• 농촌계획
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.91-102
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• 2020

The purpose of study was analyze the pumping characteristics, Irrigation Efficiency(IE), and irrigation pattern by period of rice growing stage with based on the performance of design irrigation water requirement and operational Galshin Pumping(GP) station in GP irrigation district constructed under rural water development project master plan. GP station was located in Yedang reservoir, Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do and has been supplying irrigation water since 2006. The research data are the Irrigation Water Requirement(IWR) and the Pumping Water Amount(PWA) from 2006 to 2015 at the GP station, which is the supplied amount. The IWR were calculated using the Blaney-Criddle formula of the HOMWRS program, Hydrological Operation Model for Water Resource System, developed by Korea Rural Community Corporation. The Blaney-Criddle formula was used to calculate design irrigation water requirement of Galshin rural water development project master plan. During 2006-2015, the study period, the annual average IWR is 763.2(±149.1)mm, the annual PWA of the GP station is 397.4mm to 1,056.9mm, and those average annual PWA is 643.4(±208.4)mm. The annual IE of GP station 96.5% to 169.0%, and the average annual IE is 124.3%, which is higher than the research results conducted in other pumping stations. Analyzing the irrigation patterns of the GP irrigation district, the IWR Ratio per 10days(IWRR) and the PWA Ratio per 10days(PWAR) of the G P station were obtained. The IWRR is the percentage of IWR for each 10 days of a month to total IWR per year, and the PWAR is the percentage of PWA for each 10 days of a month to total PWA per year. The Kolmogorov- Smirnov(K-S) test results of IWRR and PWAR showed the characteristics classification by rice growing stage and stable normal distribution characteristics. Average IWRR(AIWRR) and Average PWAR(APWAR) are presented as irrigation patterns. Irrigation pattern analysis will be able to standardize comparison, analysis and probability calculation of the pumping station characteristics of different pumping stations and apply to objective evaluation of the pumping station district.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2019년도 학술발표회
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• pp.246-246
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• 2019

점착성 유사는 비점착성 유사보다 작은 입자 크기를 가지며 전자기적 점착력에 의해 연속적인 응집과 파괴의 과정인 응집현상을 겪는다. 응집현상에 의해 생긴 유사 덩어리를 플럭(Floc)이라고 하며 유사의 응집현상은 점착성 유사가 가지는 입자 크기, 침강속도, 밀도를 변화시킨다. 유사의 이동은 크기, 침강속도, 밀도에 영향을 받는다. 따라서 점착성 유사의 여러 특성에 관여하는 입자의 크기에 대한 충분한 이해는 점착성 유사의 이동을 파악하는 데에 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 점착성 유사의 여러 특성 중, 입자 크기 분포에 대한 특성을 분석하는 것을 수행하였다. 일반적으로 점착성 유사의 연구에서 입도 분포는 Log-normal 분포로 가정하여 사용되고 있다. 그러나 그 적합성에 대해서는 검증된 바가 없다. 따라서 과거 연구에서 조사된 점착성 유사의 입도 분포 자료를 현장에서 측정된 자료와 실험실에서 측정된 자료로 나누어 수집한 후, 표본에 통계학적인 방법인 적합도 검정을 사용하여 실제 어떠한 분포를 모사하는지 살펴보았다. 적합도 검정은 Kolmogorov- Smirnov (K-S)검정을 이용하였으며 K-S 검정의 결과가 유의수준 5%를 통과하는 경우 가정된 분포가 실제 표본을 잘 모사하는 것으로 판단하였다. 적합도 검정 결과, 점착성 유사의 입도 분포는 현장 실험과 실험실 실험에서 다른 특징을 나타내었다. 현장 실험의 경우 입도 분포의 형태가 지수 분포의 형태를 나타내는 경우가 많았으며 Gamma 분포가 우수하게 모사하였다. 실험실 실험의 입도 분포는 일반적인 양의 왜곡도를 가지는 분포를 그렸으며 GEV 분포와 Gamma 분포가 우수하게 모사하였다. 두 경우 모두 Log-normal 분포가 적합하다고 판단되는 경우는 많지 않았다. 그러나 Log-normal 분포에 위치 매개변수를 추가하여 3 매개변수의 분포로 모사한 경우 유의수준 5%를 통과하는 경우가 크게 증가하였다. 향후에는 점착성 유사의 입도 분포를 모사하고 사용함에 있어 Log-normal 분포를 무조건적으로 이용하는 것은 지양해야할 것으로 판단된다. 2 매개변수의 분포를 점착성 유사의 입도분포로 사용할 경우, Gamma 분포를 추천하며, 기존에 사용되던 Log-normal 분포를 사용할 경우 위치 매개변수를 추가하여 3 매개변수의 Log-normal 분포를 이용할 것을 추천한다. 또한 점착성 유사의 입도를 모사하는 분포를 개발하여 사용한다면 점착성 유사의 이동과 특성을 연구할 때 가장 중요한 크기 특성에 대한 많은 정보를 제공할 수 있다고 판단된다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.85-110
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• 2005

