• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.26-31
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• 1995

환원제로서 동매트를 사용하여 희박 염삼 용액에서 망간 단괴 침출 특성을 조사하였다. 동매트는 망간 단괴 침출에 있어서 매우 효과적인 환원제였으며 2.5M 용액으로 용액온도 $70^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 침출하는 경우 금속의 침출율은 각각 Mn 96%, Ni 95%, Co 91%, Cu 88%, Fe 36%였다. Mn, Co 및 Ni의 침출은 동매트의 첨가량에 의존하였으며 고체와 액체의 비율 또한 침출에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 침출용액의 온도 증가는 각 금속의 침출율을 향상시켰다. 망간 단괴로부터 Mn, Co, Ni 및 Cu의 침출속도는 동매트를 환원제로 사용하는 경우 표면 화학반응과 세공 확산에 의해 지배되었으며 이때의 각 금속의 활성화 에너지를 구한 결과 Mn, Co, Ni, Cu는 17.6, 12.8, 17.2 및 57.9 Kcal/mol이었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.257-266
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• 1994

Three protein feeding systems for egg-type pullets involving conventional step-down protein 18-15-12%), step-up protein(12-15-18%) and single-stage low protein (13-13-13%) with an iso-energy level of 2,900 ME kcal /kg were compared to examine the effect on pullet growth and subsequent laying performance. During the growing period, pullets subjected to the step-up and single-stage low protein feeding systems were lighter in body weight and consumed less feed and netabolizable energy than those on the conventional step-down protein feeding system(P<0.05). 3ut the pullets on the step-up protein diet consumed more protein, and those on the single-stage low protein diet consumed less protein than those on the step-down protein diet(P<0.05). Also, he feed cost was less in pullets on the single-stage low protein diet than in those on the other systems(P<0.05). During the laying period, sexual maturity was later in hens reared on the step-up and single-stage low protein diets than in those on the step-down protein diet(P<0.05), however, average hen-day egg production and egg weight were not significantly affected by the protein feeding systems in the growing period. Daily feed intake and feed required per egg were significantly reduced in hens on the single-stage low protein diet compared to those on conventional protein feeding system(P<0.05). It was concluded that the 13% single-stage low protein feeding system produced smaller pullets with less feed, energy, protein, and feed cost during the growing period, and hens reared on that system consumed less feed during the laying period without any impairment of production compared to the conventional rearing system.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.262-266
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• 1991

동치미의 발효과정 중 담금액의 소금 함량, 고형분, 점도, 색, 탁도 및 무우의 텍스쳐를 측정하였다. 동치미의 제조는 파, 마늘, 생강 등 양념을 첨가하여 7% 소금용액에 담그고 $4{\sim}35^{\circ}C$의 범위에서 발효시켰다. 그 결과 점도는 발효 초기에 감소되다가 발효시간이 경과되면서 지속적으로 증가하였으며, Hunter값에 의한 색변화는 지속적인 'L'값의 증가를 보여주었으나 'a'값은 감소하였다. 한편 탁도는 발효 중반기 이후 많은 증가를 보여주었으며 특히 증가현상은 높은 온도에서 현저하였다. 무우 조직의 견고성은 발효 초기에 급격히 저하되었다가 약간 증가한 뒤 다시 서서히 감소함을 보여주었다. 담금액 중의 소금농도는 발효온도가 높을수록 감소속도가 빨랐고 소금농도의 감소와 발효시간의 대수값 간에는 직선관계가 있었으며 소금농도 감소의 활성화에너지는 8.99 kcal/mole가 계산되었다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.197-206
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• 1988

Age, sex and the amount of activity determine recommended dietary allowances. So the method of developing RDA and their levels have been revised according as the physical condition of a nation improves and the amount of activity changes along with the variety of social situations. It can be seen from records that in Korea the absolute nutrient requirements for the people in Chosun Dynasty were first published in 1922. After that, in 1941 Gui Dong Han expressed his view that the standard health diets for the Japanese would be suitable for the people in Chosun Dynasty. In 1960, the temporary nutrition standards for the Koreans were established by the Ministry of the Health and Social Affairs. For these standards, males and females were respectively divided into three groups by age and nine nutrients were recommended for each group. In 1962, The Korean Association to FAO published the RDA for the Koreans. Since then, regular researches have been done. For these allowances, there were 16 age groups of men and women and ten nutrients recommended for each group. On the first revision in 1967, the fat allowance was presented at the ratio (12%) of fat calorie to total calories with no change in the number of age catagories and in the kinds of nutrients. And the basis of the riboflavin allowance was changed from the level of protein intake to that of energy intake. On the socond revision in 1975, there was brought 19 are catagories and ten nutrients recommended. On the third revision in 1980, age catagories increased to 22, and ten nutrients were recommended. On the fourth revision in 1985, there remained 21 groups by uniting the early and later periods of pregency. On the first revision in 1967, the recommended energy allowance was 3000 kcal, the highest level. Since then it has gradually been reduced. And it can be noticed that the protein allowance was high when food was difficult to obtain.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.616-623
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• 2016

