• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.377-384
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• 2021

Researching the soil fungal community is important to understand the interaction between fungi and living plants. However, too few studies have examined the soil fungal community and their interactions with plants. Rhododendron mucronulatum, commonly known as Korean rosebay, is an important forest resource that has aesthetic, ecological, and potential pharmacological values. We used a pyrosequencing method to analyze the characteristics of fungal communities from R. mucronulatum soil samples from Biseul mountain county park, which is one of the famous places for large R. mucronulatum colonies in South Korea. We collected soil core samples in February and August at three sites in the Biseul Mountain County Park, taking into consideration the regional and seasonal conditions. We obtained 454,157 validated reads after pyrosequencing all six samples. The fungal communities from the first observation spot in August had the richest species diversity among the samples. Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota were major phyla in the samples. Agaricales_f, Mortierellaceae, and Clavariaceae were major families in the samples. The genus Mortierella was the most dominant in all six samples. Overall, 19 genera could be associated with R. mucronulatum. Sample 1 had 109 genera in sample 1, sample 2 had 111 genera, and sample 3 had 112 genera that were uniquely identified. The samples collected in August had 28 identified genera, that existed only in summer samples, indicating a weather effect. This study can be used as basic research to understand the relationship between soil fungi and plants.

• Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.434-448
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• 2018

Objective: The Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Bipolar Disorder (KMAP-BP) was first published in 2002 through an expert consensus of opinion, and updated in 2006, 2010, and 2014. This study constitutes the fourth revision of the KMAP-BP. Methods: A 50-item questionnaire was used to obtain the consensus of experts regarding pharmacological treatment strategies for various phases of adult bipolar disorder and six items for pediatric bipolar disorder. The review committee included 84 Korean psychiatrists and 43 child and adolescent psychiatry experts. Results: The preferred first-step strategies for acute mania were the combination of a mood stabilizer (MS) and an atypical antipsychotic (AAP), MS monotherapy, and AAP monotherapy. A combination of a MS and an AAP, and AAP monotherapy were preferred for psychotic mania. The first-step strategies for mild to moderate bipolar depression were monotherapy with MS, AAP, or lamotrigine (LMT), and the combination of a MS and an AAP or LMT, or a combination of an AAP and LMT. The combination of two among a MS, AAP, and LMT were preferred for non-psychotic severe depression. A combination of a MS and an AAP or the combination of an AAP with an antidepressant or LMT were the first-line options for psychotic severe depression. Conclusion: The recommendations of the KMAP-BP 2018 have changed from the previous version by reflecting recent developments in pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder. KMAP-BP 2018 provides clinicians with a wealth of information regarding appropriate strategies for treating patients with bipolar disorder.

• Mood & Emotion
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.109-122
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• 2018

Objectives : The objective of this study was to revise the Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Bipolar Disorder (KMAP-BP) 2014: Children and Adolescents. Methods : We performed the survey, using a questionnaire comprising 22 questions according to each situation, in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Results : First-line pharmacotherapeutic strategies for manic episode in children with bipolar disorder were a combination of mood stabilizer (MS) and an atypical antipsychotics (AAP), monotherapy with an AAP, risperidone, and aripiprazole. Aripiprazole was selected as first-line medication for depressive episode in children with bipolar disorder, and aripiprazole, and risperidone were selected as first-line at high-risk children. First-line pharmacotherapeutic strategies for manic episode in adolescents were a combination of MS and an AAP, monotherapy with an AAP valproate, lithium, risperidone (Treatment of Choice, TOC), aripiprazole, and quetiapine. First-line pharmacotherapeutic strategies for depressive episode in adolescents, were a combination of an atypical antipsychotics and lamotrigine, valproate, aripiprazole (TOC), risperidone, and quetiapine. For depressive episodes in adolescents at high risk for bipolar disorder, valproate, aripiprazole (TOC), and risperidone were selected as first-line medication. Conclusion : We expect that the present KMAP-BP 2018-children and adolescents, is useful for clinicians to treat children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.

• Mood & Emotion
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.123-128
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• 2018

Objectives : The fourth revision of Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Bipolar Disorder (KMAP-BP) was performed to provide more proper guidelines for clinicians. In this study, we evaluated treatment strategies of elderly patients with bipolar disorders of KMAP-BP 2018. Methods : Sixty-one psychiatrists of the review committee with vast clinical experiences in treating bipolar disorders, completed the survey. An expert consensus was obtained, on pharmacological treatment strategies for elderly patients with bipolar disorder. The executive committee analyzed results, and discussed the results to produce the final algorithm. Results : In elderly patients with bipolar disorder, first-line treatment option for acute manic episode is monotherapy, with atypical antipsychotics or mood stabilizer, and a combination of mood stabilizer and atypical antipsychotics. First-line treatment option for acute depressive episode, was a combination of mood stabilizer and atypical antipsychotics, monotherapy with atypical antipsychotic or mood stabilizer, and atypical antipsychotics with lamotrigine. Conclusion : In KMAP-BP 2018, the recommendation for treatment option in elderly patients with bipolar disorder, was newly introduced. We expect this algorithm may provide valuable information, and facilitate treatment of elderly patients with bipolar disorder.

• Mood & Emotion
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.129-133
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• 2018

Objectives : The fourth revision of Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Bipolar Disorder (KMAP-BP) was performed in 2018, to provide newer guidelines for clinicians. In this section, we examined expert opinions to facilitate clinical decisions relative to treating bipolar disorder with medical comorbidity. Methods : The survey was completed by the review committee, consisting of 61 experienced psychiatrists. This part of the survey constitutes treatment strategies, under major medical comorbidities. The executive committee analyzed results, and discussed the final production of algorithm. Results : Aripiprazole was the first-line medication for bipolar patients with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, and cerebrovascular comorbidities. Ziprasidone also was recommended as the first-line medication in case of metabolic syndrome. Lithium also was regarded as the first-line medication, in case of hepatic problems. Valproate also was considered as the first-line medication, in case of cerebrovascular problems. Conclusion : This study provided the most recent consensus among experts, for treatment of bipolar disorder with physical problems.

