• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.773-779
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• 1999

This study was conducted to determine the changes in the contents of vitamin C and fermentation characteristics of kimchi on different Chinese cabbage variety(Koreangji Yureum: KY, Kalak Shin Il Ho: KS) and fermentation temperature(5oC, 15oC). Kimchi were fermented at 5oC and 15oC for 140 days and 25 days respectively. In all samples, total acidity increased, and the pH, total sugar and reducing sugar content decreased as the fermentation proceeded. Also, the number of lactic acid bacteria reached the maximum at the optimum fermenting stage. On the other hand, total ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid from individual kimchi solid tissue significantly decreased with fermentation periods, however, increased kimchi liquid at the 7day in KS 15(kimchi prepared with Kalak Shin Il Ho at 15oC), KY 15(kimchi prepared with Korangji Yureum at 15oC) and at the 65day in KY 5(kimchi prepared with Korangji Yureum at 5oC) respectively. Therefore, different fermentation temperature as well as variety affected ascorbic acid contents and chemical characteristics of kimchi.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.788-793
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• 1997

Addition of sugar, enzymatic hydrolysis and salt concentration were evaluated for their effects on the changes in some characteristics of Kimchi juice during fermentation. The Kimchi juice was prepared by brining and grinding of outer layer leaves of chinese cabbage, one of the wastes products of Kimchi processing, followed by fermentation proceeded significantly faster. Addition of sucrose or glucose at the ange of 0.5~2.0 % also improved the fermentation but the concentration effect was little. Enzymatic hydrolysis on the brined cabbage prior to fermentation with a commercial polysaccharides hydrolases also increased the fermentation. However the solid concentration in Kimchi juice was rather decreased by higher concentration of NaCl and enzymatic hydrolysis. The reducing sugar content showed a rapid decrease from 24 hours of fermentation and the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis was little.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.642-650
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• 1995

Chinese cabbage kimchi has long been consumed as a traditional fermented food in Korea. Ingredients involved in kimchi preparation, such as red peper, garlic, ginger, green onion, and etc., influence the kimchi fermentation rate differing with kinds and amount of ingredients. In this review article, information on the kinds and amounts of these ingredients used in the extant 75 literature is given together with data for frequency and average amount of each ingredient. In addition, chemical composition, minerals and vitamins, and characteristics of the ingredients are present. Effects of ingredients on kimchi fermentation also are extensively reviewed.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.209-215
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• 2012

A new recipe for $mandu$ was developed by adding ripened Korean cabbage $kimchi$. To counter the bad smell of ripened $kimchi$ and to enhance the function of the food, rosemary was added to it. The preference for the herb over $kimchi$ was determined via a sensory evaluation. The preference was in the following order from highest to lowest: rosemary, lemon balm, and thyme. Ripened Korean cabbage $kimchi$ was added to beef or pork stuffing for $mandu$. Sensory evaluation was used to determine the optimal contents of ripened Korean cabbage $kimchi$. The result showed that 75% of the $kimchi$ content was best for beef $mandu$ and 100% for pork $mandu$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.131-135
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• 1984

For the convenience of transportation and improvement of the utility of raw chinese cabbage during harvest season, the condition of pretreatment for the raw chinese cabbage with pickle has been examined by preserving for one to ten days. The changes in the content of riboflavin and ascorbic acid in kimchi (pickled-seasoned chinese cabbage), which was manufactured by using the pickled cabbage as a main raw material, along with ginger, garlic, red pepper powder, rad-dish and fermented shrimp as seasonings, during ripening were investigated with specially referred to palatability. The yield of the pickled cabbage compared to the raw cabbage after treating with pickle was 62 to 65% in volume and 15 to 42% in weight. After 10 days of pickling of the chinese cabbage, one-third of total ascorbic acid was diminished but no change in riboflavin content was observed. During ripening of kimchi, riboflavin content in kimchi processed with the pickled cabbage has not been changed compared to the content in convention- ally made kimchi, however, slight decrease in ascorbic acid content in the kimchi processed with the pickled cabbage was as certained. The result of organoleptic test showed that the kimchi processed with the pickled cabbage became inferior to the conventionally made kimchi with the days of ripening.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.378-387
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• 2017

