• Strategy21
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• s.32
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• pp.123-159
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• 2013

The purpose of this research paper is to re-valuate the factors that affected the Royal Navy's rearmament and preparation for war by conducting analysis on the discussion held in the Britain on the strategic priorities and Navy's coping measures adopted during the interwar period. After the end of the WWI, each of the military arms of the Britain faced significant difficulty in securing budget and increasing their military power all throughout the interwar period, and the Navy was not an exception. The WWII that got started on September 1939 was the turning point in which this difficulty led to full-fledged crisis. Immensely many criticisms followed after the war and problems were identified when it comes to the Royal Navy's performance during the war. This type of effort to identify problem led to the attempt to analyze whether Royal Navy's preparation for war and rearmament policy during interwar period were adequate, and to identify the root causes of failure. Existing studies sought to find the root cause of failed rearmament from external factors such as the deterioration of the Britain itself or pressure from the Treasury Department to cut the budget for national defense, or sought to detect problems from the development of wrong strategies by the Navy. However, Royal Navy's failed preparation for the war during interwar period is not the result of one or two separate factors. Instead, it resulted due to the diverse factors and situations that the Britain was facing at the time, and due to intricate and complex interaction of these factors. Meanwhile, this research paper focused on the context characterized by 'strategic selection and setting up of priorities' among the various factors to conduct analysis on the Navy's rearmament by linking it with the discussion held at the time on setting up strategic priorities, and sought to demonstrate that the Navy Department's inadequate counter-measures developed during this process waned Royal Navy's position. After the end of WWI, each of the military arms continued to compete for the limited resources and budget all throughout the interwar period, and this type of competition amidst the situation in which the economic situation of Britain was still unstable, made prioritization when it comes to the allocation of resources and setting up of the priorities when it comes to the military power build-up, inevitable. Amidst this situation, the RAF was able to secure resources first and foremost, encouraged by the conviction of some politicians who were affected by the 'theory of aerial threat' and who believed that curtailing potential attack with the Air Force would be means to secure national security at comparatively lower cost. In response, Navy successfully defended the need for the existence of Navy despite the advancement of the aerial power, by emphasizing that the Britain's livelihood depends on trade and on the maintenance of maritime traffic. Despite this counter-measuring logic, however, Navy's role was still limited to the defense of overseas territory and to the fleet run-off instead of sea traffic route production when it comes to the specific power build-up plan, and did not understand the situation in which financial and economic factors gained greater importance when it comes to the setting up of strategic priorities. As a result, Navy's plan to build its powers was met with continual resistance of the Treasury Department, and lost the opportunity to re-gain the status of 'senior service' that it had enjoyed in the past during the competition for strategic prioritization. Given that the strategic and economic situation that Korea faces today is not very different from that of the Britain during the interwar period, our Navy too should leverage the lessons learned from the Royal Navy to make the effort to secure viable position when it comes to the setting of priorities in case of national defense strategy by presenting the basis on why maritime coping should be prioritized among the numerous other threats, and by developing the measures for securing the powers needed effectively amidst the limited resources.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1047-1061
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• 2015

Stratified random sampling is a powerful sampling strategy to reduce variance of the estimators by incorporating useful auxiliary information to stratify the population. Sample allocation is the one of the important decisions in selecting a stratified random sample. There are two common methods, the proportional allocation and Neyman allocation if we could assume data collection cost for different observation units equal. Theoretically, Neyman allocation considering the size and standard deviation of each stratum, is known to be more effective than proportional allocation which incorporates only stratum size information. However, if the information on the standard deviation is inaccurate, the performance of Neyman allocation is in doubt. It has been pointed out that Neyman allocation is not suitable for multi-purpose sample survey that requires the estimation of several characteristics. In addition to sampling error, non-response error is another factor to evaluate sampling strategy that affects the statistical precision of the estimator. We propose new sample allocation methods using the available information about stratum response rates at the designing stage to improve stratified random sampling. The proposed methods are efficient when response rates differ considerably among strata. In particular, the method using population sizes and response rates improves the Neyman allocation in multi-purpose sample survey.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.276-284
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• 2008

