• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.33-44
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• 2006

Objective : The objective of this study is to observe the effect of Yukmijiwhangtangkamibang(YukmD with Liriopis Tuber, Amomi Fructus, Citri Pericarpium, Zizyphi Spinosae Semen, Drynariae Rhizoma Ephedrae Herba, Ginseng Radix, Phellodendri Cortex, on the experimental diabetes. Methods : In order to induce diabetes experimentally, injected streptozoticin to the vein in the tail of rats and then treated oral administration of Yukmi water extracts. In the measurement of the variation levels of glucose, ALP, creatinine, and BUN concentration for each concentration levels for serum (382.5mg/l00g, 510.0mg/100g, 637.5mg/100g), concentration level of glucose significantly decreased in 510.0mg/l00g concentration level of Yukmi. With this 510.0mg/100g concentration level of Yukmijiwhangtanggamibang, the following conclusion was derived from the measurement of the serum levels of glucose, ALP, GOT, GPT, creatinine, and BUN concentration for the streptozotocin injection date of each 4th, 11th, and 18th day. Results : 1. In the measurement for each concentrations. the glucose concentration level in the serum significantly decreased on the 9th day in the Yukmi group. 2. In the measurement for each concentrations, the creatinine concentration level in the serum significantly decreased on the 9th day in the Yukmi group. 3. In the measurement for each dosage dates, the glucose concentration level in the serum significantly decreased on the 18th day in the Yukmi group to which 510.0mg/l00g administrated. 4. In the measurement for each dosage dates, the got concentration level in the serum significantly decreased on the 18th day in the Yukmi group to which 510.0mg/100g administrated. 5. In the measurement for each dosage dates, the creatinine concentration level in the serum significantly decreased on the 18th day in the Yukmi group to which 510.0mg/l00g administrated. Conclusion : Yukmi that is Yukmijiwhangtang with Liriopis Tuber, Amoni Fructus, Citri Pericarpium, Zizyphi Spinosae Semen, Drynariae Rhizoma, Ephedrae Herba, Ginseng Radix and Phellodendri Cortex, is known to have effects to lessen the damages on renal function and liver function without causing damages on liver and kidney.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.151-160
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• 1997

This study was planned to evaluate the urinary ascorbic acid as a new biological marker for the intoxication of cadmium, which could possibly be driven by its increased utilization and environmental pollution. In order to meet this goal, we have peformed measurement of urinary ascorbic acid concentration, histopathological examination of the kidney, and biochemical test for the liver function using cadmium-intoxicated rats by oral administration. The average concentrations of urinary ascorbic acid in the $CdCl_2$-treated rats were 214.0 mg/dl for 100 ppm group and 254.3 mg/dl for 200 ppm group during experimental period of 50 days. These levels are 24 and 28 times higher than one in the control group (9.0 mg/dl), respectively. Ultrastructural study showed the eosinophilic hyaline cast and focal effacement, fusion in the renal tubules, as well as loss of foot processes on the glomerular epithelial cells. These results suggested that cadmium may be responsible for renal glomerular injury. The blood levels of AST, ALT and LDH in the treated groups (199 IU/I, 88 IU/I, 1190 U/I for the 100 ppm group and 270 IU/I, 226 IU/I, 760 U/I for the 200 ppm group) were higher than ones in the control group(143 IU/I, 50 IU/I, 334 U/I). These results indicated the cadmium induced the damage of liver function. In conclusion, the administration of cadmium showed a remarkable increase of urinary ascorbic acid with renal and hepatic damage. Therefore, it is expected that measurement of urinary ascorbic acid would be an powerful method as a noninvasive biomarker for cadmium intoxication.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.219-231
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• 2016

$^{99m}Tc$-DMSA planar scan that can analyze the functions of kidney quantitatively provides less information on a lesion than tomography scanning. Therefore, this study applied a high sensitivity all-purpose collimator that is sensitive to photonic signals to $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA and carried out a clinical scan with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). And diagnostic accuracy and time requirement of were analyzed to know the clinical usefulness of the applied scanning method. 