To stabilize the supply of kimchi by extending the storage period of spring kimchi cabbage, this study manufactured kimchi from spring kimchi cabbage under varying storage conditions and periods, and analyzed their quality and sensory characteristics following the maturing period. Trimming loss was lowest in the group of plasma+reverse direction+predrying+HDPE film processing. The salting yield of spring kimchi cabbage stored for 12 weeks was lower than that of spring kimchi cabbage stored for 6 weeks, and the kimchi yield was low in the pre-treatment group of spring kimchi cabbage stored for 12 weeks. The firmness was slightly different according to the storage period from one month of maturation. From the perspective of pH and acidity, the maturation in the reverse direction+pre-drying+HDPE film processing group was slower than that in the normal group (<0.05). In the sensory evaluation, the preference was increased in the low temperature storage processing group as the maturation period was increased (<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.535-538
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• 1996

To investigate the quality characteristics of kimchi around Masan area, home made and commercial kimchi samples were collected from December 1994 to June 1995. The weight of a head of Chinese cabbage was 3.0kg after purchasing and reduced to 2.36kg after salting. Home made kimchi showed a little higher pH and titratable acidity than those of commercial kimchi in winter. Salt concentration of home made kimchi in winter was 3.69%, and higher than that of commercial kimchi. Color of home made kimchi was higher in L, a and b than that of commercial kimchi in winter and spring. The pH of commercial kimchi was lower about 0.3 than that of home made kimchi in spring. Home made kimchi in spring showed about 0.3% higher salt concentration than that of commercial kimchi.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.545-550
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• 2001

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on pH, titratable acidity, color, hardness and microorganisms of Chinese Cabbage Kimchi were investigated. Kimchi was pressurized at $200{\sim}600$ MPa for 5 min. There were no significant differences in color and hardness between control and pressurized Kimchi (p>0.05). Total aerobes and lactic acid bacteria were effectively inactivated by high hydrostatic pressure above 400 MPa. Changes in pH, titratable acidity, color, hardness and microbial counts for 4 weeks storage of Kimchi were investigated Kimchi was pressurized at 400 MPa for 5 min and stored at $4^{\circ}C$. The pH of control decreased to 3.94 but pressurized Kimchi maintained its initial pH value throughout the storage. The color of control showed significantly low values compared with pressureized Kimchi (p<0.05), but hardness was not significantly changed (p>0.05). Total aerobes and lactic acid bacteria in the control were reduced from the initial value of $10^8{\sim}10^9$ CFU/mL to $10^6$CFU/mL after 4 weeks storage. Whereas microbial counts in pressurized Kimchi was maintained about $10^3{\sim}10^4$ CFU/mL during storage.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to develop a method to cultivate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as a by-product in the fermentation of kimchi through the use of Chinese cabbage leaves. A method to reduce the initial number of microorganisms using citric acid and ethanol to wash cabbage leaves was investigated. In this experiment, Chinese cabbage leaves were washed using a mixture of 3% citric acid and 7% ethanol and the washed cabbage leaves were juiced and used as a sample. The total microorganisms of kimchi cabbage juice (KCJ) was reduced from log 6.53 CFU/g to log 3.69 CFU/g by washing with citric acid and ethanol, and lactic acid bacteria from log 4.40 CFU/g to log 2.01 CFU/g. The salinity of KCJ was appropriate for the growth of lactic acid bacteria but the pH was too low. The yield of washing, juice extraction, and total were 80.82%, 79.32%, and 64.11%, respectively. KCJ made by washing with citric acid and ethanol was good for the culture broth of lactic acid bacteria.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.500-506
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• 2017

Kimchi cabbage is one of the four major vegetable crops in Korea. The total annual production of kimchi cabbage, the main material of kimchi, was 20,559 tons in 2015. Kimchi cabbage is one of the majer crops produced by farmers which accounts for about 80% of the total leaf vegetable production in Korea. As the consumption of environmental-friendly agricultural products increases, food safety is one of the major public health concerns. We analyzed the biological hazards of kimchi cabbage produced by two types of cultivation methos such as organic farming and conventional farming using various culture media and microscopy. A total of 432 samples were analysed for presence of sanitary indicator microorganisms (aerobic plate count, coliform count, yeast & mold) and food-borne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, environmental Listeria, Bacillus cereus). The population of sanitary indicating microorganisms and food borne pathogens was under 5 Log CFU/g in all tested samples. The results of total microorganism numbers of leaf surface showed a positive correlation to those of soil samples. Additionally, we examined chemical factors such as pesticide residues and heavy metals in soil samples. All tested samples did not shown contamination levels higher than the standard limit.