This paper aims at formulating various statistical models for the study of a ten year Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) data collected from various WIM stations in Hong Kong. In order to study the bridge live load model it is important to determine the mathematical distributions of different load affecting parameters such as gross vehicle weights, axle weights, axle spacings, average daily number of trucks etc. Each of the above parameters is analyzed by various stochastic processes in order to obtain the mathematical distributions and the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method is adopted to calculate the statistical parameters, expected values and standard deviations from the given samples of data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) method of approach is used to check the suitability of the statistical model selected for the particular parameter and the Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the distributions of maximum value stochastic processes of a series of given stochastic processes. Using the statistical analysis approach the maximum value of gross vehicle weight and axle weight in bridge design life has been determined and the distribution functions of these parameters are obtained under both free-flowing traffic and dense traffic status. The maximum value of bending moments and shears for wide range of simple spans are obtained by extrapolation. It has been observed that the obtained maximum values of the gross vehicle weight and axle weight from this study are very close to their legal limitations of Hong Kong which are 42 tonnes for gross weight and 10 tonnes for axle weight.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권8호
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• pp.2767-2773
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• 2021

We used the GEANT4 Monte Carlo MC Toolkit to simulate carbon ion beams incident on water, tissue, and bone, taking into account nuclear fragmentation reactions. Upon increasing the energy of the primary beam, the position of the Bragg-Peak transfers to a location deeper inside the phantom. For different materials, the peak is located at a shallower depth along the beam direction and becomes sharper with increasing electron density NZ. Subsequently, the generated depth dose of the Bragg curve is then benchmarked with experimental data from GSI in Germany. The results exhibit a reasonable correlation with GSI experimental data with an accuracy of between 0.02 and 0.08 cm, thus establishing the basis to adopt MC in heavy-ion treatment planning. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov K-S test further ascertained from a statistical point of view that the simulation data matched the experimentally measured data very well. The two-dimensional isodose contours at the entrance were compared to those around the peak position and in the tail region beyond the peak, showing that bone produces more dose, in comparison to both water and tissue, due to secondary doses. In the water, the results show that the maximum energy deposited per fragment is mainly attributed to secondary carbon ions, followed by secondary boron and beryllium. Furthermore, the number of protons produced is the highest, thus making the maximum contribution to the total dose deposition in the tail region. Finally, the associated spectra of neutrons and photons were analyzed. The mean neutron energy value was found to be 16.29 MeV, and 1.03 MeV for the secondary gamma. However, the neutron dose was found to be negligible as compared to the total dose due to their longer range.