• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.65
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• pp.31-37
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• 2004

Karst water was defined as 'Water which fills the cavities of the earth continuously and is only subject to gravity and hydraulic pressure.' Karst springs are water outlets from karst-hydrologically active cavities in water-soluble rocks, whether they are on the surface or within the earth. Karst springs behave so differently that the general principles of classification for all springs can be applied to them with a few exceptions. Firstly, classification according to the outflow: perennial springs, periodic springs, rhythemically springs, episodically flowing spring. Secondly, classification according to geologic and tectonic conditions: bedding springs, fracture springs, overflow spring, ascending spring.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.285-294
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• 1996

Ring-width chronologies of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from two experimental forest plots in Kaunas, Lithuania were developed to study tree growth-climate relationship in different geohydrological conditions using response function analysis. The tree ring-width chronologies of Scots pine ranged from 1883~1987 A.D. and 1864~1989 A.D., and Norway spruce 1838~1987 A.D. and 2870~1989 A.D., respectively. The response function analysis has vividly demonstrated that the growth of Scots pine is favoured by warm summer and Norway spruce by cool and moist summer. Spring temperature has shown direct relationship with tree growth of both the species. There also exists notable intraspecies analogies in growth responses except some minor differences.