• Mood & Emotion
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.134-139
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• 2018

Objectives : Treatment for bipolar disorder is often complicated by various clinical situations. We undertook a survey of expert opinions to facilitate clinical decisions in special situations such as weight gain, metabolic syndrome, hyperprolactinemia, genetic counseling, and treatment adherence. Methods : A written survey that asked treatment strategies related to safety and tolerability, was prepared focused on weight gain, antipsychotic related hyperprolactinemia, lamotrigine related skin rash, treatment non-adherence and genetic counseling. Sixty-one experts of the review committee completed the survey. Results : In the case of weight gain related to medications, experts preferred exercise and education for diet-control. First chosen medications were lamotrigine, aripiprazole and ziprasidone. Recommendations based on expert survey results for treatment of bipolar patients in other special situations are outlined. Conclusion : With limitation of expert opinions, authors hope that results of this study provide valuable information to make clinical decisions about treatment of bipolar disorder in complicated situations.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.128-133
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• 2012

Objectives : Located on chromosome 10q22-q23, the human neuregulin 3 (NRG3) is suggested as a strong positional and functional candidate gene involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Several case-control studies examining the association between polymorphisms on NRG3 gene with schizophrenia and/or its traits (such as delusion) have been reported recently in cohorts of Han Chinese, Ashkenazi Jews, Australians, white Americans of Western European ancestry and Koreans. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association of one SNP in exon 9 (rs2295933) of NRG3 gene with the risk of schizophrenia in a Korean population. Methods : Using TaqMan assay, rs2295933 in the exon 9 of NRG3 was genotyped in 435 patients with schizophrenia as cases and 393 unrelated healthy individuals as controls. Differences in frequency distributions were analyzed using logistic regression models following various modes of genetic inheritance and controlling for age and sex as covariates. Results : Subsequent analysis revealed that the frequency distribution of rs2295933 of NRG3 was not different between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls of Korean ethnicity. Conclusions : This study does not support the role of NRG3 in schizophrenia in a Korean population.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.71-79
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• 2016

Evaluation of the walkability of the urban pedestrian network requires construction of a pedestrian network model that reflects Space Syntax Theory. Space Syntax Theory deduces an integration value through which materials for evaluation of the pedestrian network's connectivity can be produced; and can aid in illustrating the ease of walkability through the model's calculation of pedestrian indices such as movability, comfort, and safety. But the representation of space syntax theory in the pedestrian network requires that turn delay be added by means of a network-type construction method. While tree-based Dial Algorithm proposed for the logit-based probability walkability distribution model may be effective for link-based pedestrian volume distribution, it requires further network expansion to reflect turn delays. In this research, Vine-based Dial Algorithm is executed in order to obtain a measure reflecting the integration value for Space Syntax Theory. The Vine-based Dial Algorithm of two adjacent links, which forms the minimum unit of the Vine network, has the advantage of encompassing turn delay, and thus eliminates the need for network expansion. Usage of the model to evaluation of complicated pedestrian spheres such as urban roads is left to further research. Especially the progression of the proposed method is deduced through case study.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.35 no.1 s.108
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• pp.35-42
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• 2005

There is lack of data for the amount of vertical bone in the midpalatal region for miniscrew implantation. The purpose of this study was to measure the structure of the midpalatal suture area using CT image and V-works 4.0 program (Cybermed Inc, Seoul, Korea). CT images of 14 male and 14 female adults were reconstructed. In detail, it was 1) to measure the length of maxilla on the midsagittal plane 2) to measure vertical bone height in the midpalatal area 3) to establish the zone of safety for miniscrew implantation. The following results were obtained. The mean length of ANS-PNS was 51.08mm in males and 47.34mm in females. There was a statistically significant difference between males and females (p<0.05). The vertical bone height of the midpalatal suture area was above 0mm except for 6mm posterior from the central Point of ANS-PNS in males The zone of safety was located 19.43mm posterior from the ANS in males while it was 17.62mm in females along the palatal plane. These results support that the safety zone of the midpalatal area is suitable for screw implantation. Midpalatal miniscrew implantation is a powerful tool in modern orthodontics Through many applications. it can expand the modern orthodontic field.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.2 s.26
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• pp.215-222
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• 1989

The relationship between cadmium level and mental retardation was investigated. The 297 subjects with mental retardation were drawn from two schools providing special educational services, one, consisted of children living in an orphan home, another, children with parents. The 117 control subjects were drawn from whom had got average or above average academic achivement in a general elementary school. Hair sample was taken from the nape of the neck and the cadmium and zinc analysis were carried out on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (IL 551). Children in the retarded group had significantly higher cadmium levels compared with control but not in zinc levels. There was no relationship between metal concentrations and age except control male group, which showed significant positive linear relationship in zinc, and there was no difference between sex in both metal except the male orphan group in cadmium. In the orphan group, there was relationship between severity of retardation and cadmium concentration in both sex but not in retarded children with parents. No difference in cadmium levels between the group with Down's syndrome, one of causes of mental retardation, and the control group suggested the cadmium as a possible cause of mental retardation. In the case of accompanying autism, zinc level was significantly lower than that of other accompanying diseases. Although not establishing an etiologic relationship, findings of this study suggest that there are some influeces of cadmium on mental retardation, and call for a continuing study.