10 subjects were intravenously injected with radiopharmaceutical product (1.0-1.2 MBq/kg) and scanned by a gamma camera with planar scanner (high resolution (HR)-mode, $256{\times}256$, 50 kcts/view, 4 image) and SPECT (HR / high sensitive (HS)-mode, $128{\times}128$, step and shoot, $180^{\circ}$, variable sec/angle, total 64 frame, OSEM reconstruction), respectively. The collected data was compared with an analysis program. The results showed that HS-mode SPECT detected total counts 1.8-5.6 times more than planar scan. Relative renal function evaluated based on the counts was not significantly different by two scanning methods (p=0.96) and it turned out that test time was shortened by 39% when HS-mode SPECT was used. Therefore, SPECT using HR, HS-mode collimator could analyze renal function more quantitatively than using planar scan and the former could diagnose the location information of a lesion more accurately than the latter as well as shortened test time requirement, which demonstrated the clinical usefulness of $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal SPECT using high sensitivity all purpose collimator.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this report was to provide the information about activity and safety of Ojeok-san by analyzing domestic/international papers about Ojeok-san. Methods : Domestic/international papers related to Ojeok-san were reviewed and analyzed. These papers were then classified by year, experimental method and subject. Results : The following results were obtained in this study. 1. The studies of Ojeok-san started from 1984 and has continuously increased. The studies were mainly focused on experimental models rather than clinical studies. 2. By subject, papers related to safety were most common with 5 papers among 20 papers. Besides there were papers related to efficacy of analgesic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-blood stasis and treatment for uterine myoma. 3. The papers related to safety were mainly focused on the effect of Okeok-san on liver function, renal function or metal concentration of organs such as blood, brain, liver, kidney and bone. Ojeok-san proved to be safe, but more clinical studies regarding the safety are needed hereafter. 4. Papers related to analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-phlogistic activities of Ojeok-san were in vivo studies, and other papers were about anti-hyperlipidemic activity, apoptosis inducing activity on uterine myeloma cell line and anti blood static activity on hydrocortisone acetate induced blood statis model. 5. Case reports were about anti-lipidemia, analgesic effect for mastalgia/back pain and anxiety disorder due to climacteric changes. Conclusion : Ojeok-san is being used in various ways with analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-phlogistic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-tumor or anti-blood statis activity. However, mechanism study should be conducted at the molecular biology level and more clinical studies on the efficacy of Ojeok-san are needed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.177-186
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• 1994

Pentastarch is a hydroxyethyl starch similar to hetastarch, but lower average molecular weight and fewer hydroxyethyl groups which result in enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis and faster renal elimination.This report was performed to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of 10 % pentastarch[Pentaspan , group I] for plasma volume expansion after open heart surgery with that of 5% albumin[Plasmanate, group II]. There were no statistically significant differences between the group I [n=18] and group II [n:19] in the preoperative parameters [age, sex, body weight] and operative parameters[bypass time, aorta cross clamping time]. During the first 24 hours after arrival of the patient in the surgical intensive care unit, colloid solution [500--1000 ml] was infused to maintain left atrial pressure of more than 8 mmHg, or cardiac index of 2.0 L/min/M2 of more. In results, there were 3 complications of hypotension immediately after infusion of 5 % albumin solution and 2 among the 3 patients were excluded for the study. However there was no complication after infusion of 10 % pentastarch solution. Hemodynamic responses to infusion was similar for both groups, although in group I a greater increase in both left atrial pressure[mean 1.8 versus 0.7 mmHg, p< 0.05] and right atrial pressure [mean 2.2 versus 1.7 mmHg, p < 0.05] was observed during infusion of the first 500 ml. There were no significant differences in any of the measured respiratory parameters[PaO2, intrapulmonary shunt, and effective lung compliance]. Homodilution with colloid significantly reduced hemoglobin [mean 1.2 versus 0.8 gm/dl], and serum protein and albumin level[total protein;4.8$\pm$ 0.5 versus 5.2 $\pm$0.5 gm/dl, p < 0.05: albumin: 3.2 $\pm$0.4 versus 3.6 $\pm$0.6 gm/dl, p < 0.05] by 6:00 AM on 1 day postoperatively, however there were no significant differences on 7 day postoperatively. The mean serum colloid osmotic pressure and osmolarity was similar in both group.There were no abnormal findings of liver function and kidney function in all the patients. There were no significant between-group differences in bleeding time, platelets, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and amount of chest tube output measured on 1st and 7th postoperative day. These findings demonstrated that 10% pentastarch is more effective and safe for plasma volume expension than 5 % albumin solution with no adverse effects on coagulation. Also 10 % pentastarch is less expensive than 5 % albumin and it would appeare to be a reasonable first choice for plasma volume expansion.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 1981

