• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.77-82
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• 2004

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.2 s.38
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• pp.57-70
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• 2004

Since Korea disclaimed to open the ports, Korean architecture has met the impetuous transformation. Although there would be various factors of this transformation, the new-coming architecture by missionary seemed to be a significant one, and many researches have been carried out on this theme in diverse viewpoints. However, because these researches have preponderated on the Catholic tradition, it is deficient for clarify the whole history of mission architecture. Therefore, this research has the meaning to enrich the history of Korean modern architecture by making balance. First of all, this paper is focused on the activities of one missionary, Graham Lee. He is a practical missionary at the beginning, his architecture made a critical influence in Korean traditional architecture. Graham Lee was born in Rock Island, Illinois, 1861, and he determined to become a missionary through grown up. He spent his boyhood by working as a plumber for his purpose and studied in a university afterward. Graduating of McComick Theological Seminary, he was nominated as a pioneer of Pyeng Yang Mission Station and set foot in Korea, September of 1892. Since then he started to erect missionary facilities in Pyeng Yang, such as Well House(1898), Pyeng Yang Central Church(1900-1901), Pyeng Yang Academy(1902). These all his works are designed with eclectic style which shows western and Korean traditional style intermingled. This unique characteristic made a profound influence to the Korean mission architecture afterwards. Especially, the L-type plan of Pyeng Yang Central Church, which is first shown by him, is recognized very unique, and this plan type had been spread all over the country. Therefore the L-type plan became the peculiar feature of the early Korean churches. Furthermore, working with Korean carpenters, he taught them new skills of modem buildings. After that, they were expanded out northern part of Korea and took the roles of master builders. According to this expansion, his particular style had got spread and had been settled as a unique eclectic style in Korean modern architecture. In the conclusion, he is evaluated to be a critical pioneer missionary, who left a big influence on the frame work of Korean modern architecture in the transitional times.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.215-224
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• 2011

Throughout the world, interest in issues relevant to energy, resources, environment, etc, is ever soaring. Therefore, the restoration of modern architecture that fulfilled its epochal function is working as a cultural, historic medium. In addition, it also plays its role in the side of environmental approach and so on. Moreover, the museum, which was only used for the possession of art collections and exhibition purposes, is currently expanding its scale and range as the center of culture and education. Also in reality, with the use of various programs, it is globally pursuing urban vitalizations. This study looks at the meaning of modem architecture restoration as well as its relationship with urban area. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to look for design method's direction by finding the relevance between modem architecture restoration and museum during the restoration. This study is based on transformation and preservation scale during the restoration of modern architecture. It analyzed plane and design direction. Additionally, this study analyzed the architectural and regional effect caused by restoration. As a result, in accordance with the direction of museum and the usage, scale, structure as well as superficial aging condition of previous architecture, it shows difference in design methods in the process of restoration. The exterior of architecture was restored and preserved to its original form in order to show the symbolical form through historical value. This is essential to the modern museum. On the other hand, the interior of architecture put more value on utilization concept that its preservation and thus was restored accordingly. However, in all the cases, previous architecture were commonly used and even when alterations and additions were made due to aging and their change in usage, they were restored in a way that preserved and harmonized previous architecture. If the design method for restoration of modern architecture selects the restoration method by considering problems related to location, building value, structure, if it is studied from various angles and is restored after considering its usage as a museum, then we will be able to generate cultural and historical synergy effect. Furthermore, apart from architecture, it will have great impact on urban vitalizations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.24-36
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• 2008

Architecture-based competition has become a very important issue in many industries. As companies seek lower cost, fast development, and more customizability at the same time, modular architecture of products and processes seem to be an inevitable choice. Existing literature, however, has only focused on the basic contents of architecture-based competition. Different competitive environments and technological competencies of incumbent companies influence the evolutionary dynamics of dominant architecture of industries. In this paper we suggest a new theoretical framework to deal with the complex co-adaptation process of architecture-based competition. We first explore the emerging modular architecture in Chinese commercial vehicle industry, and then compare it with the architecture strategies of Korean companies. Based on the explorative case study, we propose new hypotheses relating the market demand, technological competencies of major players and dominant architecture in an indus-try.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.47-62
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to analyze and explain the formation and character of presbyterian missionary architecture in Andong area from 1900 to 1945, which we may call "the modem architecture of Korea". I have surveyed and analyzed the 26 buildings. and so, the major findings of this study are as follows. Firstly, the phase of building is 1) buy the existing Korean traditional building and lot-a thatch roofed house. 2) modify the existing Korean traditional building-a thatch and tile roofed hose. 3) build the Korean style building-a thatch and tile roofed building. 4) build the Western style Building-a timber structured and zinc roofed building. 5) build the Western style Building- a masonry structured and zinc(or tile)roofed building. Secondly, the character of building is 1) In the Korean traditional building, the missionaries change the function for their purpose-office, church, school, hospital. they modify the existing Korean timber frame construction by introducing the material-brick, plaster, glass, Japanese style timber etc .. they live in the Korean existing residential area. 2) In the Western style building, the missionaries build the house according to their life style. they build the timber structured building-church, and the masonry (brick or stone)structured building such as a house, church, school and dormitory, and hospital. their building located on the hill depart from the existing Korean residential area.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.17-31
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• 2006

