• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.131-142
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• 2015

Literature indicates an increased risk of suicide among women who have had cosmetic breast implants. An explanatory model for this association has not been established. Some studies conclude that women with cosmetic breast implants demonstrate some characteristics that are associated with increased suicide risk while others support that the breast augmentation protects from suicide. A systematic review including data collection from January 1961 up to February 2014 was conducted. The results were incorporated to pre-existing suicide risk models of the general population. A modified suicide risk model was created for the female cosmetic augmentation mammaplasty candidate. A 2-3 times increased suicide risk among women that undergo cosmetic breast augmentation has been identified. Breast augmentation patients show some characteristics that are associated with increased suicide risk. The majority of women reported high postoperative satisfaction. Recent research indicates that the Autoimmune syndrome induced by adjuvants and fibromyalgia syndrome are associated with silicone implantation. A thorough surgical, medical and psycho-social (psychiatric, family, reproductive, and occupational) history should be included in the preoperative assessment of women seeking to undergo cosmetic breast augmentation. Breast augmentation surgery can stimulate a systematic stress response and increase the risk of suicide. Each risk factor of suicide has poor predictive value when considered independently and can result in prediction errors. A clinical management model has been proposed considering the overlapping risk factors of women that undergo cosmetic breast augmentation with suicide.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.182-198
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• 2014

The main purposes of this study is to evaluate clothing behaviors according to cosmetic surgery parts and to research how the clothing style preference is expressed depending on each clothing behavior group. This study focuses on women in their 20s and 30s living in Seoul and Gyeonggi area whom have cosmetic surgery experiences. From the women being evaluated, the following groups are divided and then surveyed with equal frequency and ratio: 'facial surgery', 'face contour surgery', 'breast surgery', and 'body figure revision'. When comparing the changes in clothing style preferences before and after the cosmetic surgery, they prefer silhouettes which show body shapes, diversity of color tones, and more overall exposing preferences. After investigating the preferred clothing styles based on cosmetic surgery parts, it is being analyzed that body exposure is more aggressively expressed upon after taking the surgery because the self satisfaction is increased according to the changes in their body shapes after the surgery. Lastly, after looking into the cosmetic surgery and the clothing preferences styles of each clothing behavior group, there seems to be more breast surgeries and body figure revisions for aggressive and extroverted characters: the sex-appeal and mood switching type. It is also being analyzed that facial surgeries are more common in the passive group: information collection, trend alignment, and beauty preference. Such results are also reflected in clothing preferences styles: the biggest change is shown in the aggressive and extroverted group, the sex-appeal types.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.176-183
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• 2019

The environmental changes in the Korean cosmetic medical service industry in the $21^{st}$ century are forming intense competition among medical institutions due to the quantitative expansion of its market. For stable growth of the cosmetic medical service industry, continuous quality improvement is necessary based on empirical research on the quality of cosmetic medical services rather than external expansion. The purpose of this study is to classify the quality attributes of cosmetic medical service using Kano model and to derive the degree of satisfaction and dissatisfaction of each quality attributes through Customer Satisfaction Coefficient (CSC). Through this, the study identified strategic priorities and suggested specific step-by-step approaches and quality improvement priorities that can increase customer satisfaction using the Potential Customer Satisfaction Improvement Index (PCSI Index). Based on SERVPERF, this study used measurement tools consisting of five dimensions : tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. In addition, it was used of measurement items reconstructed into positive, negative, and satisfaction questions for Kano model analysis, CSC analysis, and PCSI Index analysis. A total of 300 medical consumers who experienced cosmetic medical services for the past one year in medical institutions such as plastic surgery and dermatology were collected with convenient sampling. As a result, urgent items for improving the quality of service using the PCSI Index, 'Consideration for customer benefits' in empathy category was followed by 'Immediate help' and 'Sincere response' in responsiveness category, and 'Understanding customer needs' in empathy category, respectively. That is, it is required to improve human service quality attributes such as empathy and responsiveness rather than physical service quality attributes. This study contributes practically in that it provides specific and discriminatory approaches to improve customer satisfaction on cosmetic medical service quality and suggests improvement priorities.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.156-165
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of major variables and their relationship with the males' appearance consciousness that affect the men's cosmetic consumption. Also, the study also intended to verify the differences of men's cosmetic consumption between Chinese and Thai males. The samples consisted of 200 males who ranged in age from 18 to 35 years (M=24.64). One hundred participants were Thai and one hundred were Chinese. Based on literature review, six research questions were proposed. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, t-test, and multiple regression were used for this study. As the results, the sociocultural attitudes of consumers towards their appearance are positively relevant to the self-esteem and public self consciousness. Also, appearance consciousness such as appearance evaluation and appearance orientation led more cosmetic consumption. Chinese males revealed higher scores on public self-consciousness, appearance orientation, and sociocultural attitudes toward appearance than Thai males. Based on these results, some implications for global cosmetic markets would be suggested.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.171-177
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism of Cosmetic Acupuncture through reinterpretation of anatomy and physiology. Methods : The causes of wrinkle increases and rapid aging of facial skin were studied and the theoretical system of Cosmetic Acupuncture treatment was analyzed through anatomy and physiology reinterpretation. Results and Conclusions : An increase in wrinkles and rapid aging of facial skin is caused by xerosis. Skin condition represents the condition of subcutaneous muscle. The reason why skin becomes easily dry is the heat produced by craniofacial part. Craniofacial part always generates lot of physiological fever because of the muscles. This physiological fever is produced from the muscles that are responsible for maintaining skull suture, controlling the movement of temporomandibular joint, maintaining head and neck posture. Controlling this fever is the crux of Cosmetic Acupuncture mechanism. These muscles correspond to Foot Taeyang meridian-muscle, Foot Soyang meridian-muscle and Foot Yangmyung meridian-muscle. Cosmetic Acupuncture is effective for preventing facial skin from aging and wrinkle increase by mechanical stimulus on facial muscles, and for controlling craniofacial part meridian-muscle system producing the heat.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.76-88
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• 1996