HBsAg. was identified in the urine of the patients positive for serum HBsAg. by Tripatzis in 1970. In 1977, Hourani et al reported the incidence of HBsAg. in urine was about 52% in the patients positive for serum HBsAg. with hemodialysis treatment due to chronic renal failure. A series of studies on the HBsAg. in urine has revealed the urine of the patients positive for serum HBsAg. to be important source of infection. But there's much room to debate on the relationship of HBsAg. in urine with infectivity and the exact mechanism of urinary emergence of HBsAg. The authors detected HBsAg. in serum and urine by employing sandwitch solid-phase rad ioimmunoassay, and performed urinalysis, liver function test and renal function evaluation. Percutanous liver and/or kidney biopsis were done. Among 38 renal disease patients, 9 cases (23.4%) were shown to be positive for serum HBsAg. and 5 cases (55.5%) among above 9 patients positive for urine HBsAg.. 56 cases (67.4%) of 83 liver disease patients revealed positive for serum HBsAg. but only 11 cases (13.2%) among the 56 cases positive fo urine HBsAg. All 10 renal and liver disease patients revealed positive serum HBsAg., and among the 9 cases (90%) positive for urine HBsAg.. In the 25 patients positive for urine HBsAg. all of 5 renal patients and 9 renal and liver patients had hematuria or/and proteinuria above 2 positive for albumin. But in the 11 liver patients 6 cases (55.1%) were normal findings. And there's no significant difference in cpm of urine HBsAg. between the patient positive for serum HBsAg. and negative, and in cpm of serum HBsAg. between liver and renal disease patients. But there's statistical significance in cm of urine HBsAg. between renal and liver diseases.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.215-230
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Bojungikgitang(補中益氣湯), Soeumin bojungikgitang(少陰人 補中益氣湯) and its component groups on diabetes in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing $200{\pm}10\;gm$ were randomly assigned to one normal, one control and five experimental groups. The experimental groups was classified into to Bojungikgitang(B1 group), Soeumin bojungikgitang(B2 group), Bogihyulyak(B0 group), Siho-sengma(B1+ group) and Gwakhyang- soyeup(B2+ group). Diabetes was experimentally induced by abdomenal injection of 100 mg/kg of body weight of alloxan. Animals were sacrificed at the 6th day and 11th day of diabetic states. The results were obtained as follows: In carbohydrate metabolism, the level of glucose in control group was three-fold higher after alloxan injection than that of normal group. In B1, B2 groups the level of glucose was decreased by 39% and 43% compared with that of control group, and in component groups it was decreased by 73%, 81%, and 80% respectively. In fat metabolism, the level of triglyceride and total cholesterol in serum were lower in B1 and B2 groups with high significant difference and had similar tendency in components groups compared with that of control group. The level of HDL cholesterol on serum were increased in B1 and B2 group with significant difference. And in component group it had similar tendency compared with that of control group. In protein metabolism, the level of total protein and albumin were higher in B1 and B2 group with significant difference, and in component group also increased but with no significancy compared with control group. In kidney function, the level of creatinine group with significant difference, and other compared with control group. In liver function, the level of GOT, GPT, ${\gamma}$-GTP. ALP and bilirubin were lower in B1 and B2 group with significant difference, and in component had similar tendency compared with control group. But in the level of LDH, it was decreased with no significancy. These results indicate that Bojungikgitang(補中益氣湯), Soeumin bojungikgitang(少陰人 補中益氣湯) has strong effect on diabetes and it is useful to prevent diabetes, and in component groups the difference between B1+ and B2+ group was not significant.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-25
