonstrate it by administering T3 into the in situ canine ischemia-reperfusion model. Material and Method: Sixteen adult mongrel dogs were randomly allocated into group A and B. T3 $(3.6\mug/kg)$ was administered before the initiation of single lung ischemia in group B, whereas the same amount of saline was administered in group A. Ischemia was induced in the left lung by clamping the left hilum for 100 minutes. After reperfusion, various hemodynamic parameters and blood gases were analyzed for 4 hours while intermittently clamping the right hilum in order to allow observation of the injured left lung function. Result: Arterial oxygen partial pressure $(PaO_2)$ decreased 30 minutes after reperfusion and recovered gradually thereafter in both groups. In group B the decrease of $PaO_2$ was less marked than in group A. The recovery of $PaO_2$ was faster in group B than in group A. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant from 30 minutes after reperfusion $(125\pm34$ mmHg and $252\pm44$ mmHg, p<0.05) until the end of the experiment $(178\pm42$mmHg and $330\pm37$ mmHg, p<0.05). The differences in the arterial carbon dioxide pressure, airway pressure and lung compliance showed no statistical significance. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level, measured from the tissue obtained 240 minutes after reperfusion, was lower in group B $(0.40\pm0.04\mu$M) than in group A $(0.53\pm0.05\mu$M, p<0.05). The ATP level of group B $(0.69\pm0.07\mu$M/g) was significantly higher than that of group A $(0.48\pm0.07\mu$M/g, p<0.05). The microscopic exami nation revealed varying degrees of injury such as perivascular neutrophil infiltration, capillary hemorrhage and interstitial congestion. There were no differences in the microscopic findings between the two groups. CONCLUSION T3 has beneficial effects on the ischemic canine lung injury including preservation of oxygenation capacity, less production of lipid peroxidation products and a higher level of tissue ATP. These results suggest that T3 is effective in pulmonary allograft preservation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.816-821
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• 1996

Lung transplantation is the established treatment for the end stage lung disedse find preservation of the organ is a major obstacle In performing lung transplantation. For solving this problem, we evaluated the histopathologic changes for various preservation solutions. Male mongrel dogs of similar size and weight (15∼20 kg) were used. The dog lungs were flushed with 4fl normal saline(group 1 'n:5): Modified Euro-Collins solution(group 2 n:5) and University of Wisconsin solution (group 3 : n=6), 60m11kg through a catheter placed in the main pulmonary artery aft r flushing of PGE 1 (20ng1kg). The lungs were preserved for 60 hours and measured dry and wet weights. Histologic specimens were taken every 6 hours and %toed for light microscopic evaluation. The edema ratio of the lungs peaked in 12 hours although there was no difference between the groups. Histologically, alveolar septal changes developed in one case (20%) after 1 hour preservation with normal saline. In case of the University of Wisconsin solution, the alveolar septal distortions and swellings were seen in 1 cases (20%) after 6 hours preservation compared with 3 cases (60%) after 6 hours preservation with Modified Euro-Collins solution. Changes of the pneumocytes were observed after 24 hours preser- vation in group 1, after 48 hours preservation in group 2 and after 60 hours preservation in group 3. We conclude that University of Wisconsin solution might have a superior preservation effect compare to normal saline and Modified Euro-Collins solutions.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1023-1030
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• 1998

Background: Calcific degeneration limits durabilities of the bioprosthetic tissues implanted in the human body. The direct coupling sulphonated polyethyleneoxide(PEO-SO3) to the bioprosthetic tissues after glutaraldehyde(GA) fixation and the removal of residual aldehyde groups from the tissues can augment the effect of calcification-resistance. Materials and methods: To study the anti-calcification effect by PEO-SO3 modification and the removal of the residual aldehyde groups of tissues, surface modified bovine pericardia(BP-PEO-SO3) were preserved in aseptic saline to wash out GA(saline group) and 0.65% GA solution(GA group). And then above two groups and PERIGUARD (Bio-vascular. Co.) (product group) were evaluated with respects to calcium contents and microscopic findings using in vivo implantation models at carotid and femoral artery and peritoneum of 8 adult dogs. Results: In the tissues retrieved from carotid artery, calcium content was significantly decreased in saline group than in other two groups(saline; 2.89±0.31 vs. GA; 6.14±1.08 vs. product; 22.82±5.00 mg/g of dried tissue; p<0.05). In the tissues retrieved from femoral artery and peritoneum, calcium amount was also decreased in saline group than in other two groups, but not reached the significant difference between groups. On the other hand, the pathologic findings of pericardial tissues showed marked destructuction in GA group compared to the other two groups. Conclusions: In this study, covalently PEO-SO3 bound to bovine pericardium decreased calcifications and the anti-calcification effect of BP-PEO-SO3 could be augmented by the washing out the residual aldehyde groups using saline after GA fixation. Conclusively, the PEO-SO3 modified bovine pericardium is highly resistant to calcification and can be useful for the development of calcification-resistant cardiovascular patches and valves.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.167-172
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• 2004

