• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2020

Purpose: The rice germ fraction is a better source of protein, lipid, and fiber than the rice endosperm. Furthermore, the rice germ is rich in bioactive phytochemicals such as γ-aminobutyric acid, tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytic acid, and so on. In this study, the phytosterol content and antioxidant activity of Keunnunjami germ (KG) or normal rice germ supplement were investigated in healthy adult rats. Methods: In vitro, quantitative assessment of phytosterols, including β-sitosterol, campesterol, cycloartenol, and stigmasterol, was performed. Comparative antioxidant activities of 2 rice germs were measured based on DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and ABTS radical scavenging capacity. In vivo, male Spraque-Dawley rats (30-weeks-old) were randomly assigned a diet of normal control (NC, AIN-93M diet), AIN-93M diet supplemented with normal rice germ 3% (NG3), or AIN-93M diet supplemented with KG 3% (KG3) and fed for 8 weeks. Results: KG contained significantly higher campesterol and stigmasterol contents and antioxidant activity than normal rice germ. The KG3 group exhibited significantly lower body weight gain as well as inguinal and total white adipose tissue weights. There were no significant differences in plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance level among the 3 groups. The plasma tumor necrosis factor-α concentration was significantly lower while leptin, advanced oxidation protein products, and interleukin-6 showed downward trends in the KG3 group. In addition, the superoxide dismutase level of the KG3 group was significantly higher compared to the NC and NG3 groups. Conclusion: This study indicates that KG can be considered as a valuable source of phytosterol components. Lastly, KG has strong antioxidant properties and may have potential to ameliorate elevation of proinflammatory cytokine production with age.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.549-559
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• 2009

The objectives of this study are to investigate the biomineralization of goethite and lepidocrocite formed on the twisted-stalk and the sheathed-filament structure that is suggest microbe origin, and heavy metal in the yellow Fe-hydroxide. On the ratio of Cl and the Cl/Br ratios that are a pollution and non-pollution of groundwaters, it is indicated that the groundwater in this areas were relatively contaminated by human activity. The composition of the yellow Fe-hydroxide consisted mainly of $Fe_2O_3$ and $SiO_2$. The content of $Fe_2O_3$ ranges from 58.57 wt.% to 75.7 3wt.%, and $SiO_2$ content ranges from 5.8 wt.% to 16.17 wt.%. Heavy metal elements such as Zn(max. 6,160 mg/kg), Pb(max. 377 mg/kg), U(max. 503 mg/kg), Cr(max. 203 mg/kg), Cu(max. 77 mg/kg), V(max. 162 mg/kg), Ni(max. 105 mg/kg) were observed to be rich in those yellow Fe-hydroxide. The lath and platy crystals and needle-shaped crystals were clearly observed on the twisted-stalks and sheathed-filaments structure. The goethite, gypsum, and lepidocrocite were identified in the yellow Fe-hydroxide by x-ray powder diffraction.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1416-1424
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• 2008

The objective of this research was to study the production and quality of forage at three different times of the year (April, June and July) of six winter cereals in the southern plateau of the Iberian Peninsula. The cereals studied were Triticale (xTriticosecale wittm) cv. "Tritano", Oat (Avena sativa L.) cv. "Prevision" and cv. "Saia; Rye (Secale cereale L.) cv. "Giganton", Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. "Cameo" and cv. "Albacete". The study was carried out in three different locations and over three successive years of harvesting. The three variables considered were location, year and cereal. The % dry matter (DM), % crude protein (CP), % acid detergent fiber (ADF), % neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and % ash content were determined for the three sampling periods and the quality was calculated in milk forage units (MFU/kg DM), the production in kg DM/ha, MFU/ha and kg CP/ha. In all three sampling periods the quality of the cereals was significantly influenced only by the year and by species. However, for production of dry matter (kg DM/ha), milk forage units (MFU/ha) and gross protein (kg CP/ha) all three variables were of significant influence as were their interactions. In the April sampling, the species which showed a significantly higher production ($p{\leq}0.05$) was rye (1,693 kg DM/ha), which, along with its forage quality (16.56% CP, 0.886 MFU/kg DM) meant that the same occurred in MFU/ha and kg CP/ha. Significant differences between species were also found for the June sampling. The most productive cereal was again rye with 2,656 kg DM/ha, although its sharp fall in forage quality meant that barley cv Albacete (2,513 kg DM/ha) returned the highest production in forage units (1,934 vs. 1,951 MFU/ha) and barley cv. Cameo (2,413 kg DM/ha) in gross protein production (242 vs. 264 kg CP/ha). The significantly highest cereal production for July was barley cv. Albacete (4,923 kg DM/ha, 9.11% CP 0.722 MFU/kg DM). As a consequence of the results, we conclude that from the viewpoint of nutritional quality and production, rye is the most suitable for use in early spring in whatever year and location. However, barley cv. "Albacete" is the most appropriate for utilisation in later spring or early summer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1166-1173
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• 2010

