• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.195-209
• /
• 2009

Juwangsan area($107.4km^2$) has been designated as the twelfth National Park in 1976, because it has magnificent aspect and seasonally spectacular landscapes. Juwang valley($9,177.5m^2$) has been designated as Noted Scenery No. 11 in 2003, because it has the same topographical landscape as rock domes, rock cliffs, caves, waterfalls and plunge pools. The most spectacular landscapes are exhibited in the densely welded zone of the Juwangsan Tuff. The rock cliffs generated from vertical joints in the densely welded zone, in which there are the same many rock cliffs as Geupsudae, Haksodae, Sinseondae, Mangwoldae, Giam and Byeongpungbawi, three caves such as Juwanggul, Mujanggul and Yeonhwagul in the cliff. The cliffs and caves are landscapes that were generated from vertical joints in the densely welded zone, and the rock domes and waterfalls are landscapes of erosional vertical joint planes in the zone. The vertical joints are columnar joints formed during cooling of the Juwangsan Tuff. Therefore the topographical features cause the cooling columnar joints that are vertically intersected in the densely welded zone of the Juwangsan Tuff.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
• /
• no.93
• /
• pp.27-32
• /
• 2009

This study is planning information strategic through cave event. ISP is essential for successful development of caves. Danyang-gun is the case.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
• /
• no.82
• /
• pp.17-25
• /
• 2007

The use of a low-frequency cave radio can also verify survey accuracy. A receiving unit on the surface can pinpoint the depth and location of a transmitter in a cave passage by measurement of the geometry of its radio waves. A survey over the surface from the receiver back to the cave entrance forms an artificial loop with the underground survey, whose loop-closure error can then be determined. In the past, caves were reluctant to redraw complex cave maps after detecting survey errors. Today, computer cartography can automatically redraw cave maps after data has been corrected.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
• /
• no.52
• /
• pp.17-24
• /
• 1997

The Environment consolation and the Tour Resources Development of the Cave. The conservation and the development of the cave are complementary to each other. On account of Keepiny on changing, the cave is similar to living thing. Therefore, the cave development mocks the environment changed by the microbes and the mosses by many factors. But if can make the people around the cave get richer and richer by the visitors. If we need to develop some caves, first of all the safety diagnoses must be executed, about the geographic structures, path facilities, electronic ones, and so on.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
• /
• no.90
• /
• pp.57-62
• /
• 2009

This study is planning information strategic through cave event. ISP is essential for successful development of caves. Danyang-gun is the case.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.23-36
• /
• 2010

The Cat Ba Islands in Hai Phong City, northern Vietnam, consist of a large limestone island with a maximum height of 322 m above sea level and 366 small limestone islets with a total area of about $180\;km^2$. The islands are relicts of karst limestone mountains that became submerged during the Holocene transgression 7000 - 8000 year ago. The combination of the longtime karst process and recent marine processes in the monsoonal tropical zone has created a very diversity landscape on the Cat Ba Islands that can be divided into 3 habitat types with 16 forms. The first habitat type is the karst mountains and hills, including karst mountains and hills, karst valleys and dolines, karst lakes, karst caves, and old marine terraces. The second habitat type is the limestone island coast, including beaches, mangrove marshes, tidal flats, rocky coasts, marine notch caves, marine karst lakes, and bights. The third habitat type is karst plains submerged by the sea, including karst cones (fengcong) and towers (fengling), bedrock exposed on the seabed, sandy mud seabed, and submerged channels. Like the landscape, the biodiversity is also high in ecosystems composed of scrub cover - bare hills, rainy tropical forests, paddy fields and gardens, swamps, caves, beaches, mangrove forests, tidal flats, rocky coasts, marine krast lakes, coral reefs, hard bottoms, seagrass beds and soft bottoms. The ecosystems on the Cat Ba Islands that support very high species biodiversity include tropical evergreen rainforests, soft bottoms; coral reefs, mangrove forests, and marine karst lakes. A total of 2,380 species have been recorded in the Cat Ba Islands, included 741 species of terrestrial plants; 282 species of terrestrial animals; 30 species of mangrove plants; 287 species of phytoplankton; 79 species of seaweed; 79 species of zooplankton; 196 species of marine fishes; 154 species of corals; and 538 species of zoobenthos. Many of these species are listed in the Red Book of Vietnam as endangered species, included the white-headed or Cat Ba langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus), a famous endemic species. Human activities have resulted in significantly changes to the landscape end ecosytems of the Cat Ba islands; however, many natural aspects of the islandsd have been preserved. For this reason, the Cat Ba Islands were recognized as a Biological Reserved Area by UNESCO in 2004.