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Yanghyuljanggeungunbo-tang(Yangxuezhuangjinjianbu-tang, YGKT) and electrical acupuncture treatment in spinal cord injury(SCI)-induced rats. Methods : The subjects were divided into 5 groups ; Normal, Control-no treatment after SCI, Experimental I(Exp. I)-taken with YGKT 500 mg/kg $0.5m{\ell}$ daily after SCI. Experimental II(Exp. II)-taken with electrical acupuncture after SCI and Experimental III(Exp. III)-taken with YGKT 500 mg/kg $0.5m{\ell}$ and electrical acupuncture after SCI. After each operation, the present author observed cytological changes, the motor behavior recovery and nerve regeneration by analysis of the motor behavior tests, EMG, hematological(AST, ALT, WBC), histological and immunological changes. Rats were tested by Motor behavior test at 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day. Results : 1. All the experimental groups were improved compared with control group in the motor behavior tests including Tarlov test, Basso-Beattle-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale, modified inclined plane test, open field test, grid walk test and narrow beam test. Especially Exp. III was significantly improved among other groups. 2. In EMG test, H and M wave were significantly increased in Exp. III. 3. All the experimental groups were significantly decreased compared with control group in AST, ALT and WBC. 4. NGF, BDNF and Trk B of spinal cord gray matter in all the experimental groups were increased compared with control group. Especially, Exp. III was more effective. 5. In histological observations, muscle contraction and denaturation of gastrocnemius muscle of all the experimental groups were inhibited. Especially, those of Exp. III was more effective. On the observations of liver and kidney, cell atrophy and apoptosis of all the experimental groups were decreased compared with control group. Especially, those of Exp. III was more effective. Conclusions : It can be suggested that YGKT and electrical acupuncture may improve motor behavior, EMG, hematological, histological and immunological findings in SCI-induced rats. Especially, combination of these two treatments will be somewhat better in spinal nerve recovery and motor function improvement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.968-972
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan, which is deacetylated derivative of chitin, on the renal function. Renal dipeptidase (RDPase, membrane dipeptidase, dehydropeptidase 1, EC 3.4.13.19) is glycosyl phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-anchored ectoenzyme of renal proximal tubular microvilli and was related with renal disease including acute renal failure, pyelitis and nephritis. The released RDPase and Udpase activities were assayed by modified fluorometric method. In vitro experimental groups were consisted of group 1, the concentration ranges of 0, 0.01, 0.05 and $0.1\%$ chitosan only, group 2, the concentration ranges of 1, 2 and 4 mM glycerol only, and group 3, the concentration ranges of 0, 0.01, 0.05 and $0.1\%$ chitosan in the presence of glycerol (4 mM). In vivo experimental groups were consisted of group 1 in which rats were treated with glycerol for the purpose of glycerol-induced renal damage, and group 2 in which rats were treated with chitosan plus glycerol. The RDPase release of 0.01, 0.05, and $0.1\%$ chitosan groups were increased in the concentration dependent manner. The RDPase release of 1, 2, and 4mM glycerol groups were decreased in the concentration dependent manner. Chitosan in the presence of glycerol restored the released RDPase activity in the proximal tubules. In vivo, chitosan inhibited the decrease of RDPase release by glycerol in the kidney and blocked the decrease of Udpase activity by glycerol in urine. These results indicated that chitosan was possible as a functional food to control renal function and its diseases.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.2 s.247
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• pp.146-151
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• 2005

Background: Preoperative elevated serum creatinine values are associated with increased risk for both morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). We investigated the postoperative changes of renal function and proper management in the patients. Material and Method: Among 74 consecutive patients who underwent isolated on-pump CABG, 17 patients with increased serum creatinine level $(creatinine\;\geqq\;1.5\;mg/dL)$ within preoperative one week wereincluded in the study. Seven patients showed pre­operative serum creatinine level of 2.0 mg/dL or higher, and 3 of them had been undergoing hemodialysis. Preoperative hemodialysis was performed in the 3 patients due to end-stage renal failure (ESRD) the day before the operation. We started peritoneal dialysis immediately after the cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with ESRD or postoperative acute renal failure if it was necessary to remove intravascular volume and lower serum creatinine level. Result In most of the patients with CABG, postoperative serum creatinine level increased and recovered to the preoperative level at the discharge. In 2 of the 4 patients with serum creatinine level of 2.0 mg/dL or higher and 3 patients with ESRD, intravascular volume, serum creatinine level and serum electrolyte were controlled with peritoneal dialysis. Conclusion: Postoperative serum creatinine level increased transiently in most of CABG patients, and intravascular volume and serum creatinine level were controlled by peritoneal dialysis only in the patients with acute renal failure postoperatively and those depending on hemodialysis.