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of dried noodles prepared with doenjang powder (0, 3, 6, 9%) in order to determine the most preferred noodle recipe. The proximate composition of the composite doenjang powder-wheat flours was as follows: calories 365 kcal, carbohydrates 79 g, saccharides 3 g, protein 10 g, fat 0.8 g, and sodium 65 mg. As the level of doenjang powder increased, the content of total amino acids increased; aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, and lysine contents increased, in particular. Water-binding capacity decreased as the level of doenjang powder increased. When viscosity of composite doenjang powder-wheat flours was measured by amylography, gelatinization point increased as the level of doenjang powder increased. As the level of doenjang powder increased, L value decreased, whereas a and b values increased. Weight, water absorption, and volume of cooked noodles decreased, whereas turbidity of soup increased. For textural properties, hardness decreased, whereas springiness increased as the level of doenjang powder increased. For overall preference according to the results of sensory evaluation, noodles added with 3% doenjang powder were the most preferred. According to the results, addition of doenjang powder positively affects the overall sensory evaluation of dried noodle, and 3% is the optimal level for addition.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.227-233
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• 1995

This nutritional survey was conducted from February 8 to March 10, 1994, in order to investigate the nutritional knowledge, food habits, nutritional attitude, food preferences and nutrient intakes of urban middle-aged women living in Daegu and Pohang district. The subjects of this survey were 164 urban middle-aged women living in Daegu and Pohang Area. The completely answered questionnaires were analyzed for nutritional knowledge, food habits, nutritional attitude, food preference and nutrient intakes of urban middle-aged women. The results obtained are summarized as follows: The subjects had a high level of perceived knowledge (82.9%), that is the knowledge that each subject believed she had, but the accuracy of the knowledge was only 66.1%. The average nutrition knowledge score was 8.26 out of possible 15 points, and food habit score was 5.50 out of 10 points. Most of the subjects belonged to 'Fair' or 'Good' food habit group, which is considered to be relatively good. With increasing age, the percentage of perceived knowledge, accuracy, and nutrition knowledge score were getting lower. But food habit score and nutritional attitude score were getting higher at 40's women than 30's women. The correlation between nutritional knowledge score and food habit score was low (r=0.0748). The correlation between nutritional attitude score and food habit score was low, too (r=-0.0653). Food preferences for kimchi, potato, cooked rice, beef, noodle, cabbage and milk were high. Average calorie and protein intake of the subjects were $1967.4{\pm}27.8\;Kcal$, $75.8{\pm}1.4\;g$ respectively. Carbohydrate, protein and fat ratio on energy composition was 63.3%:15.5%:21.2%.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.3-14
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to estimate the nutrient intake, dietary habits, and body indices among preschool children. The study subjects were 166 kindergarten children, aged 4 to 6 years. A measurement of the weight, height, chest circumference, and head circumference of the children was conducted. The general home environment and factors related to the eating habits of children were collected using a questionnaire that included information about physical activity, outdoor playing time, television watching, family income, and parents education and occupations. Underweight, overweight were defined based on a value of less than 110 and more than 140 on the Rohrer Index, or less than 90 and more than 120 on the weight-length index (WLI). The average Rohrer and WLI for the preschool children were 14.3 $\pm$ 23.2% and 104 $\pm$ 13.5%. Using the WLI, 12.7% of the preschool children were underweight 62.6% were normal, and 24.7% were overweight or obese. On the Rohrer Index, 32.0% of the preschool children were underweight, 34.7% were normal, and 34.1% were overweight or obese. With regard to frequency of regularity of eating breakfast, 2.5% of preschool children skipped breakfast every morning. The risk of being overweight increased in preschool children who had faster eating times. The Rohrer and WLI were negatively related to faster eating times. The average daily energy intake was 1272 Kcal, which corresponded to 79.5% of the Korean RDA. In particular, the average intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin B$_2$ were much lower than the Korean RDAs for each of those nutrients. Children whose mothers had occupations were at greater risk of decreased nutrient intake than those whose mothers were at home. The data presented in this study confirm that, in preschool children, undernutrition remains the nutritional problem of great concern in Korea, even though Koreans are starting to have worrisome rates of overweight. Therefore, during the early years of life, focus should remain on sustaining Proper growth and development.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.1048-1057
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare nutrient intake, health-related factors, and risk factors for metabolic syndrome and to investigate the prevalence odds ratio according to fruit and vegetable intake among middle-aged Korean men. Subjects included 1,677 men aged 40 - 64 years. The average intake of fruits and vegetables was $578.48{\pm}5.90g/day$. Forty-nine percent of the subjects were categorized into the deficient group based on the intake of fruits and vegetables, and the other subjects were categorized into the adequate group. There was a significant difference in the nutrient density per 1,000 kcal of energy, minerals, vitamins, and dietary fiber between the fruit and vegetable intake groups (p<0.001). In terms of health-related factors, only the current smoking rate in the deficient group (57.9%) was higher than that in the adequate group (45.4%) (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the risk factors for metabolic syndrome between the fruit and vegetable intake groups. Proportion of serum triglycerides (42.6%) was the highest at a rate that exceeded the criteria for risk factors for metabolic syndrome, but systolic blood pressure (21.7%) showed a very low rate. The fasting blood glucose, serum triglycerides, and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher in the deficient group than in the adequate group (p<0.05). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 31.2%. OR for prevalence of metabolic syndrome related to fruit and vegetable intake was 1.270 times higher in the deficient group than in the adequate group (p<0.05). Also, when the daily fruit intake was increased by 100 g, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was reduced by 0.948 times but it was not related to the vegetable intake. The results of this study can be used as the basic data to establish the guidelines for fruit and vegetable intake for prevention of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2002