This study was performed to examine the correlations among dog sperm viabilities evaluated by flow cytometry, by microscopic evaluation (ME), by carbo-xifluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide (CFDA/PI) and by hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test. Semen were collected from 5 dogs ranging in age from 2 to 4 years. Each ejaculate was divided into 3 aliquots and different proportions of freeze-killed cells were added to each aliquot (1:0, 1:1 and 1:3). In the other experiment, semen was extended with Sweden extender containing 5% glycerol and equex STM paste, and frozen using liquid nitrogen vapor. Fresh and frozen-thawed dog sperm viability were assessed by flow cytometry using PI staining method. The accuracy of flow cytometry was evaluated by comparing with other classic assessments, microscopic evaluation, epifluorescence microscopic analysis using CFDA/PI, and HOS test. High correlations of sperm viabilities were found among flow cytometry, epifluorescence evaluation, HOS test (p<0.01) in fresh semen. Especially, sperm viability assessed by HOS test was highly correlated with viability by flow cytometry in all the ratios of live and dead spermatozoa, 1:0, 1:1 and 1:3 (p<0.01). The viability evaluated by ME were significantly correlated with that by flow cytometry in ratios of 1:0 and 1:3 (p<0.05) however, there was no significance in ratio of 1:1. The viability evaluated by C/p were highly correlated with that by flow cytometry in ratio of 1:0 and 1:1 (p<0.01) and significantly correlated in ratio of 1:3 (p<0.05). In frozen-thawed spermatozoa, the viability determined by HOS test was considerably correlated with that by flow cytometry (p<0.01). There was significant correlation between the viabilities by ME and by flow cytometry (p<0.05). But the viability evaluated by CFDA/PI was not correlated with viability by flow cytometry. The result from this study validate the use of flow cytometry as a precise method for assessing the viability of fresh and frozen-thawed dog spermatozoa.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.51
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• pp.361-390
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• 2018

Users of KakaoTalk emoticons use Kakao Talk emoticons as means of communicating their emotions in virtual space. Emotional state is represented by design element (auxiliary, color, form, motion) and storytelling element contained in emoticons. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors of the storytelling and design elements of kakaoTalk emoticons and how they prefer the kakaoTalk emoticons as emotional expression means. In terms of storytelling, crocodiles, peaches, dogs, ducks, lions, moles, and rabbits were made up of ordinary fruits and animals. Most of the emoticons are composed of stories with unique personality, and each story has a complex one by one, which makes it easy for users to approach and use them. In terms of design, I used various auxiliary elements (flame, sweat, tears, runny nose, angry eyes, etc.) to express angry, sincere, nervous, begging, joy, and sadness. The color elements consisted of most of the warm color series with the unique colors (green, red, yellow, pink, white, black, brown, etc.) of emoticon characters regardless of feelings of joy, anger, sadness, pleasure. The form factor is composed of a round shape when expressing factors such as joy and sadness. On the other hand, when FRODO and NEO express sadness and anger, they represent the shape of a rectangle. The motion elements are horizontal, vertical, and oblique expressions of APPEACH, NEO, TUBE, and JAY-G, expressing emotional expressions of sadness, anger, and pleasure. APEACH, TUBE, MUZI & / Shows the dynamic impression of the oblique and the radiation / back / forward / rotation. The anger of TUBE and FRODO shows horizontal / vertical / diagonal and radial motion. As a result of this study, storytelling is structured in accordance with each emoticon character. In terms of design, auxiliary elements such as flame, sweat, and tears are represented by images. The color elements used the unique colors of the character series regardless of the difference of emotion. The form factor represented various movements for each emotion expression. These findings will contribute to the development of communication, emotional design and industrial aspects. Despite the significance of the above paper, I would like to point out that the analysis framework of the storytelling and the semiotic analysis of the supplementary elements are not considered as limitations of the study.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.704-710
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• 2001