A computed tomography (CT) is a powerful system for the effectively fast and accurate diagnosis. The CT system, therefore, has used substantially and developed for improving the performance over the past decade, resulting in growing concerns over the radiation dose from the CT. Advanced CT techniques, such as a multidetector row CT scanner and dual energy or dual source CT, have led to new clinical applications that could result in further increases of radiation does for both patients and workers. The objective of this study was to review the international guidelines of the shielding requirements for a CT facility required for a new installation or when modifying an existing one. We used Google Search Engine to search the following keywords: computed tomography, CT regulation or shield or protection, dual energy or dual source CT, multidetector CT, CT radiation protection, and regulatory or legislation or regulation CT. In addition, we searched some special websites, that were provided for sources of radiation protection, shielding, and regulation, RSNA, AAPM, FDA, NIH, RCR, ICRP, IRPA, ICRP, IAEA, WHO (See in Table 1 for full explanations of the abbreviations). We finally summarized results of the investigated materials for each country. The shielding requirement of the CT room design was very well documented in the countries of Canada, United States of America, and United Kingdom. The wall thickness of the CT room could be obtained by the iso-exposure contour or the point source method. Most of documents provided by international organizations were explained in importance of radiation reduction in patients and workers. However, there were no directly-related documents of shielding and patient exposure dose for the dual energy CT system. Based international guidelines, the guideline of the CT room shielding and radiation reduction in patients and workers should be specified for all kinds of CT systems, included in the dual energy CT. We proposed some possible strategies in this paper.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.101-121
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• 2014

The study aims to develop the NCS based vocational curriculum model for the practical and creative human resources. For effectiveness of the study, the study consists of literature studies of both domestic and international, contents analysis, case study, expert(9samples) consultation and review, and in-depth-interview of the three advisory members. The validity of the developed model is analyzed through mean, standard deviation and contents validity ratio(CVR). The main results of the model development in our study are as follow. First, our NCS based vocational curriculum model for the practical and creative human resources is developed with the analyses of NCS development manuals, training standard utilization and training curriculum organization manuals, NCS learning module development manual and case studies, NCS research report, NCS based curriculum pilot development resources directed toward the high schools and vocational school as well as the domestic and international literature study on career training model like NCS. Second, based on the findings of our analysis in combination with the findings from the consultations with the expert and advisory committee, total 19 sub-factors of each step and domain are extracted. The sub-factors of domain in step 1 are the competency unit, definition of competency unit, competency unit element, performance criteria, range of variable, guide of assessment, key competency; in step 2, they are subject title, subject objectives, chapter title, chapter objectives, pedagogical methods, assessment methods and basic job competence; and in step 2, they are NCS based subject matrix table, NCS based subject profile, NCS based job training curriculum table, NCS based subjects organization flowchart, NCS based job training operation plan. Third, the final model including step 3 NCS based subject profile are developed in association with the linked organizational sub-factors of step 1 and step 2. Forth, the validity tests for the final model by the step and domain yield the mean 4.67, CVR value 1.00, indicating the superior validity. Also, the means of each sub-factors are all over 4.33 with the CVR value 1.00, indicating the high validity as well. The means of the associated organizations within the model are also over 4.33 with the CVR value of 1.00. Standard deviations are all .50 or lower which are small. Fifth, based on the validity test results and the in-depth-interview of the expert and advisory committee, the model is adjusted complemented to establish final model of the NCS based vocational curriculum for the practical and creative human resources.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.353-359
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• 2018

In this study, the performance between subjective refraction and open-field/closed view autorefraction was estimated. We measured the refractive error of early adults aged 18 to 20 years who did not have eye disease. The differences between measurements obtained by subjective refraction and open-field autorefraction for SE, J0, and J45 were $-0.13{\pm}0.53D$ (p=0.17), $+0.33{\pm}0.68D$ (p=0.01), and $+0.13{\pm}0.68D$ (p=0.26), respectively, with only J0 differing significantly. The differences between the measurements of subjective refraction and closed-view autorefraction for SE, J0, and J45 were $-0.30{\pm}0.42D$ (p=0.00), $+0.30{\pm}0.71D$ (p=0.02), and $-0.02{\pm}0.63D$ (p=0.88), respectively, with only SE and J0 differing significantly. The coefficient of accuracy for SE, J0, and J45 components of open-field and closed-view autorefraction were 1.04, 1.33, and 1.34 and 0.83, 1.40, and 1.24, respectively. It is possible to predict the refractive error, which is necessary when deciding on subjective refraction, by measuring the objective refraction of open-field/closed view autorefractors.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.244-250
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• 2012

