• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.975-985
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• 2021

The sufficient amount of protein supply is crucial for improving the growth performance of growing beef cattle. In addition, due to the improvement in the genetic potential of the carcass weight of Hanwoo steers, dietary protein requirements may be increased during the rapid growth period. Accordingly, the dietary crude protein (CP) level in growing Hanwoo steers has been increasing in the field. However, little scientific evidence is available in relation to this. Therefore, this study was conducted to test whether a higher dietary CP level than convention would improve the growth performance and body metabolism in growing Hanwoo steers. Fifty growing Hanwoo steers were randomly divided into two groups and fed either a commercial diet (CON) or a higher CP (HCP) concentrate mix, provided with a similar level of dietary energy. Tall fescue hay was provided ad libitum. The dietary CP level did not affect growth performance and blood metabolite. Nitrogen intake, predicted nitrogen excretion, and retained nitrogen were higher in the HCP group than in the CON group (p < 0.01). Although there was no difference in the nitrogen utilization efficiency, the growth efficiency per retained nitrogen decreased in the HCP group (p = 0.02). A higher dietary CP level may increase nitrogen retention in growing Hanwoo steers without improving growth performance, which leads to reduced growth efficiency per retained nitrogen. Furthermore, considering the high price of feed protein and increased nitrogen excretion to the environment, a further increase in the protein level may not be sustainable.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.158-166
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• 2023

Background: Copy number variation (CNV) can be identified using next-generation sequencing and microarray technologies, the research on the analysis of its association with meat traits in livestock breeding has significantly increased in recent years. Hanwoo is an inherent species raised in the Republic of Korea. It is now considered one of the most economically important species and a major food source mainly used for meat (Hanwoo beef). Methods: In this study, CNVs and the relationship between the obtained CNV regions (CNVRs) can be identified in the Hanwoo steer samples (n = 473) using Illumina Hanwoo SNP 50K bead chip and bioinformatic tools, which were used to locate the required data and meat traits were investigated. The PennCNV software was used for the identification of CNVs, followed by the use of the CNV Ruler software for locating the different CNVRs. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis was performed. Results: We found a total of 2,575 autosomal CNVs (933 losses, 1,642 gains) and 416 CNVRs (289 gains, 111 losses, and 16 mixed), which were established with ranged in size from 2,183 bp to 983,333 bp and 10,004 bp to 381,836 bp, respectively. Upon analyzing the restriction of minor alleles frequency > 0.05 for meat traits association, 6 CNVRs in the carcass weight, 2 CNVRs in the marbling score, 3 CNVRs in the backfat thickness, and 2 CNVRs in the longissimus muscle area were related to the meat traits. In addition, we identified an overlap of 347 CNVRs. Moreover, 3 CNVRs were determined to have a gene that affects meat quality. Conclusions: Our results confirmed the relationship between Hanwoo CNVR and meat traits, and the possibility of overlapping candidate genes, annotations, and quantitative trait loci that results depended on to contribute to the greater understanding of CNVs in Hanwoo and its role in genetic variation among cattle livestock.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine application possibility of mulberry (Morus alba) silage as a functional feed in feeding management of Korean native cattle for high quality beef production by analysing active components and antioxidative activity. The chemical analysis of mulberry silage indicates that the content of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and crude ash was $28.41{\pm}3.12%,\;12.43{\pm}0.28%,\;2.47{\pm}0.18%,\;20.29{\pm}0.75%\;and\;6.98{\pm}0.12%$, respectively. The content of 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ), which is representative active ingredient of mulberry and blood sugar descending component, was 0.568 mg/g and the content of $\gamma$-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is blood pressure descending component, was 5,936.22 pmol. Mulberry silage used in this study did not contain flavonoids but did contain total phenols for 21.69 ${\mu}g/mg$. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was increased with increasing the concentration of mulberry silage extracts and there was above 50% of scavenging activity at the concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was also increased with increasing the concentration of silage extracts. Alkyl radical scavenging activity was high at the low concentration of silage extracts, which was above 50% of scavenging activity at the concentration of 0.125 mg/ml. The result of this study indicated that there was high possibility of mulberry silage as a functional feed for beef cattle.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.110-119
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• 2010

