• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.spc8
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• pp.3175-3178
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• 2011

• Korean Journal of Korean Medical Institute of Dermatology and Aesthetics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.98-113
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• 2005

This paper provides comparison and analysis between brand images of Korean herbal cosmetics and general, imported cosmetic brands, focusing on product's symbolic and functional images. The objective is to evaluate brand images of Korean herbal cosmetics to suggest a powerful brand image strategy that will be different and competitive. Data collection was performed on 300 adult women who were over 20 years of age and lived in Seoul or KyongKi area. Analysis was carried out using SPSS version 11.5 and frequency analysis, T-Test and $X^2$ verification was also performed. Analysis results for brand images of Korean herbal cosmetics are as follows. First, satisfaction scale as a purchase feature for users of Korean herbal cosmetics were 'Normal' 51.5%, 'Satisfactory' 35.1%, 'Very Satisfactory' 8.2% and 'Unsatisfactory' 5.2%. Regarding improvements, 'Efficacy, Effect' was the highest with 46%. Second, 'SEOLHWASOO' and 'BAEKOKSENG' among Korean herbal cosmetic brands, 'IOPE' and 'ISA KNOX' among general cosmetic brands and 'LANCOME' and 'CHANEL' among imported cosmetic brands displayed high recognition. Third, the symbolic and functional images of Korean herbal cosmetic brands were seen to be better compared to their general and imported counterparts. Especially, product related features of Korean herbal cosmetic brands received a more positive response compared to imported brands, which suggests that with research and improvement regarding non-product related features, functional images of herbal brands may be appraised ahead of imported brands. Fourth, there is a significant difference in brand preference according to the satisfaction of groups who actually use herbal cosmetics and the purchasing attitudes of groups who do not. Therefore, an active relationship marketing strategy is required to maximize satisfaction and to elicit favorable attitudes. By developing functional native ingredients, constructing data that can prove its efficacy and effects, and appealing its unique, differentiated symbolic value together with Orientalism, herbal medicines will be able to take off to be acknowledged worldwide.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.45-70
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• 2015

Purpose - This study's purpose is to examine the effects of the country-of-origin antecedents on overall attitudes and the impact of overall attitudes on satisfaction and loyalty. Research design, data, and methodology - This study provides useful insights into international female purchasing behavior in the cosmetic industry in South Korea. This study explores the elements of country-of-origin antecedents, (cultural interest, perception of brand image, perception of fashion, perception of product quality, perception of price, and perception of advertising), on overall attitudes as well as the effect of overall attitudes on satisfaction and loyalty. Results - The results show that the effects of such antecedents are significant. Additionally, the effect of overall attitudes on satisfaction and of satisfaction on loyalty were significant. Conclusions - The findings of this study provide some important practical implications. First, with customer brand awareness growing along with products standards, considering the concepts points of parities and points of differences, the Korean cosmetic industry should try to establish brand associations with natural organic ingredients in its cosmetic items, distinguishing them from the majority of non-Korean brands.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to examine the tendency of certified organic cosmetics market and the certification standards and regulations they are under, compare one of the most commonly used COSMOS-standard AISBL with the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) organic cosmetic standard regulation. And then examining their differences and any potential issues is to present suggestions to be made as data for certification standard for natural & organic cosmetics in Korea regulation. This contents of study will be used as good research and development to promote the sustainable growth of the natural & organic cosmetic ingredients which have been grown by organic farmers certified. Also certified organic ingredients may help to growth the organic industry. I believe these are actual comparative for application to develop of natural and organic cosmetics in Korea as well the strengthening of the competitiveness of organic cosmetics certified in the world.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.82-83
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• 2011