A mutation in the promoter region of uncoupling protein 3 (UCF3), specifically the -55C longrightarrow T transition, may influence an individual's energy metabolism and body weight. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a weight reduction program on endocrine functions and body fat distribution, related to UCP3 promoter genotype. Ninety overweight pre-menopausal female subjects participated in the weight reduction program at Yonsei University Hospital, and were placed on a calorie-restricted diet (300 kcal less than their daily requirements) for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, all subjects on the program lost approximately 5% of their initial body weights and had lower Body Mass Index (BMI) values. Among the 90 women, 56 had a normal (without mutation) UCP3 genotype, while 34 women had mutations in the promoter region of UCP3. Despite similar weight reductions in both groups, a significantly higher decrease in abdominal adipose tissue was observed in the normal UCP3 genotype group, compared to the group with mutations. In particular, there was a significant reduction of fat at the lumbar 1 (Ll) level in the without-mutation group. Serum levels of total cholesterol, apolipoprotein Al were significantly decreased in the without-mutation group, by 4.4% and 5.7% respectively. Serum levels of hormones were not significantly changed in both groups artier the intervention. However, in the group without the mutations, the leptin level significantly reduced by 23.4% (p<0.001). Serum free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was significantly increased in the group with mutation following the weight reduction program. On the other hand, FFA responses were shown similar increases in both groups. In conclusion, although no difference was found in the magnitude of weight reduction in both groups, there were significant differences in body fat distribution and in endocrine function between the groups.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.854-869
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• 1997

This study was conducted to evaluation the quality of meals served in elementary school based on nutrient contents and food diversity . A questionnaire was mailed to school foodservice dietitians requesting one week menus for April and October . Menus served in 388 schools from each province and from major cities in Korea were analyzed. Mean nutrient contents per meal of persons served, and food expenses per meal. Mean percentages of energy from fat was 20.2% , and was significantly l different by foodservice system. When nutrient contents were converted to amount per 1, 000kcal, all were higher than that calculated from RDA except calcium, iron, and Vitamin A. Most of these were not significantly different according to area, foodservice system, the number of persons served, and food expense per meal. Compared to 1/3 of RDA for children , many meals provided lower amounts of energy, Vit A, VitB2, and Ca. More than half of the meals provided less iron than 1/3 RDA for 10-12 years girls. Using the highest values of RDA for the elementary school age group as evaluation, criteria nutrient adequacy ratios(NAR) were lowest for Ca(0.61), Vit A(0.57), and iron(0.77). The mean adequacy ratio(MAR) was 0.86. Mean numbers of food items and dishes per meal were 15.3 and 5.1 , respectively. 66.3% of the meals provided three food groups of grain, meat, and vegetable. Except for the number of different food items served per meal, the aspect of food diversity was similar to that of nutrient contents. There was significant positive correlation between mean number of different food items served per meal and nutrient content . In summary , schools in small cities and rural areas than those in large cities, schools adapting commissary or joint management than those or density. Also the more food groups served per meal, the higher the nutrient content per meal . In summary , schools in small cities and rural areas than those in large cities, schools adapting commissary or joint management than those adapting conventional foodservice system, schools serving smaller number of persons, and schools with higher food expenses provided higher energy contents and food diversity.