Background: Extracorporeal circulation using pump-oxygenator is an inevitable process to keep vital sign during cardiac arrest for open heart surgery. However, the diversion of blood through nonendothelialized channels appears to stimulate inflammatory response, and leukocyte activation may lead to cardiopulmonary edema. Our study evaluated the effect of leukocyte-induced cardiopulmonary edema using three different pump-oxygenator priming solutions; non-hemic crystalloid solution ; leukocyte-depleted homologous blood; non leukocyte-depleted homologous blood in priming solutions. Material and Method: Each different priming solution was used on five dogs, and the effect of leukocyte-induced cardiopulmonary edema during cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) was evaluated. For each dog after 2 hours of exracorporeal circulation and another 4 hours of post-pump period, the dog was sacrificed and its heart and lung tissues were obtained for measuring Wet/Dry ratio. Arterial $O_2$partial pressure(PaO$_2$) and $CO_2$partial pressure(Pa$CO_2$) were checked. For the evaluation of ventilatory function, $CO_2$partial pressure difference between arterial blood (Pa$CO_2$) and exhaled air(Et$CO_2$) was measured. Result: 1. No significant difference was seen in arterial PaO$_2$and Pa$CO_2$among groups. 2. Ventilatory function evaluated by Pa$CO_2$and Et$CO_2$showed no significant difference between non-hemic and blood-mixed priming solution (P<0.05). 3. Cardiac and lung Wet/Dry ratios were remarkedly lower in the leukocyte-depleted group. There was no significant difference between the non-hemic and blood-mixed groups. Conclusion: Based upon this result, we concluded that the leukocyte depletion from homologous blood of CPB priming solution has a beneficial effect in reducing cardiopulmonary edema compared with non leukocyte-depleted or crystalloid priming solutions.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 1996

This study was performed to estimate the effects of cultured bone cell inoculated on porous type hydroxyaptite for the regeneration of the artificial alveolar bone defect. In this experiment 3 beagle dogs were used, and each of them were divided into right and left mandible. Every surgical intervention were performed under the general anesthesia by using with intravenous injection of Pentobarbital sodium(30mg/Kg). To reduce the gingival bleeding during surgery, operative site was injected with Lidocaine hydrochloride(l:80,000 Epinephrine) as local anesthesia. After surgery experimental animal were feeded with soft dietl Mighty dog, Frisies Co., U.S.A.) for 1 weeks to avoid irritaion to soft tissue by food. 2 months before surgery both side of mandibular 1st premolar were extracted and bone chips from mandibular body were obtained from all animals. Bone cells were cultured from bone chips obtained from mandible with Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium contained with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum under the conventional conditions. Porous type hydroxyapatite were immerse into the high concentrated cell suspension solution, and put 4 hours for attachin the cells on the surface of hydroxyapatite. Graft material were inserted on the artificial bone defect after 3 days of culture. Before insertion of cellinoculated graft material, scanning electronic microscopic observation were performed to confirm the attachment and spreading of cell on the hydroxyapatite surface. 3 artificial bone defects were made with bone trephine drill on the both side of mandible of the experimental animal. First defect was designed without insertion of graft material as negative control, second was filled with porous replamineform hydroxyapatite inoculated with cultured bone marrow cells as expermiental site, and third was filled with graft materials only as positive control. The size of every artificial bone defect was 3mm in diameter and 3mm in depth. After the every surgical intervention of animals, oral hygiene program were performed with 1.0% chlorhexidine digluconate. All of the animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, 6 weeks after surgery. For obtaining histological section, tissus were fixed in 10% Buffered formalin and decalcified with Planko - Rycho Solution for 72hr. Tissue embeding was performed in paraffin and cut parallel to the surface of mandibular body. Section in 8um thickness of tissue was done and stained with Hematoxylin - Eosin. All the specimens were observed under the light microscopy. The following results were obtained : 1. In the case of control site which has no graft material, less inflammatory cell infiltration and rapid new bone forming tendency were revealed compared with experimental groups. But bone surface were observed depression pattern on defect area because of soft tissue invasion into the artificial bone defect during the experimental period. 2. In the porous hydroxyapatite only group, inflammatory cell infiltration was prominet and dense connective tissue were encapsulated around grafted materials. osteoblastic activity in the early stage after surgery was low to compared with grafted with bone cells. 3. In the case of porous hydroxyapatite inoculated with bone cell, less inflammatory cell infiltration and rapid new bone formation activity was revealed than hydroxyapatite only group. Active new bone formation were observed in the early stage of control group. 4. The origin of new bone forming was revealed not from the center of defected area but from the surface of preexisting bony wall on every specimen. 5. In this experiment, osteoclastic cell was not found around grafted materials, and fibrovascular invasion into regions with no noticeable foreign body reaction. Conclusively, the cultured bone cell inoculated onto the porous hydroxyapatite may have an important role of regeneration of artificial bone defects of alveolar bone.