• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.327-338
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• 2014

The objective of this study is to enhance the effectiveness of Korean Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) program. Three main tasks are: to measure pollutant emissions of in-use light-duty diesel vehicles (LDVs); to evaluate the validity of existing smoke control scheme for low-smoke-emitting vehicles, which have diesel particulate filters, DPF, to meet stringent Euro-5 emission limits; and to assess the necessity and the benefit of $NO_x$ inspection, which is not involved in current I/M program. We measured second-by-second smoke, particulate and gaseous emissions of 27 LDVs using opacity smoke meter, photo-acoustic soot sensor, and portable emissions measurement system, respectively, under the Korean I/M test driving cycle, KD-147. We find that the DPF plays a key role in controlling soot, which can be considered as black carbon contained in particulate matter. Thus, from an I/M perspective, we believe smoke inspection strategies for Euro-5 diesel vehicles should be more focused on the capability of detecting DPF malfunctions or failures, in order to keep DPF properly functional. Fleet averaged distance-specific $NO_x$ emissions are consistently higher than corresponding emission limits, and the values are similar among pre-Euro-3, Euro-3, and Euro-4 vehicle fleets. These findings indicate that the $NO_x$ inspection should be incorporated into current I/M program in order to manage urban $NO_x$ emissions. This research allows the Korean I/M program keep pace with developments in vehicle technologies, as well as the increased emphasis on $NO_x$ with respect to air quality and human health.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.253-260
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• 1999

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to make and use monoclonal Ab which reacts with CMV major immediate early(${\alpha}$) protein(p72). Methods : Normal human fibroblast(Foreskin derived) was cultured in Eagle's minimal essential medium(MEM) containing 10% cowfetus serum and mouse chondroblast was cultured in P3X63 Ag8.653(ATCC. Maryland USA) to maintain $5{\times}10^5/ml$ cell counts. CMV(KJHJ90) from congenital CMV infected infant's urine was multiplied and used for Ab making. CMV Ag was injected 4 times, 1 week interval into the peritoneal space of 6~8 weeks old mice. And then lymphocyles and fibroblasts taken from spleen were obtained and conjugated. After the conjugated cell cultured, we chose the cell that had high Ab titer using indirect immunofluerescent method. Results : Among the 28 monoclonal antibodies obtained LPC12 and LPC23 reacted highly with nucleus of AD169 infected cell. Purified AD169 after SDS-PAGE, molecular weight of Ag, which reacted with purified monoclonal Ab, was obtained using Western blotting. Monoclonal Ab of LPC12 and LPC23 clone reacted most highly with 72 kd Ag. Conclusion : LPC12 and LPC23 clonal Ab with AD 169(P63-27) is useful on early diagnosis of CMV infection.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.153-165
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• 1994

In this study, we tested the influences of several ${\kappa}$ opioid ligands on the $[^3H]diprenorphine$ binding in rat and guinea pig cortex membrane preparations. Using paradigm to block ${\mu}\;and\;{\delta}$ opioid receptors with $DAMGO(1{\mu}M)$ and $DPDPE(1{\mu}M)$, $[^3H]diprenorphine$ labeled ${\kappa}$ sites. Competition analysis in both rat and guinea pig cortex has shown a single population of $[^3H]diprenorphine$ binding site with different Kd values, respectively. There is a significant difference in Ki values of (-) WIN44441 and (+)WIN44441 in both rat and guinea pig cortex. Bremazocine, (-)ethylketocyclazocine, (-)cyclazocine, nor-binaltorphimine effectively inhibited the $[^3H]diprenorphine$ binding with different Ki values in rat and guinea pig cortex. U-69,593, U-50,488H and dynorphine-A (1-8) did not inhibit the $[^3H]diprenorphine$ binding in rat but in guinea pig cortex. Nor-binaltorphimine was a ligand discriminate the ${\kappa}_1$, and ${\kappa}_2$ receptor most effectively. We, also, examined the influence of Na ion and $GTP{\gamma}S$, a nonhydrolyzable guanine nucleotide analog, on the inhibition of $[^3H]diprenorphine$ binding by diprenorphine, (-)ethyl-ketocyclazocine, U-69,593 and bremazocine. By the replacement of NaCl with N-methy-D-glucamine or addition of $GTP{\gamma}S$, Ki values of diprenorpnine were not changed and that of ethylketocyclazocine were changed significantly in both rat and guinea pig cortex. The Ki value of bremazocine was decreased by removal of Na ion, and increased by $GTP{\gamma}S$, however, was not changed by any one of either. These results suggest that there are 2 kinds of subtypes of ${\kappa}$ opioid receptor, ${\kappa}_1$, and ${\kappa}_2$, showing different Ki values for various ${\kappa}$ opioid ligands, also, bremazocine possess the antagonistic property at ${\kappa}_2$ site which is dominant subtype of K receptor in rat cortex.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.6
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• pp.769-774
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• 1997