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to establish the estimation method of irrigation water amount for sewage treated water reuse for agricultural purpose. To calculate the irrigation water amount, we adopted Penman-Monteith for potential evapotranspiration estimation and applied crop coefficient and irrigation efficiency factor. We developed the irrigation water amount calculation program using C language in Xcode environment. The target district for calculation is having 259 ha of agricultural land located near the Jinyeong Clear Water Circulation Center in Hanrim-myeon, Gimhae city. The meteorological data of the study area were obtained from Changwon weather station from 1986 to 2017. Calculated average and maximum of annual mean potential evapotranspiration were 2.72 mm/day and 6.22 mm/day, respectively. We used K-S (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) for goodness-of-fit test to find optimal probability distribution of annual mean and maximum evapotranspiration. As a result, the normal distribution was selected for the appropriate distribution. The annual mean and maximum potential evapotranspiration for 10-year return period by applying normal distribution were 2.88 mm/day and 6.76 mm/day, respectively. Assuming that the irrigation efficiency is 80%, the irrigation water requirement was calculated as $36.05m^3/day/ha$ and $84.45m^3/day/ha$, respectively, when annual mean and maximum potential evapotranspiration were applied. The actual irrigation water amount can be calculated by applying the crop coefficient and cropping days for the study area based on the developed irrigation water amount estimation program in this study.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.82-95
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 2015년 8월, 동해 동남방 해역에서 수행된 해양 잔향음 빔 데이터를 분석하였다. 잔향음 데이터는 이동하는 연구선에 의해 예인된 LFM (Linear Frequency Modulation) 음원과 삼중선 배열을 통해 수집되었으며, 신호처리 과정을 거친 이후 해저지형, 음원/수신기 수심, 음속구조에 따른 잔향음 준위의 변화를 분석하였다. 추가로 해저 잔향음의 확률적 특성을 해석하기 위해 셀 평균화 알고리즘이 적용된 정규화 데이터가 활용되었고, 모멘트 추정기법을 통해 형상 모수를 추정하여 해저 산란체의 확률적 특징을 확인하였다. 또한, 콜모고로프 스미르노프 검정 기법을 이용하여 데이터가 레일레이 분포와 K 분포 확률에 일치하는지를 분석하였다. 결과적으로 해저 지형에 따른 잔향음의 거리종속 특성과 음원/수신기 수심에 따른 시간 지연 및 세기 변화를 확인하였고, 잔향음에서 레일레이 확률분포와 유사한 특성을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.54-60
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• 2019

Background: Increasing the establishment of integrated management systems (IMSs) is done with the purpose of leaving traditional management methods and replacing them with modern management methods. Thus, the present study sought to analyze the events and investigate the impact of IMS on health and safety performance indices in an Iranian combined cycle power plants. Methods: This case study was conducted in 2012 in all units of the Yazd Combined Cycle Power Plant on accident victims before and after the implementation of IMS. For data analysis and prediction of indices after the implementation of IMS, descriptive statistics and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Chi-square, linear regression, and Cubic tests were conducted using SPSS software. Results: The number of people employed in the power plant in an 8-year period (2004-2011) was 1,189, and 287 cases of work-related accidents were recorded. The highest accident frequency rate and accident severity rate were in 2004 (32.65) and 2008 (209), respectively. Safe T-score reached to below -3 during 2010-2011. In addition, given the regression results, the relation between all predictor variables with outcomes was significant (p < 0.05), except for the variable $X^1$ belonging to the accident severity rate index. Conclusion: The implementation of safety programs especially that of IMS and its annual audits has had a significant impact on reducing accident indices and improving safety within the study period. Accordingly, health and safety management systems are appropriate tools for reducing accident rate, and the use of regression models and accident indices is also a suitable way for monitoring safety performance.

