• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.149-162
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• 2008

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) developed by the USDA-Agricultural Research Service for the prediction of land management impact on water, sediment, and agricultural chemical yields in a large-scale basin was applied to Daecheong Reservoir basin to estimate the amount of soil losses from different land uses. The research outcomes provide important indications for reservoir managers and policy makers to search alternative watershed management practices for the mitigation of reservoir turbidity flow problems. After calibrations of key model parameters, SWAT showed fairly good performance by adequately simulating observed annual runoff components and replicating the monthly flow regimes in the basin. The specific soil losses from agricultural farm field, forest, urban area, and paddy field were 33.1, $2.3{\sim}5.4$ depending on the tree types, 1.0, and 0.1 tons/ha/yr, respectively in 2004. It was noticed that about 55.3% of the total annual soil loss is caused by agricultural activities although agricultural land occupies only 10% in the basin. Although the soil erosion assessment approach adopted in this study has some extent of uncertainties due to the lack of detailed information on crop types and management activities, the results at least imply that soil erosion control practices for the vulnerable agricultural farm lands can be one of the most effective alternatives to reduce the impact of turbidity flow in the river basin system.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.303-326
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Gaji(Gyeongsang nam-do). The vascular plants which are collected in 12 times(from May to Oct. 2006 and Mar. to Oct. 2009) were identified as 573 taxa in total, including 106 families, 314 genera, 503 species, 6 subspecies, 56 varieties, 8 forms. There were many useful plants such as 20 taxa of Korean endemics and 10 taxa of specially designated plants which were determined by the Korea Forest Service. The designated in endangered plants by the Ministry of Environment, which should be protected by the wildlife protection law, were identified as 3 taxa and 64 taxa of specially designated floristic regional indicator plants by the Ministry of Environment. Based on the list of approved for delivering overseas of plants, 23 taxa were recorded in the investigated area. The naturalized plants were identified as 22 taxa, and their naturalization ratio were found to be 3.8% respectively. The 573 taxa listed consists of 217 taxa(37.8%) of edible plants, 181 taxa(31.5%) of medicinal plants, 91 taxa(15.8%) of pasture plants, 86 taxa(15%) of ornamental plants, 19 taxa(3.3%) of timber plants, 11 taxa(1.9%) of fiber plants and 7 taxa(1.2%) of industrial plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.209-224
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• 2012

This study was carried out to survey the vascular plants of Namhan River located in Chungju-si, and the period of survey was from June, 2010 to June, 2011. The results are as follows. The vascular plants distributed in Neungam, Mokgye and Jangcheon around Namhan river were summarized as 225 taxa including 52 families, 164 genera, 200 species, 23 varieties and 2 forms. The rare plant designated by Korea Forest Service was $Aristolochia$ $contorta$ Bunge, and the endemic plant was identified as $Salix$ $koriyanagi$ Kimura. The specific plants by floristic region were 7 taxa including $Salix$ $chaenomeloides$ Kimura, $Aristolochia$ $contorta$ Bunge, $Actinostemma$ $lobatum$ Maxim., $Artemisia$ $selengensis$ Turcz., $Cirsium$ $pendulum$ Fisch., $Alisma$ $plantago-aquatic$ var. $orientale$ Samuels. and $Carex$ $versicaria$ L.. The naturalized plants were 47 taxa including $Fallopia$ $dumetorum$ (L.) Holub., $Chenopoidum$ $album$ L., $Silene$ $armeria$ L., $Brassica$ $juncea$ (L.) Czern., $Melilotus$ $alba$ Medicus, $Trifolium$ $pratense$ L., $Oenothera$ $erythrosepala$ Borb$\acute{a}$s, $Ipomoea$ $hederacea$ var. $integriuscula$ A.Gray, $Bidens$ $frondosa$ L., $Matricaria$ $inodora$ L., $Xanthium$ $canadense$ Mill., $Panicum$ $dichotomiflorum$ Michx. and so forth. In life forms, megaphanerophytes (M) were 13 taxa, 13 taxa in nanophanerophytes (N), 14 taxa inchamaiphytes (Ch), 40 taxa in hemicryptophytes (H), 20 taxa in geophytes (G), 103 taxa in therophytes (Th) and 22 taxa in hydrophytes (HH). The ratios of the naturalized index (NI), the urbanized index (UI) and the disturbed index (DI) were 20.9%, 14.6% and 18.2% in all sites.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.105-122
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• 2012