Sixteen Mediterranean pluriparous buffaloes were subdivided into two uniform groups of eight animals. The average weight of the two groups at the start of the trial was 671.2 and 656.7 kg. The number of days from calving were 33.4 and 33.3, and the average milk production was 12.73 and 12.33 kg/d. The trial lasted for 114 days, and was divided into two sub-periods of 58 and 56 days. The two diets, administered ad libitum, had the same forage/concentrate ratio (53/47) but in their formulation the percentage of the two forages varied. Diet 1: alfalfa hay = 10%, maize silage = 43%, concentrate 1 = 47% (6.63 MJ/kg DM of net energy; 179.5 g/kg DM of crude protein). Diet 2: alfalfa hay = 20%, maize silage = 33%, concentrate 2 = 47%, (5.99 MJ/kg DM of net energy; 155.4 g/kg DM of crude protein). For the overall trial period (33-146 days in milk), the intake of dry matter was 17.23 kg/d for Group 1 and 17.29 kg/d for Group 2 and corresponded to 2.50 and 2.58% (p<0.01) of live weight. There was no significant difference between the average weight (689.7 and 669.4 kg) and the body condition score (6.49 and 6.42) of the two groups of buffaloes. Group 1 produced a greater quantity of milk (11.89 vs. 10.90 kg/d, p<0.10) of better quality both for its higher fat content (82.32 vs. 77.29 g/kg, p<0.10) and its protein content (47.36 and 46.38 g/kg). The milk produced by the buffaloes receiving Diet 1 had a better clotting ability, lower values of r (15.98 and 16.42 min) and K20 (1.66 and 1.75 min) and a higher value of A30 (54.45 and 52.73 mm). Taking into consideration the two sub-periods, milk production was significantly different only in the first sub-period (33-90 DIM), in favour of Group 1 (13.08 vs. 11.56 kg/d, p<0.05), while the positive effect of Diet 1 was cancelled out (10.71 and 10.24 kg/d) in the second part of the trial (91-146 DIM).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.225-232
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• 1998

In order to monitor the degree of heavy metal distribution in upland cultivations in Korea, both the cultivated soils and crops were collected from the 854 and 140 sites, respectively. The contents of cadmium (Cd), copper(Cu), lead(Pb), and zinc(Zn) in each sample were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma(ICP) technique after 1N-HCl extraction. The content of Arsenic(As) was also measured with the same technique after 1N-HCl extraction. The average contents of heavy metal in surface soils(0~15 cm depth) were $0.135mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Cd, $2.77mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Cu, $3.47mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Pb, $10.7mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Zn, and $0.57mg\;kg^{-1}$ for As. Heavy metal contents of soil were similar to those values measured for upland soils in 1989, lower than soils under plastic film house in 1996. However, these contents were lower than "Countermeasure values for soil contamination"(Cd: 4, Cu: 125, Pb: 300, and As: $15mg\;kg^{-1}$ in soil) describled in Soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea(1996). The contents of heavy metal in fresh vegetable, and root and tuber crops ranged $0.005{\sim}0.019mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Cd, $0.20{\sim}1.03mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Cu, $0.042{\sim}0.104mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Pb, and $2.0{\sim}4.0mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Zn, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 1996

This survey was conducted to investigate the chemical properties of soils cultivated medicinal plants. The soils were collected at 254 sites(Angelica gigas : 81, Astragalus membranceus : 38, Platycodn glandiflorum : 36, Paeonia albiflora : 34, Codonopsis lanoceolata : 32, Ligusticum chuanxiong : 17. Bupleurum falcatum : 16, respectively) throughout the country by 0-15cm depth. The chemical properties of soils were pH 5.6, O.M 3.0%. Av.$P_2O_5$ : 405 mg/kg, Ex.K : $0.67cmol^+/kg$, Ex.Ca : $6.3cmol^+/kg$, Ex.mg : $1.6cmol^+/kg$. The percentage distribution of pH on the basis of soil sample numbers were much more at the 5.1-6.0 range than any other ranges, especially those of below pH 6.0 were 83-91% for Angelica gigas, Platycodn glandiflorum and Codonopsis lanoceolata. The distribution of OM and Av.$P_2O_5$ in soils were much at the 2.1-4.0% and above 500mg/kg ranges, respectively. And the content of those in soils cultivated with Platycodn glandiflorum were lower than any other medicinal plants. The distribution of exchangeable cations in soils were much at the 0.2-0.8, 2.1-4.0 and $0.5-2.0cmol^+/kg$ of Ex.K. Ca and mg. respectively, and the contents were higher in soils cultivated Astragalus membranceus. and lower in soils cultivated Platycodn glandiflorum and Codonopsis lanoceolata than any other samples.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.613-621
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• 2011