The results of analyzing the difference between performances of individual dosimeters on this research subjecting the PLD and TLD, which are the official personal dosimeters, through dosimetry are as follows. After scanning the integral dose using an automatic scanner, the values of two devices that went through dose adjustment process had a statistical difference in TLD and PLD measurements under each filming conditions which were 70kVp, 200mA, 0.012sec and 42kVp, 100mA, and 0.012sec (p<0.001 and p<0.001 respectively). As for the difference of measurement value between DAP and the two particles under 70kVp, 200mA, 0.012sec filming condition, TLD had a value lower than DAP average value by $44.2mGy{\cdot}cm^2$ and PLD had a value of $246.8mGy{\cdot}cm^2$ which was lower than DAP average value by $15.5mGy{\cdot}cm^2$, while under 42kVp, 100mA, 0.012sec filming condition, TLD had a value lower than DAP average value by $17.9mGy{\cdot}cm^2$ and PLD had a value of $82.6mGy{\cdot}cm^2$ which was lower than DAP average value by 7.6$mGy{\cdot}cm^2$. Also, compared to PLD, each of 10 devices measured dose value in TLD had a larger deviation between the particles, and for a reproducibility test which repeatedly measured one particle, PLD had ${\pm}1%$ which was lower than TLD's ${\pm}2%$. As such, PLD had a superior performance result in dose measurement capacities aspect compared to TLD, and therefore we could verify that PLD is more appropriate and advantageous in managing radiation-related task performing worker's personal radiation exposure management in the diagnostic radiation field.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.35-41
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• 2001

This paper describes Linear Discriminant Analysis and common vector extraction for speech recognition. Voice signal contains psychological and physiological properties of the speaker as well as dialect differences, acoustical environment effects, and phase differences. For these reasons, the same word spelled out by different speakers can be very different heard. This property of speech signal make it very difficult to extract common properties in the same speech class (word or phoneme). Linear algebra method like BT (Karhunen-Loeve Transformation) is generally used for common properties extraction In the speech signals, but common vector extraction which is suggested by M. Bilginer et at. is used in this paper. The method of M. Bilginer et al. extracts the optimized common vector from the speech signals used for training. And it has 100％ recognition accuracy in the trained data which is used for common vector extraction. In spite of these characteristics, the method has some drawback-we cannot use numbers of speech signal for training and the discriminant information among common vectors is not defined. This paper suggests advanced method which can reduce error rate by maximizing the discriminant information among common vectors. And novel method to normalize the size of common vector also added. The result shows improved performance of algorithm and better recognition accuracy of 2％ than conventional method.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.199-210
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• 2002

In this paper, we carried out the study on speech recognition using the KM-Net topology design algorithm based on decision tree state-clustering to improve the performance of acoustic models in speech recognition. The Korean has many allophonic and grammatical rules compared to other languages, so we investigate the allophonic variations, which defined the Korean phonetics, and construct the phoneme question set for phonetic decision tree. The basic idea of the HM-Net topology design algorithm is that it has the basic structure of SSS (Successive State Splitting) algorithm and split again the states of the context-dependent acoustic models pre-constructed. That is, it have generated. the phonetic decision tree using the phoneme question sets each the state of models, and have iteratively trained the state sequence of the context-dependent acoustic models using the PDT-SSS (Phonetic Decision Tree-based SSS) algorithm. To verify the effectiveness of the above algorithm we carried out the speech recognition experiments for 452 words of center for Korean language Engineering (KLE452) and 200 sentences of air flight reservation task (YNU200). Experimental results show that the recognition accuracy has progressively improved according to the number of states variations after perform the splitting of states in the phoneme, word and continuous speech recognition experiments respectively. Through the experiments, we have got the average 71.5%, 99.2% of the phoneme, word recognition accuracy when the state number is 2,000, respectively and the average 91.6% of the continuous speech recognition accuracy when the state number is 800. Also we haute carried out the word recognition experiments using the HTK (HMM Too1kit) which is performed the state tying, compared to share the parameters of the HM-Net topology design algorithm. In word recognition experiments, the HM-Net topology design algorithm has an average of 4.0% higher recognition accuracy than the context-dependent acoustic models generated by the HTK implying the effectiveness of it.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2017