The fatty acid composition of Hanwoo beef was investigated by different quality grades and cuts. Five cuts (strip loin, loin, chuck roll, top round, brisket) were obtained from 15 Hanwoo beef cattle [bulls and steers, 24-30 mon old]. For each quality grade of $1^{++}$, $1^+$, 1, 2, 3, three animals were selected. The contents of C18:0 in chuck roll, strip loin, brisket, top round and loin were significantly higher in 3 quality grades than those of the other grades respectively (p<0.05). The C18:1n9 content in the chuck roll was not significantly different among the different grades, but those of strip loin, top round, brisket, and loin were significantly higher in $1^{++}$ quality grade than those of 3 quality grade (p<0.05). The C18:3n3 content was significantly higher in brisket of $1^{++}$ quality grade and loin of 3 quality grade than the other grades for the same cut (p<0.05). However, those of strip loin, top round and chuck roll were not significantly different (p>0.05) among the different grades. The C18:3n6 content in chuck roll and loin was significantly higher for 2 quality grade than in those of the other grades (p<0.05). For five cuts, total SFA contents for 3 quality grade were significantly higher than in other cuts. The total MUFA content of $1^{++}$ quality grade was significantly higher than in 3 quality grade (p<0.05). The total n-3 PUFA content was not significantly different in chuck roll, strip loin and top round; however, those of brisket were significantly higher in $1^{++}$ quality grade (0.15%) and those of loin were significantly higher in 3 quality grade than in the other grades (p<0.05). The total n-6 PUFA content was significantly higher in 3 quality grade than in those of the other grades (p<0.05).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.323-334
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• 2007

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the influence of alcohol-fermented feedstuff formulated with byproducts on the fermentation characteristics and NDF disappearance in the rumen. Dietary treatments were either a soybean curd-based alcohol-fermented feedstuff (AFS) or brewery grain-based alcohol-fermented feedstuff (AFB). The AFS and AFB are composed of 50% commercial beef cattle feed, 50% soybean curd dreg, 5% molasses and 0.5% yeast and 25% commercial beef cattle feed, 25% brewery grain, 25% soybean curd dreg, 25% corn grit, 5% molasses and 0.5% yeast, respectively. The change of ammonia, pH alcohol, volatile fatty acids, and NDF disappearance were measured at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hr after in vitro incubation in the rumen. After 2 hr incubation, higher ammonia concentrations were resulted in AFS (12.47 mg/dl) and AFB (12.85 mg/dl) compared to control (11.84 mg/dl) (p<0.05). Ruminal pH of AFS and AFB were significantly higher than control during 1 to 6 hr fermentation, but the pH of AFS and AFB were decreased after 6 hr. At 12 hr fermentation, the alcohol concentration of AFS and AFB was significantly increased by 43.9% and 48.0%, respectively. The acetate concentration was rapidly decreased in control, while the concentration was slowly decreased in AFS and AFB with increasing the fermentation time. Lower concentrations propionate and butyrate were observed in AFS and AFB during every fermentation time (p<0.05). The NDF disappearance was significantly lower in AFS and AFB after 4 hr fermentation. These results suggest that alcohol fermented feedstuff can control the fermentation pattern in the rumen.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.419-426
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• 2002

We conducted two experiments to evaluate the effects of chromium picolinate(CrP) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and plasma components in Holstein bulls. In trial Ⅰ, eight finishing Holstein bulls(300${\pm}$6.99Kg) were allocated to 2 treatments(control and 0.05% CrP) with 4 replication for 10-months. In results, growth performance was not affected by CrP addition. The plasma insulin concentration in 0.05% CrP group was about 2 times higher than the control group of Holstein bulls. The levels of plasma NEFA were significantly decreased to 59.00 mEq/dl with 0.05% CrP treatment(P<0.05), but the levels of plasma glucose and PUN were not altered by 0.05% CrP treatment. The grade of carcass was not different between control and 0.05% CrP group, but back fat thickness in 0.05% CrP group was increased in 22.33% compared with control group. In trial 2, fifteen growing- finishing Holstein bulls(160${\pm}$4.63Kg) were allocated to 3 treatments(control, 0.025% CrP and 0.05% CrP) with 5 replication for 14-months. During the overall experimental period, growth performance was not affected by CrP levels. The levels of hormone and metabolites were not affected by CrP supplementa- tion. The carcass characteristics were not different between control and treatment. These results show that the CrP may have no effects for beef cattle production because of degradation of CrP conjugation in the rumen. However treatment of short term provide a possibility the effects of development for lipogenesis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2022

This study was carried out the estimation on consumption patterns and consciousness of domestic forage for improvement of the quality of domestic forage. Although the cultivated area in South Korea of forage has increased significantly compared to the past, the self-sufficiency rate of domestic forage has increased to around 80% since 2010. Also, livestock farmers prefer to use import forage than domestic due to convenience of use. In Korean beef farms, the ratio of import to domestic forage was higher in domestic forage (import forage 3 : domestic forage 7). In the method of securing domestic forage, purchase of forage (55.6%) was higher than self-cultivation of forage (44.4%). The ratio of use by bailing type was shown in the order of rice staw rice straw (50.5%), domestic hay (15%), imported hay (12.5%), and total mixed ratio (10.7%). The preference of forage was in the order of amount of foreign matter, moisture content, price, feed value in Korean native cattle farm. The result of satisfaction with domestic and import forage showed that the satisfaction of domestic forage price was higher than import forage, while the moisture content and foreign matter of forage were lower than import forage. In addition, in the results of the satisfaction and importance of domestic roughage compared to imported roughage, satisfaction with imported roughage was generally high in all items except for price. As a result, in order to improve the satisfaction of domestic forage in Korean native cattle farm, it is necessary to minimize foreign matter in forage and increase hay production for moisture content uniform in forage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.88-92
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• 1994