The facial color is affected by age increase, health condition, internal and/or external environment factors and so on. Especially, the external environment factors in accordance with the influence of environment pollution that is air pollution, exert a bad influence of skin. The object of this study shall be quantified the facial color change in accordance with age increase, external environment factors. Therefore we have make the measurement about the facial color change of Korean women by regional groups. We've quantified through correlation equation, the rate of the many external environment factors which influence the facial color change (air pollution, climate condition, season etc.) As the result of the study, we have reach to know that CO, $O_3$, $NO_2$ has high relation with hue, value, chrome change. The facial color change is proved to be influenced atmospheric environment condition. Besides in hue and value in relation with meteorology demonstrates its link with the temperature, the evaporation quantity, the duration of sunshine of each region. Therefore we have instill cognition of the environmental pollution in accordance with external environment factor that was quantified. And we have reach to know this study affects cosmetics development of new concept.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.97-120
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• 2017

This study attempted to examine how Chinese consumers' brand authenticity of Korean cosmetic brands are related to brand loyalty through brand aura. In other words, this study observed how Chinese consumers' brand authenticity, which includes product, employee and corporate authenticity related to Korean cosmetic brands, influence on the consumers' brand loyalty through brand aura. To this end, we surveyed Chinese consumers visiting Korean cosmetic brand shops in department stores, discount stores and large shopping malls in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou in China. A total of 400 surveys were used in the empirical analysis. The results of empirical analysis confirmed that product, employee, and corporate authenticity of Chinese consumers have for Korean cosmetic brands positively influenced on brand aura. Furthermore, results showed that Chinese consumers' brand aura of Korean cosmetic brands had a positive effect on brand loyalty. The results of this study provide implications to help Korean cosmetic companies gain a competitive edge in the Chinese cosmetic market by understanding Chinese consumers' authenticity of their brands and building brand images and using differentiated marketing strategies that can induce brand aura.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1568-1576
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• 2021

Here, we conducted the study on the possibility of using FK-13, a short analog of human-derived antibacterial peptide LL-37, as a cosmetic preservative to discover a natural cosmetic preservative that is safe for human body. For the purpose, FK-13 composed of 13 amino acids was synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis, and purified using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The purity and molecular weight were confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. FK-13 showed high antimicrobial activity on the three gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis), the three gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and also even the fungus Candida glabrata. FK-13 had a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, showing a suitability as a cosmetic preservative. In addition, FK-13 showed high thermostability and higher antibacterial activity in a comparative test with existing natural herbal cosmetic and chemical preservatives. Therefore, as FK-13 is a safe material and has high antibacterial activity at a low concentration, it is likely to be applied as a peptide natural cosmetic preservative that can replace existing chemical preservatives.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.36-50
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• 2011

The traditional masculinity has been gradually diversified towards the 21th century due to a new social environment. Men embrace his feminine side with heightened aesthetic sense using cosmetic products for better skin, hair, and nails. This diversification of male image and his beauty style proves the addition of feminity to masculinity. C. G. Jung felt that we are all really bisexual in nature. The anima is the female aspect present in the collective unconscious of men and it is the archetype through which we communicate with the collective unconscious generally, and it is important to get into touch with it for self-realization. This study analyzes subconscious desire based on the anima archetype in the collective unconscious of men through the diversity of the gender identity shown in men's cosmetic advertisements, and therefore it aim to help developing a marketing strategy of male beauty industry in the future. For this purpose, it conducted an empirical analysis of male beauty style in cosmetic advertisements through the Jungian anima theory. The conclusion of this study is as follows: First, gender identity represented in cosmetic advertisements was typified as Retrosexual, Ubersexual, Metrosexual, Cross sexual. Second, the anima archetype stimulates feminity in male beauty style. Cross sexual type has the highest feminine tendency. Third, range of utilization of cosmetic products is articulated with the diverse gender identity. Cross sexual type is most similar to the female beauty style. This feminization of male beauty style is the external expression of collective unconscious and affords human being to reach self-realization.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.922-930
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• 2021

This study was attempted to investigate the availability of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) and finger root (Boesenbergia pandurata) extracts as natural cosmetic ingredients. For this, O/W cosmetic formulations with different compositions were prepared. The appearance of the cosmetic formulations was compared, and brightness and color values were measured using a colorimeter. Also, the pH, viscosity, and texture of the cosmetic formulations with different compositions were measured, and the effects of the extracts on the properties of the cosmetic formulations were examined. Finally, the UV transmittance and sun protection factor (SPF) index were observed, and the results confirmed the availability of finger root extract as a natural ingredient for UV protection.