An analytical method for detecting metamifop residue in paddy water, soil, and rice with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. Water was extracted with ethyl acetate before analyzing by HPLC. Soil residues were extracted with acetone under acidic condition and after purifying with $Extrelut^{(R)}$ NT, and silica SPE, the residue was analyzed by HPLC. For residue analysis in rice, the procedure involved extraction with acetone, purification with $Extrelut^{(R)}$ NT, partitioning between acetonitrile/hexane, purification with silica SPE cartridge, and analysis by HPLC. The limit of detection (LOD) was 1.0 ng, limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 3.0 ng, and method limit of quantitation (MLOQ) were 0.001 mg/L for paddy water, 0.01 mg/kg for rice and soil, respectively. Standard calibration curve shows linearity from 0.05 mg/kg to 5.0 mg/kg ($R^2=0.9999$). The recoveries in fortified paddy water were $91.3{\pm}3.5%$ (0.01 mg/L level) and $93.2{\pm}6.3%$ (0.05 mg/L level). The recoveries in fortified paddy soils were $92.5{\pm}4.0%$ (0.1 mg/kg level) and $92.7{\pm}4.0%$ (0.5 mg/kg level) in soil A, while, $102.3{\pm}4.4%$ (0.1 mg/kg level) and $98.9{\pm}7.9%$ (0.5 mg/kg level) in soil B, respectively. The recoveries in fortified rice were $93.0{\pm}6.9%$ (0.1 mg/kg level) and $85.0{\pm}3.5%$ (0.5 mg/kg level). This method was proved to be effective and can be used to determine the metamifop residue in paddy water, paddy soil, and rice.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2012

Despite the enforcement of SSM control laws such as 'the Law of Developing the Distribution Industry (LDDI)' and 'the Law of Promoting Mutual Cooperation between Large and Small/medium Enterprises (LPMC)' stipulating the business adjustment system, the number of super-supermarkets (SSMs) has ever been expanding in Korea. In France, however, Super Centers are being regulated most strongly and directly in the whole Europe viewing that there is not a single SSM in Paris, which is emphasized to be the outcome from French government's regulation exerted on the opening of large scale retail stores. In France, the authority to approve store opening is deeply centralized and the store opening regulation is a socio-economic regulation driven by economic laws whereas EU strongly regulates the distribution industry. To control the French distribution industry, such seven laws and regulations as Commission départementale d'urbanisme commercial guidelines (CDLIC) (1969), the Royer Law (1973), the Doubin Law (1990), the Sapin Law (1993), the Raffarin Law (1996), solidarite et renouvellement urbains (SRU) (2000), and Loi de modernisation de l'économie (LME) (2009) have been promulgated one by one since the amendment of the Fontanet guidelines, through which commercial adjustment laws and regulations have been complemented and reinforced while regulatory measures have been taken. Even in the course of forming such strong regulatory laws, InterMarche, the largest supermarket chain in France, has been in existence as a global enterprise specialized in retail distribution with over 4,000 stores in Europe. InterMarche's business can be divided largely into two segments of food and non-food. As a supermarket chain, InterMarche's food segment has 2,300 stores in Europe and as a hard-discounter store chain in France, Netto has 420 stores. Restaumarch is a chain of traditional family restaurants and the steak house restaurant chain of Poivre Rouge has 4 restaurants currently. In addition, there are others like Ecomarche which is a supermarket chain for small and medium cities. In the non-food segment, the DIY and gardening chain of Bricomarche has a total of 620 stores in Europe. And the car-related chain of Roady has a total of 158 stores in Europe. There is the clothing chain of Veti as well. In view of InterMarche's management strategies, since its distribution strategy is to sell goods at cheap prices, buying goods cheap only is not enough. In other words, in order to sell goods cheap, it is all important to buy goods cheap, manage them cheap, systemize them cheap, and transport them cheap. In quality assurance, InterMarche has guaranteed the purchase safety for consumers by providing its own private brand products. InterMarche has 90 private brands of its own, thus being the retailer with the largest number of distributor brands in France. In view of its IT service strategy, InterMarche is utilizing a high performance IT system so as to obtainas much of the market information as possible and also to find out the best locations for opening stores. In its global expansion strategy of international alliance, InterMarche has established the ALDIS group together with the distribution enterprises of both Spain and Germany in order to expand its food purchase, whereas in the non-food segment, it has established the ARENA group in alliance with 11 international distribution enterprises. Such strategies of InterMarche have been intended to find out the consumer needs for both price and quality of goods and to secure the purchase and supply networks which are closely localized. It is necessary to cope promptly with the constantly changing circumstances through being unified with relevant regions and by providing diversified customer services as well. In view of the InterMarche's positive policy for promoting local partnerships as well as the assistance for enhancing the local economic structure, implications are existing for those retail distributors of our country.