• Journal of the speleological society of Korea
• /
• no.4
• /
• pp.41-50
• /
• 1996

The coastal plains of the Puna and Ka' u Districts of the island of Hawaii are a contradiction to the popular view that the island of Hawaii is a tropical rain forest or a vegetated landscape with abundant water sour This section of the island lies in the rain shadow of Mauna Loa a Kilauea Volcanoes and receives less than 30 inches of annual precipita When rain does come. it is in the form of sudden down pours. givi residents of the area little time to collect and conserve water. Due to porous nature of the rock. there is no standing surface water. In spite of these harsh climatic conditions. archeological evidence indic that an extensive agriculture complex existed not only along the coast. into the most remote parts of what is called the Ka'u Desert. Pass through these agricultural areas are historic and pre - historic t systems. These trail systems apparently played a significant suppor role for exchange between the ahupua's (classic land divisions of Haw and the geopolitical districts. The question arises as to how could vast agricultural complexes a heavy foot travel over miles of arid land exist without dependable wa sources\ulcorner While planting - pits and mounds were designed to make most efficient use of available water and conserve moisture(Carter 19 9). people involved in planting also needed potable water for surv Most publications and research papers dealing with the early population this area make only oblique reference to springs and wells which t populations depended upon. The Federal Cave Resource Protection Act(1988) has served as imprtus for the National Park Service to look closer at the lava tu caves and fault cracks within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. P visitors to these underground areas found large volumes of standing wa in fault cracks. and abundant drip areas with the lava tubes. Re observes noted that in most cases. where the cracks and caves we located in the arid sections of the park. there has been extens modifiacation or utilization of these water sources by the early Hawaii and others. The variety of western containers used for collection indica that these water sources were used during historic times. William E described similar water sources in his narrative of his trip around island in 1823(Eills 1979), This report is directed at documenting recent observations and a stimulating further research into early Hawaiian water collection syst It also explores the implications that power and political influence of e chiefs in the arid portions of Hawaii could have been linked to the con of the water resources.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.286-299
• /
• 2004

This thesis aims to explore the geographic synthesis of ecotour programmes in New Zealand as a foreign area study. In addition, this research will provide effective regional policies for ecotourism in Korea. To achieve the objectives, this research carried out a literature review before taking several field surveys in New Zealand. Research areas are Waitomo Caves, Kauri community, Wildlifes of Otago Peninsular, Whakarewarewa Maori Village, Milford Track in New Zealand. New Zealand ecotour programmes are generally organized by local residents. The programmes include entrance limitations, strict opening time schedules, well trained information officers and guides organized by local residents. Most of all activities are in relation to the programmes that have been developed for educational effects and environmental conservation. The case studies of New Zealand present a good model of how to succeed in ecotourism and conservation management to Korea.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
• /
• no.90
• /
• pp.35-56
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implementation of the karst infrastructure systems for the u-cave. IT based u-cave represents spatial information derived fields, such as geographical distribution of the cave boundaries, physical configuration of the cave locations and formation characteristics of the karst history. These three aspects relate to karst infrastructure systems, cave monitoring center and spatial database implementation. In terms of the IT based u-cave infrastructure implementation systems, the u-cave depends on IT contents and spatial features. uIT contents are strongly related to IT839 strategy due to the national agenda is "u-Korea". Cave should contribute to u-cave construction through the spatial analyses methods including USN, RFID, LiDAR, ELD, and GIS technologies. For these methods various cave functions will guide to u-cave's distribution, location, and characteristics of karst. The infrastructure consists of landforms and speleothem facilities, underground related facilities, environmental protection systems, and cave planning. These six units of the cave infrastructures have spatial databases that consist of spatial configuration, such as 4-D in order to draw the spatial distribution of the limestone and lava caves. IT based u-cave system infrastructure implementation should deal with IT convergence to generate fusion affects.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2013

This study aims to provide fundamental data for further shape-factor research on karst by measuring and classifying the shape of surface topography in Hogye, Mungyeong. First, in the research area, there are 35 dolines and uvalas. Second, large uvalas are found in three places, including Gulnomjae in Bugokri, and Teotgol and Denjimigol in Urori. Third, there are 13 round dolines and 22 oval dolines. Next examining the cross section of dolines, there are 27 bowl shaped dolines, 2 plate shaped dolines, and 6 funnel shaped dolines. Fourth, most dolines lay over 200m elevation, which is ridge and top of mountain. Fifth, development direction of dolines resembles the strike direction of limestone in Hogye, suggesting that the development direction of limestone affects doline corrosion. From this situation, we can guess sinkholes of the doline would be linked with limestone caves by the underground water pipe. Three limestone caves, karren and dry valley etc. appear in the research area.