Non-neuronal high affinity binding sites for benzodiazepines have been found in many peripheral tissues including cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle, and have been designated as 'peripheral benzodiazepine receptor'. Benzodiazepines have been shown to induce relaxation of the ileal, vesical, and uterine smooth muscles. However, it is still unclear about possible involvement of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor on the contractility of trachealis muscle. This study was performed to investigate the role of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor on the contractility of canine trachealis muscle. Canine trachealis muscle strips of 15 mm long were suspended in an isolated organ bath containing 1 ml of physiological salt solution maintained at $37^{\circ}C$, and aerated with $95%\;O_2/5%\;CO_2$. Isometric myography was performed, and the results of the experiments were as follows: Ro5-4684, FGIN-1-27 and clonazepam reduced a basal tone of isolated canine trachealis muscle strip concentration dependently, relaxant actions of RoS-4684 and FGIN-1-27 were antagonized by PK11195, a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Flumazenil, a central type antagonist, did not antagonize the relaxant action of Peripheral type agonists. Saturation binding assay of [3H]Ro5-4864 showed a high affinity$(Kd=5.33{\pm}1.27nM,\;Bmax=\;867.3{\pm}147.2\;fmol/mg\;protein)$ binding site on the canine trachealis muscle. Ro 5-4684 suppressed the bethanechol-, 5-hydroxyoyptamine- and histamine- induced contractions. Platelet activating factor (PAF) exerted strong and prolonged contraction in trachealis muscle strip. Strong tonic contraction by PAE was attenuated by Ro 5-4684, but not by WEB 2086, a PAF antagonist. Based on these results, it is concluded that the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor mediates the inhibitory regulation of contractilty of canine trachealis muscle.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.103-125
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• 1997

An epidemiologic study on pleuropneumonia in the slaughter pigs(Chonan and Asan area, Chungnam province, Korea) during the period of January 1994 through December 1995 was conducted. Isolation of A pleuropneumoniae was attempted in 425 pigs with pneumonic lesions. Biochemical properties, antimicrobial susceptibility, serotypes and pathogenicity of isolated A pleuropneumoniae were investigated. In addition, outer membrane protein(OMP) of the Isolates were extracted to determine its properties and immunogenicity in both mice and piglets The results obtained through this study were summarized as followed ; 1. Of 3, 395 slaughter pigs, pleuropneumonia was observed in 425 pigs(10.6%). A pleuropneumoniae was isolated from 22 pigs(5.2%) out of 425 pigs with pneumonic lesions. The biochemical properties of all isolates were same as those of reference A pleuropneumoniae strain. Among 22 isolates, 9, 1 and 12 isolates were serovar 2, 3 and 5, respectively. 2. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that the isolates showed high susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and cephalothin, moderate susceptibility to amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin and streptomycin, and low susceptibility to erythromycin, tylosin and sulfadimethoxin. 3. The isolates were varied in pathogenicity to mice. Median lethal dose of LE9402(serovar 2) and LE9511(serovar 5) were $9.2{\times}10^7$ CFU and $2.8{\times}10^7$%CFU, respectively. Specific pneumonic lesions were observed from the infected mice with clinical signs. Bacteria recovery rate was high in the lung, but low In heart blood and tracheas. 4. Serovar 2 was found to be more pathogenic than serovar 5 in guinea pig. Mortality on guinea pigs inoculated with serovar 2($5.4{\times}10^8-5.4{\times}10^6$CFU) and serovar 5($2.8{\times}10^8-2.8{\times}10^6$ CFU) was 20~40% and 40~80%, respectively. A severe hemorrhagic lesions and focal pneumonic lesions were observed from dead guinea pigs. Bacteria recovery rate was relatively higher in the lung than that of other organs. 5. In the SDS-PAGE analysis, OMP-enriched fractions of both isolates and reference strains contain common peptide bands equivalent to molecular weight of 17, 27, 42, 52 and 95Kd. In addition to common peptide bands, the bands which are specific to each isolate were also observed. The profiles of Sephadex G25 fractions showed 3 major peaks. The common peptide bands which were observed by SDS-PAGE of the crude OMPs were found in the peaks 1 and 2. 6. The OMPs extracted from serovar 2(LE9402) and serovar 5(LE9511) provided high level of protection in mice(70~80%) and pigs(100%). All animals inoculated with OMPs were seroconverted, showing micro-agglutination titer of 640 to 1280.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.26-34
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• 2008