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2011

Ionizing radiation can be used to improve the color of green tea extract to brighter. As a result, the irradiated green tea extract can be applied easier and broader in food or cosmetic industry. To confirm the retention of the biological activities of the cosmetic products added with green tea polyphenols (PPs), the real cosmetic products including a skin lotion (PS) and an essence (PE) cream were manufactured. Irradiation also applied to the manufactured cosmetic products to see their improvement of color and changes of biological activity. The PP showed 72% of electron donating ability (EDA) at a 5 ppm concentration and the PS and PE containing 2% PP showed higher than 60%, which was similar inhibition activity to vitamin C. The inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of PP, PS, and PE were higher than 55% at a 500 ppm concentration and the inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XOase) were also higher than 65% at a 200 ppm concentration. The measurement of lipid oxidation by addition of $Cu^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$ as prooxidants showed that PP and PS had higher metal chelating ability for $Fe^{2+}$ than that of PE and the ability increased by increase of polyphenol concentration isolated from green tea. The $Cu^{2+}$ chelating ability of PP and PS showed higher than 90% at a 200 ppm concentration. Therefore, it is concluded that addition of PP in manufacturing PS and PE retains its biological activities including EDA, inhibition of XOase and SOD-like activity, and metal chelating ability in the manufactured cosmetic products. In addition, irradiation of PS and PE improved color of the products containing PP brighter without any adverse changes in biological activity of the products.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.155-164
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• 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to systematically screen the literature for studies reporting cosmetic material in the oral and maxillofacial complex to shed light on the types of cosmetic materials, their radiographic appearance, and possible complications. Materials and Methods: Five electronic databases were reviewed for eligible studies. The general search terms were "cosmetic," "filler," "face," and "radiograph." Demographics, material types, clinical and radiographic presentation, and complications were recorded. Results: Thirty-one studies with 53 cases met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 52.6±15.4 years with a 4 : 3 female-to-male ratio. The most common material was calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHa) (n=14, 26.4%), found incidentally. The materials were generally located within the upper cheek and zygoma (n=35, 66.0%), radiographically well-defined (n=44, 83%), and had no effects on the surrounding structures (n=27, 50.9%). The internal structure was radiopaque (calcification, hyperdensity) for gold wires, CaHa, bone implants, and secondary calcification or ossification. Outdated cosmetic materials or non-conservative techniques were infiltrative, had effects on the surrounding structures, and presented with clinical signs, symptoms, or complications. Conclusion: Conventional radiography, cone-beam computed tomography, and multi-detector computed tomography are useful to differentiate several cosmetic materials. Their magnetic resonance imaging appearance was highly variable. The infrequent inclusion of cosmetic materials in the differential diagnosis implies that medical and dental specialists may be unfamiliar with the radiographic appearance of these materials in the face.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.255-261
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• 2014

Cosmetic activities of the leaves of Curcuma longa L. were compared according to different drying methods, to expand the use of the by-products of Curcuma longa L. The highest extraction yield of 29.4% was obtained from vacuum drying process (VD), whose value was very close to 29.2% from freeze drying process (FD). Relatively lower extraction yield were observed as 24.5% and 25.3% from the raw leaf (RL) as control and hot air drying process (HD). The cytotoxicity was observed lower FD and VD than RL and HD. It shows that cytotoxicity was closely related to cosmetic activities such as tyrosinase and melanin inhibition activities by showing much better cosmetic activities of the extracts from both FD and VD than those from the RL and HD. It was interesting that was differences of the cosmetic activities and cytotoxicity between FD and VD, which implies that VD method should be a more efficient process than FD method in terms of drying time and operation costs: 6 hours vs 24 hours and 3-5 times higher extraction costs in drying. It was observed that VD is more excellent dry method than others. This result could be utilized to effectively dry other soft plant biomass.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.55-56
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyse body and cosmetic image according to women's sex role identity. The subjects of this study were 433 women over 20 years old. Self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection. SPSS(Ver. 15.0) was used for mean, median, frequency, percentages, factor analysis, and one-way ANOVA. The results of this study were as followed; First, women were clustered into 4 groups according to their sex role identity. 36.5% was classified as an androgynous group, 32.4% was a undifferentiated group, 16.1% was a masculine group, and 15.0% was a feminine group. Second, factors of women's body image were interest in appearance, interest in weight, and charming of appearance. Factors of cosmetic image were natural & sociable, urban & intellect, passionate, romantic, prestige & sophisticate, fashionable & splender, active, feminine, and formal. Third, Androgynous group showed much interests in appearance and charming of appearance, but undifferentiated group had low interests. Androgynous group pursued natural & sociable, urban & intellect, passionate, romantic, prestige & sophisticate, fashionable & splendor, active, feminine, and formal images most when they applied make-ups. Masculine group pursued urban & intellect and active images much and femme group pursued natural & sociable, feminine, and formal images much. However undifferentiated group pursued all factors of cosmetic images less. Forth, androgynous group applied more kinds of cosmetics, but undifferentiated group applied less.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2009

Objective: Conventional pterional approach is a commonly used neurosurgical technique for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms. However, this technique requires more extensive brain exposure than other key hole approaches and is sometimes associated with surgical traumatization or cosmetic problems. The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative outcome between pterional and supraorbital keyhole approaches in the patients with anterior circulation aneurysms. Methods: The authors reviewed patients with anterior circulation aneurysms who underwent aneurysm clipping via pterional or supraorbital keyhole approach at a single institute over a period of 2 years. Ninety-eight patients harboring 108 aneurysms were included in this study. Various outcomes were recorded, which included clinical grade, cosmetic problems, patients' satisfaction and complications such as chewing discomfort, frontal muscle weakness, hyposmia, infection. Results: The supraorbital approach exhibited a shorter operation time compared with the pterional approach. Complications such as chewing discomfort occurred less frequently in the supraorbital approach group. Moreover, the cosmetic outcome was significantly better in the supraorbital group than in the pterional group. Conclusion: The supraorbital keyhole approach reduced intra- and postoperative complications, including chewing discomfort and cosmetic disturbances, compared with the conventional pterional approach.