This study was carried out to illuminate the flora of vascular plants of islands at Chungnam. This study was conducted from March to November, 2010. Based on the voucher, vascular plants of in investigated islands were 105 families 326 genera 454 species 4 subspecies 45 varieties 9 forms, totally 512 taxa. Korean endemic plants were 6 species such as Aster koraiensis, Salix koriyanagi, Indigofera koreana, Hemerocallis taeanensis, Hepatica insularis, Philadelphus schrenckii, rare and endangered plants of designated by Korea Forest Service were 4 taxa, such as Magnolia kobus (planted), Koelreuteria paniculata, Berchemia racemosa var. magna, Glehnia littoralis respectively. Phytogeographical special plants were totally 69 taxa, which were grade I of 50 taxa, grade II of 1 axon, grade III of 11 taxa, grade IV of 4 taxa, and grade V of 3 taxa. 14 southern plants and 4 northern plant by criterion from climate change study were found in this area. Naturalized plants were 17 families 46 taxa, that was 9.1% of total vascular plants in this area. Even naturalized plants has not influence on the islands vegetation. However, regular passenger ferry between islands and increasing of visiter will be affecting vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.565-577
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to understand the factors influencing the decline and the patterns of changes in Abies nephrolepis populations on Mt. Seorak. We installed permanent quadrats in the areas of the Gwittagicheongbong (peak), Gwanmoneungseon (ridge), and the Seorak Falls and have monitored the community structure, population dynamics, radial growth, and vitality in the quadrats since 2009. Excluding the Seorak Falls, the three research sites showed a three-layer structure in which the low-tree layer forms the canopy. Major tree species were Khingan fir, Korean arborvitae, Mongolian oak, Erman's birch, and Korean maple. The significance of Khingan fir in Seorak Falls decreased from 45.3% in 2009 to 36.8% in 2018. The number of shoots ($DBH{\geq}5cm$) was highest at 1,800 individuals/ha and 1,700 individuals/ha at the Gwittagicheongbong 2 and the Gwanmoneungseon, respectively. The mortality rates over the past 10 years were very high, at 38.3% and 35.3%, respectively, in the Gwittagicheongbong 1 and Seorak Falls. The most stable inverse J-shaped distribution in the Gwittagicheongbong 1 area was shown in the size-frequency distribution of the Khingan fir populations. The average annual ring growth of the Khingan fir was 0.96 ~ 1.73 mm/year, and the ring growth tended to decrease in the areas of Gwittagicheongbong 1, Gwanmoneungseon, and Seorak Falls, where the vitality was low. If the monitoring process continues, it will be possible to obtain basic data for the conservation and management of subalpine vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.408-423
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• 2021

We established and monitored survey sites in seven regions of Mt. Jiri to investigate population decline and change of the Korean fir (Abies koreana) over a ten-year period from 2009 to 2018. With the exception of one site (Seseok), the six remaining ones all showed a four-layer stratification structure. The importance value of Korean firs in all of the survey areas decreased significantly by 28.5%, from 55.7% in 2009 to 39.8% in 2018. The average population of objects with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 5cm or more in all survey sites was 711 objects/ha in 2018, and the cumulative death rate from 2009 to 2018 was 10.8%. Among the death types, DS (dead standing) was the most dominant, comprising 82.4% of the total survey area. However, in Banyabong 1, which had a high gradient of 35°, the death types other than DS accounted for 44.2%. We estimate that A. koreana can maintain a stable population as its distribution type for each diameter class in the Saeseokpyeongjeon site showed a reverse-J shape. The average annual ring growth in all survey sites was 1.09 mm/year, with the most abundant growth observed in the Seseokpyeongjeon site, which was formed mainly by a subtree layer. The growth ring survey showed the estimated average age of A. koreana population in the Byeoksoryeong and Banyabong 1 sites to be 102 and 91 years, respectively, a general downward trend of vitality since 2013.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.289-316
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• 2022