The information of traversability and path planning is essential for UGV(Unmanned Ground Vehicle) navigation. Such information can be obtained by analyzing 3D terrain. In this paper, we present the method of 3D terrain modeling with color information from a camera, precise distance information from a 2D Laser Range Finder(LRF) and wheel encoder information from mobile robot with less data. And also we present the method of 3B terrain modeling with the information from GPS/IMU and 2D LRF with less data. To fuse the color information from camera and distance information from 2D LRF, we obtain extrinsic parameters between a camera and LRF using planar pattern. We set up such a fused system on a mobile robot and make an experiment on indoor environment. And we make an experiment on outdoor environment to reconstruction 3D terrain with 2D LRF and GPS/IMU(Inertial Measurement Unit). The obtained 3D terrain model is based on points and requires large amount of data. To reduce the amount of data, we use cubic grid-based model instead of point-based model.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.459-466
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• 2007

The cDNA sequence of the Japanese flounder (Paralychthys olivaceus) IgD has been previously reported (GenBank accession no. AB052658) and this was followed by the detection of IgD mRNA expression in some flounder organ tissues. However, it has not been determined whether the flounder IgD gene is virtually expressed into IgD protein. To characterize the flounder immunoglobulins utilized in elucidating the mechanism, evolution and diversity of the flounder immune system, antibodies specific to IgD and IgM were necessary. In the present study, partial flounder recombinant IgD (rIgD), IgM (rIgM) and the conserved regions of IgD and IgM (rCIg) were produced by cloning the cDNA sequence using isotype specific primers which were designed to produce unique fragments of IgD and IgM specific amino acid sequences. The production of recombinant Igs was ascertained by SDS-gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis using anti-T7$\cdot}$Taq antibody. The produced recombinant Igs were purified using affinity columns, and used as immunogens. Antibodies specific to the isotype of flounder Igs were generated by immunizing rabbits with rfIgs and the antibodies produced were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting. Specificities of the generated antibodies were evaluated by testing cross-reactivity between recombinant IgM and IgD. By ELISA, rabbit antibodies against the rfIgD fragment (anti-rfIgD) failed to recognize any kind of flounder serum Igs, whereas respective antibodies against rfCIg (anti-rfCIg) and rfIgM fragments (anti-rfIgM) reacted with serum Igs. Likewise, in immunoblot assays, though anti-rfIgD did not, both anti-rfCIg and anti-rfIgM bound with the ~85 kd flounder IgM heavy chain. By flow cytometry analysis, anti-rfCIg, anti-rfIgD and anti-rfIgM reacted with 6%, 3% and 6.5% of cells, respectively, suggesting that flounder IgD is not secreted in serum but expressed on flounder B-like cell surfaces as in mammals. Antibodies produced against recombinant flounder Igs could be used to develop sandwich assay systems for detecting flounder Igs and for further investigating the flounder immune system.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.857-863
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• 2017

The FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (FosB) gene is located at chromosome 19, and encodes 43 Kda protein. Functionally, the FosB gene is important for differentiation, development, and pathogenesis. Furthermore, the FosB gene is suggested as possible biomarker for tracing disease prognosis. In this study, we constructed plasmid containing a FosB promoter region and evaluate its promoter activity. We analyzed the putative promoter region in FosB genomic DNA using bioinformatics program, and we found important regulatory elements in 1 Kb upstream from transcription start site (TSS). Therefore, we performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification on region from-1,555 upstream to +73 of the FosB genomic DNA, and PCR product was inserted into TA vector to create the $TA-1^{st}FosBp$ plasmid. We then prepared the primer sets, which contain a restriction enzyme site for Kpn1 and Nhe1, in order to reinsert into the TA vector to prepare $TA-2^{nd}FosBp$ plasmid. It was finally subcloned into pGL3-luc vector after enzyme cutting. To evaluate whether the cloned plasmid is useful in cell based experiment, we performed luciferase assay with pGL3-FosBp-luctransfection. FosB promoter activity was increased compared to empty vector, and this activity was significantly increased by treatment of doxorubicin and taxol. We obtained consistent data on regulation of FosB gene expression after anticancer drug treatment using Western blot analysis. The results suggest that promoter cloning of the human FosB gene is very useful for studying gene expression and analyzing biomarkers.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.307-322
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• 1996