Software architecture is the high level model of a software system. It should be specified with ADLs (Architecture Description Languages) for its clarity and preciseness. Most ADLs such as C2SADL have not come into extensive use in industries since ADL users should learn a distinct notation specific to architecture, and ADLs do not address all stakes of the development process that is becoming diversified everyday. On the other hand, UML is a do facto standard general modeling language for software developments. UML provides a consistent notation and various supporting tools during the whole software development cycle. But, UML is a general modeling language and does not provide all concepts that are important to architecture description. UML should be extended in order to precisely model architecture. In this paper, we defined a C2 architecture modeling language as a UML2.0 profile. We applied the defined C2 architecture modeling language to the modeling of a restaurant reservation system.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.27-42
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• 2006

Many contemporary architectural avant gardes tend to use painting as a medium to create architecture which goes beyond the rationalized spatial conception of modem architecture represented by perspectivism. They produce non perspective drawings to represent spatial Ideas, and expand it through poetic imagination to create an unexpected architectural form and space. This paper attempts to analyze the historical origin and background of dominance of drawing in the production of architecture. It was with the invention of perspective that architectural representation became important tool for architectural production. Thereafter, drawing was considered prior to actual building and architecture was considered a three dimensional realization of two dimensional drawing. Modernist avant gardes such as Cubism shattered the rationalized pictorial space of perspective and found a new pictorial space. They tried to extend it to three dimensional space through parallel projection largely based on the Hildebrand's theory of pure visibility. However, due to the ambiguity of the position of the viewing subject, their attempts could not succeed in creating a new architecture. The new architectural avant garde of the 70's rediscovered the early 20th century avant gardes in their attempt to create a new architecture which can register the fragmented spatial condition of contemporary society, and used painting as a medium to create architecture. Their difference from the early avant gardes was that they used poetic imagination rather than parallel projection in the process of projecting three dimensional space and form from the painting. However, their architecture cannot escape the scopic field of perspectivism in that they rely on the picture plane and the distance between object and viewing subject. Therefore, I conclude that in order to create architecture which goes beyond the rationalized space of modern architecture, it is necessary to resort to other tradition of modern architecture than visual one.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.167-185
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• 2006

Software architecture, which is the high level model of a software system, should be specified with ADLs (Architecture Description Languages) for its clarity and preciseness. Most of ADLs such as ACME, however, have not come into extensive use in industries since ADL users should learn a distinct notation specific to architecture. On the other hand, UML is a do facto standard general modeling language for software developments. UML provides a consistent notation and various supporting tools during the whole software development cycle. UML, being a general modeling language, does not provide all concepts that are important to architecture description. UML should be extended in order to precisely model architecture. A number of researches on architecture modeling based on WML have been progressed. Ail of them, however, are based on the UML1.x. UML2.0 embraces much more concepts that are important to architecture modeling than UML1.x. In this paper. we defined an architecture modeling language based on UML2.0. We defined Generic ADL by extending UML2.0 and applied the defined Generic ADL to a restaurant reservation system.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.36
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• pp.30-36
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to analyze the contextual cognition of space in architecture focusing on Aldo Rossi and Michael Graves, the representative architects of spatial cognition in contextual architecture. This study on the contextual cognition of architectural space can be connected with linguistics and aesthetics's approaches. The conclusions of the study as per the above mentioned aims and intentions are as follows : The concept of spatial analysis in Aldo Rossi's contextual cognition in architecture is described the Analogical Space of Speculative Aesthetics by Diachronie Restoration That of Michael Graves' contextual cognition Is defined Semiotics Space of Empirical Aesthetics by Synchronie Repeatition.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.97-108
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• 1999

There are so many theories and arguments on the architectural design process. However, in the time of the environmental preservation, there is the need for the introduction of the systematic green design process because no existing design process theories could give the rational design tool far the integrated design with environmental factors. This study, through the literature survey, is on the new paradigm for the systematic approach to the integrated process of 'the Green Design'.