• 국제물리치료학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.1750-1755
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• 2019

Background: Most of the previous researches on the abnormality of breathing pattern have focused on the silence of functional movements owing to such abnormality, however, have not been clearly identified the relationship between the abnormal breathing pattern on one hand and kinesiophobia and flexion relaxation phenomenon (FRP) on the other hand. Objective: To compare patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and healthy person in the abnormality of breathing pattern, kinesiophobia, and FRP during flexion and extension of the trunk. Design: Case-control study. Methods: The research subjects consisted of a group of 15 healthy adults and another group of 15 patients with CLBP. Capnography was used to measure the endtidal $CO_2$ ($EtCO_2$) and respiratory quotient (RQ). The muscle activity of multifidus and erector spinae of the subjects was measured during flexion and extension of the trunk to identify their FRP. The Nijmegen Questionnaire (NQ) and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) were utilized to measure their breathing patterns and kinesiophobia, respectively. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was conducted in order to analyze the normal distribution of the measured data. Their general characteristics were identified by the descriptive statistics and the independent t-test was performed to identify the differences between the two groups in terms of abnormality of breathing pattern, kinesiophobia, and FRP. The level of significance was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. Results: The patients with CLBP had significantly less $EtCO_2$ and shorter breathing hold time (BHT) than normal healthy person (p<.05). The patient with CLBP also had significantly greater kinesiophobia than healthy person (p<.05), and had less FRP than the healthy person (p<.01). Conclusions: These results suggest that the CLBP had greater abnormality of breathing pattern and kinesiophobia with less FRP than healthy person.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.440-452
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine if an 8-week therapeutic riding (TR) program was effective in improving the walking ability of students with intellectual disabilities. Thirteen students diagnosed with intellectual disabilities participated in the TR program. TR sessions were conducted twice a week (30 min per session), with a total of 16 rides taking place over an 8-week period. A gait measurement analyzer was used to measure progress based on a turn test (6-m walking and turning test), walk test (10-m walking), and timed up and go (TUG) test. Measurements were made three times: before horse-riding (P0), after 4 weeks (8 rides) of horse-riding (P1), and after 8 weeks (16 rides) of horse-riding (P2). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software (ver. 22.0). Descriptive statistics were generated on the general characteristics of the subjects, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify the normality of the data. Because of the lack of normality, the data were analyzed using a nonparametric method and the significance level was set to 0.05. Measurements of the duration of the forward gait cycle (s) in the turn test and the forward gait speed (m/s) in the walk test indicated improved walking ability after the TR program (p < 0.001); the stride length (% height) also increased significantly (p < 0.05). The walk test revealed a significant effect of the program on the duration of the forward gait cycle (p < 0.05), while there were significant improvements on the left and right of the elaborated strides (p < 0.001). No significant improvement in TUG test performance was observed after the TR program. In this study, an 8-week TR program had positive results on gait. Therefore, further research is merited, where TR programs are likely to improve the walking ability of individuals with intellectual disabilities.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2022

The unified scheme of Seyfert galaxies hypothesizes that the observed differences between the two categories of Seyfert galaxies, type 1 (Sy1) and type 2 (Sy2) are merely due to the difference in the orientation of the toroidal shape of the obscuring material in the active galactic nuclei. We used in this paper, a sample consisting of 120 Seyfert galaxies at 1.40 × 10⁹ Hz in radio, 2.52 × 10¹⁷ Hz in X-ray and 2.52 × 10²³ Hz in γ-ray luminosities observed by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) in order to test the unified scheme of radio-quiet Seyfert galaxies. Our main results are as follows: (i) We found that the distributions of multiwave luminosities (L_radio, L_X-ray, and L_γ-ray) of Sy1 and Sy2 are completely overlapped with up to a factor of 4. The principal component analysis result reveals that Sy1 and Sy2 also occupy the same parameter spaces, which agrees with the notion that Sy1 and Sy2 are the same class objects. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test performed on the sub-samples indicates that the null hypothesis (both are from the same population) cannot be rejected with chance probability p ~ 0 and separation distance K = 0.013. This result supports the fact that there is no statistical difference between the properties of Sy1 and Sy2 (ii) We found that the coefficient of the best-fit linear regression equation between the common properties of Sy1 and Sy2 is significant (r > 0.50) which plausibly implies that Sy1 and Sy2 are the same type of objects observed at different viewing angle.