The corpus luteum (CL) is formed by the action of a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) on the pre-ovulatory follicle. Luteal cells derived from granulosa and theca interna cells continue to secrete progesterone for about two weeks. LH in domestic animals is essential for the normal secretion of progesterone at all stages of the luteal phase. For this process in the rodents, 20$\alpha$-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20$\alpha$-HSD) is indispensable. 20$\alpha$-HSD is an enzyme to be a biologically inactive steroid. This enzyme plays a critical role in the regulation of the rat luteal function and reported to be present in steroid-producing tissues such as the testis and adrenal gland. We have purified 20$\alpha$-HSD and found two distinct 20$\alpha$-HSD molecules (HSD-1 and HSD-2). Their molecular weights are both estimated to be 33kd.The amino acid compositions of HSD-1 and HSD-2 are mostly similar, but there is a slight difference in the content of lysine. We demonstrated that 1) CL of previous generations contribute more to whole ovarian 20$\alpha$-HSD activity, 2) newly formed corpora lutea contain only 20$\alpha$-HSD-1 activity, and 3) old CL express activities of each HSD isozyme as shown in the luteal tissue of cycling rats on the day of diestrus where only degenerating old CL exist. The increase in 20$\alpha$-HSD activity identified seems to be related to the increase in the numbers of 20$\alpha$-HSD-positive cells. Interestingly, 20$\alpha$-HSD-1 activities were strongly found in the follicle fluids and theca interna cells by immunohistochemical study. Thus, the activity of 20$\alpha$-HSD may be related to a survival mechanism of those luteal cells and follicles remaining in the ovaries. Luteal cells arise from two sources. The small luteal cells are all of theca cell origin, while the large luteal cells are mainly of granulosa cell origin. CL of Korean Native Cattle, as those of other animal species, contains two morphologycally and functionally distinct luteal cell populations, such as small and large luteal cells as well as nonluteal cells. In all reproductive states except in the late luteal phase, the bovine CL also contained more small luteal cells than large luteal cells. Luteal tissue secretes a variety of growth factors (proteins) and the pattern of secretion changes during all stages of the luteal phase. These growth factors could be important in regulating the function of the bovine corpus luteum and may act in a potential endocrine autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Therefore, further work has to be done to elucidate the role of growth factors in the ovary, especially in the corpus luterum. Interest should be focussed on interaction of these growth factors in the regulation of luteal cell and the localization of cytokine synthesis in differnet luteal cells.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.341-349
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• 2005

Soil adsorption study was carried out to define the mobility of pesticides and to evaluate leaching potential in soils. Nine pesticides including metolcarb, molinate, fenobucarb, isazofos, diazinon, fenitrothion, dimepiperate, parathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl were subjected to adsorption experiment for four types of soils, such as upland, paddy, forest and volcanic ash soil. Based on Koc values, metolcarb and molinate were classified as mobile, fenobucarb as mobile or moderately mobile isazofos as moderately mobile, diazinon, fenitrothin, dimepiperate, and parathion as slightly or moderately mobile and chlorpyrifos-methyl as slightly mobile. Two evaluation methods, Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS) index and standard indices of soil-chemical adsorption and biodegradation (half-life), were used for the estimation of pesticide leaching potential. Leachabilities of metolcarb, molinate and fenobucarb were evaluated as high, and isazofos, dimepiperate and diazinon as a little potential, while fenitrothion, parthion and chlorpyrifos-methyl showed very low leaching potential. The leaching potential of pesticides was determined on the basis of intrinsic properties of the pesticides and the soil properties. Among the soil properties, organic matter gave a great influence on the leachability in soil. Therefore, leachabilities of the pesticides used were expected less in Sineom soil with relatively higher organic matter than Gangseo, Jungdong and Yesan soil with lower organic matter.