Plastic house and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of substrate components and shade degrees on plant growth and physiologically-active substance content and antioxidant activity of Panax ginseng. No significant difference in growth characteristics among substrates was observed. However, shade treatment also significantly reduced leaf area, chlorophyll content, root length, and shoot and root fresh weight (P<0.05) with increasing of the degree. Total phenolics level [mg ferulic acid equivalents (FAE) $kg^{-1}$ DW] was higher in root parts (25.8 to 28.4 mg $kg^{-1}$) than shoot parts (20.7 to 23.8 mg $kg^{-1}$) of Panax ginseng, and with shade (23.7 to 28.4 mg $kg^{-1}$) than without shade (20.7 to 25.8 mg $kg^{-1}$). However, total flavonoids [mg naringin equivalents $kg^{-1}$ DW] was more detected in the shoot part (17.4 to 26.8 mg $kg^{-1}$) than in the root part (6.7 to 7.0 mg $kg^{-1}$) of Panax ginseng. Methanol extracts from the Panax ginseng plants dose-dependently increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity as a antioxidant potential, and the activity was higher in shoot parts (31.1 to 36.5%) than in root parts (24.9 to 28.7%), and without shade than with shade. In conclusion, shade affects plant growth as well as physiological activity of Panax ginseng under plastic house condition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

In this paper, an analysis of the inflowing pollution load of the rivers in Hampyeong bay showed the average organic matter pollution loads of BOD, COD, and TOC to be 79.7 kg-BOD/day, 144.06 kg-COD/day, and 93.0 kg-TOC/day, respectively. The inflowing organic matter pollution load was the heaviest in Sonbul dike, followed by Jupo bridge and Yangman complex. With regard to season, the load characteristics were outstanding in July, the rainy period in the summer. The average inflowing pollution loads of nutrients were 20.9 kg-DIN/day, 17.1 kg-DIP/day, 148 kg-TN/day, and 37.4 kg-TP/day A comparison of the inflowing nutrients loads for each river showed the load to be the heaviest in Yangman complex, followed by Baegok bridge and Jupo bridge. In the experiment on the material budgets of Hampyeong bridge conducted using a box model, the detention time of fresh water was found to be 52.4 days, with the bay displaying the characteristics of a so dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the nutrients material budgets, ${\Delta}DIN$ values were found to be negative, indicating the tendency of consumption and open sea leak by photosynthesis to be higher than the nitrogen that flowed in. As for dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), ${\Delta}DIP$ showed positive values, indicating a tendency for accumulation as the supply through organic matter decomposition, elution load of sediments, and inflowing load of the river turned out to be higher than the consumption by phytoplankton and outflow to open sea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.567-573
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• 2012

This study was carried out to examine the effect of soil amendment treatments [(organic fertilizer: 20 kg $tree^{-1}$; compound fertilizer+wood-char fertilizer: compound fertilizer 4 kg $tree^{-1}$+wood-char 2 kg $tree^{-1}$; lime fertilizer: 3 kg $tree^{-1}$; mixed fertilizer: compound fertilizer 1 kg $tree^{-1}$+organic fertilizer 10 kg $tree^{-1}$+wood-char 1 kg $tree^{-1}$; control (no fertilizer)] on flowering and fruit characteristics in chestnut (Castanea crenata S. et Z.) orchards in Jinju and Sancheong, Gyeongsangnam-do. Diameter of fruiting shoot increased generally after soil amendment treatments compared with the control, while number of leaf, female and male flowers were not affected by the treatments. Nut weight increased after soil amendment treatments in Jinju, but was not affected by the treatments in Sancheong. There was a positive correlation between soil pH (r=0.91) or exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ (r=0.99) and nut weight in Jinju and a positive correlation (r=0.97) between organic carbon content and soluble solid concentration, while a negative correlation (r=-0.92) between exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$ and soluble solid concentration of nuts in Jinju. However, the nut weight and soluble solid concentration in Sancheong were not correlated with soil properties. The results indicate that the characteristics of flowering and nuts in chestnut orchards depend on soil properties after soil amendment treatments between regions which show better responses on poor sites than on good sites.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.69 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 1985

To estimate the aboveground biomass of Pinus rigida and Pinus rigida ${\times}$ taeda 22-year-old plantations, the experimental plots of $200m^2$ in size located in Kwangju of Jeonlanam-do were selected. Nine sample trees selected at each plot taking account of DBH distribution were felled and the diagram of oven-dry weight distribution of stem, branch, and needle for each 1m segment was constructed. The logarithmic regression equations between dry weight of each component (stems, branches, and needles) and the variable of $(DBH)^2{\cdot}H$ were obtained. The aboveground standing crops was estimated to be as much as 71.61 and 142.32 tons of dry matter per hectare in P. rigida and P. rigida ${\times}$ taeda stand respectively. The net production was estimated as 10.81 and 10.46 t/ha/yr and the net assimilation rate 1.32 and 1.00 kg/kg/yr in P. rigida and P. rigida ${\times}$ taeda stand respectively. And the efficiency of needles to produce stem was 0.97 and 0.81 kg/kg/yr in same order.