This study was investigated to elucidate the distribution of vascular plants and their usefulness of Seondalsan Mountain (1,236 m) in Bonghwa-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The surveys were carried out 20 times from April in 2014 to October in 2020. The vascular plants of Seondalsan Mountain was consisted a total of 638 taxa based on the voucher specimens; 96 families, 341 genera, 562 species, 18 subspecies, 53 varieties, 5 forms. 20 taxa of the Korean endemic plants were recorded and 1 taxa of Critically Endangered (CR), 3 taxa of Vulnerable (VU) and 9 taxa of Least Concern (LC), designated by Korean Forest Service as rare plants, were investigated in this region. Furthermore, V, IV and III degrees of floristic regional indicator plants, designated by the National Institute of Ecology, were included 1 taxa, 11 taxa and 28 taxa, respectively. Among them, edible, medicinal, fragrant, industrial, ornamental, ecological restoration, forage/compost plants were included 440 taxa, 505 taxa, 19 taxa, 234 taxa, 335 taxa, 214 taxa and 269 taxa respectively. In addition, 30 taxa of naturalized plants were observed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.460-467
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• 2022

In this study, we collected snake roadkill data from 2006 to 2017 and developed a species distribution model to identify the pattern of snake roadkill and predict the potential hotspot of snake roadkill in the Odaesan National Park of South Korea. During the study period, snake roadkills occurred most frequently on the road, which passes through between forest and stream at an altitude of about 600 m. The modeling result showed that the occurrence probability of snake roadkill was high on a road with a gentle slope at a distance of 25 m from the stream and an altitude of 600 m. The most susceptible regions for snake roadkill in the Odaesan National Park were located on National Route 6, about 2.2 km and 11.7 km away from the southern border of the park, and on Local Road 446, 3.44 km away from the southern border of the park. The results of this study suggest that providing alternative basking places and eco-corridors and installing protection fences that block the inflow of snakes into roads, preferentially around roads and streams at an altitude lower than 700 m would be an effective way of reducing snake roadkill in the Odaesan National Park.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.30-55
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• 2022

This study conducted a flora survey in the areas of Mt. Sambong (282m) and Mt. Jaung (263m), located in Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do. A total of 434 taxa, including 6 forms, 34 varieties, 11 subspecies, 383 species, 271 genera, and 94 families, were surveyed in the two mountain areas. The ferns were identified as 24 taxa from 10 families, the gymnosperms as 8 taxa from 2 families, the dicotyledonous plants as 322 taxa from 73 families, and the monocotyledonous plants as 80 taxa from 9 families. Five taxa, including Salix koriyanagi, Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Forsythia koreana, Paulownia coreana, and Hemerocallis hakuunensi, were identified as the Korean endemic plants. Eight taxa, including Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Tylophora floribunda, and Iris minutiaurea as Vulnerable species, andAristolochia contorta, Viola diamantiaca, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Lilium distichum, andArisaema heterophyllumas Least Concern species, were designated as rare and endangered plants designated by the Korea Forest Service. The invasive alien plants were 40 taxa, including Rumex crispus, Phytolacca americana, Cerastium glomeratum, Silene armeria, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium ficifolium, Magnolia obovata, Potentilla supina, Amorpha fruticosa, Medicago sativa, Robinia pseudoacacia, Trifolium repens, Euphorbia supina, Hibiscus trionum, and Oenothera biennisaccounting for 9.2 percent of the 434 taxa of the surveyed plants. As this area is a mountainous area close to settlement facilities, it is believed that ecological preservation measures and measures of specialized plants should be implemented.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.35-58
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• 2023

In this study, we conducted a flora survey at Mt.Bakdal (363m) and Mt. Myeongbong (245.3m) in Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do. A total of 405 taxa, including 2 forms, 32 varieties, 8 subspecies, 363 species, 261 genera, and 87 families, were surveyed in the two mountain areas. The ferns were identified as 12 taxa from 6 families, the gymnosperms as 6 taxa from 2 families, the dicotyledonous plants as 290 taxa from 70 families, and the monocotyledonous plants as 97 taxa from 9 families. The remarkable plants included 8 taxa of the Korean endemic plants, which were Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix koriyanagi, Clematis brachyura, Viola seoulensis, Forsythia koreana, Paulownia coreana, Weigela subsessilis, and Hemerocallis hakuunensis, and 3 taxa of the rare and endangered plants as designated by the Korea Forest Service, including Tylophora floribunda as Vulnerable (VU) species, and Viola albida and Chionanthus retusus as Least Concern (LC) species. The invasive alien plants were 35 taxa, including Rumex crispus, Phytolacca americana, Cerastium glomeratum, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium ficifolium, Lepidium virginicum, Amorpha fruticosa, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Trifolium repens, accounting for 8.5 percent of the 405 taxa of the surveyed plants. We intend to further identify plants through the studies on unsurveyed areas in the western part of the DMZ, identify the native habitats of rare and specialty plants, and use them as basic data for managing ecosystem-disturbing plants.