The influence of the storage temperature between $0^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ on the biochemical, physical changes and meat qualities in the red muscle(M. sternomandibularis and M. mastoideus) of Korean native cattle postmortem were studied. The results obtained were summarized as follows; The pH-value during the first hours post mortem was dropped faster in storage temperature $0^{\circ}C$ than in $10^{\circ}C$, but the final pH-value reached after about 30 hrs. post mortem. The muscle which was stored in $30^{\circ}C$ reached the final pH within 10 hrs. The muscle which was stored in $0^{\circ}C$ showed the increased R-value at fast speed from the beginning. It reached maximum R-value after 20 hrs as it gradually increase showing low R-value by 10 hrs. in $10^{\circ}C$. The muscle which was stored in $0^{\circ}C$ shortened to about 46% after 10 hrs. It was contracted about 17% after 15 hrs in $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$. The sarcomere length of Korean native cattle had the least contraction in $10^{\circ}C$ and it was contracted $18{\sim}20%\;(1.60{\sim}1.63\;{\mu}m)$ after 5 hrs., $45{\sim}46%$after 24 hrs in $0^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ which was generated cold shortening and rigor shortening. The meat that was stored in $0^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ showed about 2-fold higher shear force than it that was stored in $10^{\circ}C$ at postmortem 24 hrs. The meat that was stored in $10^{\circ}C$ at postmortem 24 hrs. showed drip loss less than 3% during the 9 days ripening period. The meat with cold shortening and rigor shortening showed the high drip loss.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.643-652
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• 2002

Data were consisted of the ten body measurements (withers height, rump height, body length, chest depth, chest width, rump width, rump length, thurls width, hipbone width and chest girth) of 642 steers (Korean cattle), which was entered in the National Beef Quality Contest hosted by the Korea Animal Improvement Association from 1997 to 2001. A principal components analysis was used to classify the body types of the steers, and estimate the correlations between carcass traits and principal components for the body measurements of the first, second, third and fourth period, respectively. The first principal component of body measurements at the first, second, third and fourth period accounted for 76.0%, 83.0%, 72.7% and 57.4% of the total variance, respectively. The sum of first, second and third principal component at each period accounted for 86.69%, 90.49%, 84.62% and 77.26% of the total variance, respectively. At each period, all the first principal component of the body measurements were positive and it generally showed large framed body shape. The size of body was influenced mostly by chest depth(0.328${\sim}$0.339) and rump length(0.325${\sim}$0.341). The second, third and fourth principal component at the each period were various. There were positive correlations between principal components index of each period and carcass traits such as carcass weight(0.539${\sim}$0.755), average daily gain(0.256${\sim}$0.564), backfat thickness(0.227${\sim}$0.280), and eye muscle area(0.187${\sim}$0.344). The correlation with yield grade index(－0.246${\sim}$－0.110), however, was negative. The correlation with marbling score(0.066${\sim}$0.099) was low or statistically insignificant. According to principal component indexes of the second, third, and fourth components, the correlations with the carcass traits were various. There were no large differences between the correlations of the single body measurement trait with the carcass traits and the correlations of the first principal component indexes with the carcass traits.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.947-956
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• 2004

The primary role of lipoprotein lipase(LPL) is the hydrolysis of triglycerides(TG) from the core of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins in plasma. Fatty acids liberated by LPL on capillary endothelial surfaces are available for tissues as energy sources especially in muscles or for storage in the form of TG in adipose tissues. Therefore, as the candidate gene related to the carcass traits of the beef cattle, we have directly sequenced the exon 5${\sim}$exon 6 region in the bovine LPL gene for discovery of single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) with 24 unrelated Hanwoo(Korean cattle). Novel eight sequence variants were detected: three loci on exon 5, three on intron 5 and two on exon 6. All SNPs identified were strongly linked each other, and one hundred twenty eight Hanwoo samples were genotyped one SNP on intron 5 using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method by digestion with Hae III restriction enzyme. The allele frequency of the polymorphism was 0.76 and 0.24. The effects of this polymorphism on the breeding values of the carcass weight, loin muscle area, back fat thickness and marbling score were analyzed using least square methods of SAS GLM. The marbling score of BB genotype was significantly higher than those of AA and AB genotypes(P<0.05). This result indicates that this polymorphism may be associated with the variation of marbling score. Further study is warranted to investigate the phenotypic association in Hanwoo.