• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.637-646
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• 2001

VOC(Volatile Organic Compound) removal characteristics in continuous flow reactors have been numerically investigated. The photocatalytic reaction have been simulated with the binding constant and the reaction rate constant obtained from experimental data for the constant-volume batch reactor, and then VOC abatement in continuous flow reactors with the same conditions as those of batch reactor has been analyzed. The standard 4\kappa-\varepsilon$ model and mass conservation equation have been employed for numerical calculation, and heterogeneous reaction rate has been used in terms of the boundary condition of the conservation equation. in the case of the continuous flow reactor, reaction characteristics have been estimated with various inlet velocities and with different number of baffles. The result shows that the concentration distribution and flow patterns are strongly affected by the inlet velocity, and that with the increased inlet velocity, VOC removal rate is increased, while removal efficiency is decreased. This result may be useful in the design of reactors with improved VOC removal efficiency.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.95-99
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• 2004

The developing Smart UAV in KARI supposes high speed flight as like a conventional plane, as well as vertical takeoff and landing as like a helicopter. Therefore, the air intake system should be designed to provide the sufficient air flow to the engine and the maximum possible total pressure recovery at the engine intake screen over a wide range of flight conditions. For this purpose, we designed the intake system using a pilot type intake model and plenum chamber In this paper, we designed the intake model and analyzed the performance of designed intake system using the general-purpose commercial CFD code, CFD-ACE+ For 3-D calculation, we generated mesh using the unstructured gird and used $\kappa-\epsilon$ turbulence model. The analysis results of the total pressure variation and the velocity distribution was illustrated in this paper. The pressure recovery and distortion coefficient at a plane coincident with the compressor inlet were calculated and streamline variation through the intake system was investigated at the worst condition as well as the standard flight condition.

• BMB Reports
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.352-357
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• 2013

Atherosclerosis, which manifests as acute coronary syndrome, stroke, and peripheral arterial diseases, is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Prunella vulgaris, a perennial herb with a worldwide distribution, has been used as a traditional medicine in inflammatory disease. Here, we investigated the effects of P. vulgaris ethanol extract on TNF-${\alpha}$-induced inflammatory responses in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). We found that P. vulgaris ethanol extract inhibited adhesion of monocyte/macrophage-like THP-1 cells to activated HASMCs. It also decreased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin and ROS, No production in TNF-${\alpha}$-induced HASMCs and reduced NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. Furthermore, P. vulgaris extract suppressed TNF-${\alpha}$-induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). These results demonstrate that P. vulgaris possesses anti-inflammatory properties and can regulate TNF-${\alpha}$-induced expression of adhesion molecules by inhibiting the p38 MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1996

A numerical study was conducted on the effects of the cusp magnetic field in 8" silicon single crystal grwoth by Czochralski method. For a damping effects simulation by magnetic field, low reynolds number ${\kappa} - {\varepsilon}$ model was adopted. Symmetrci cusp magnetic field has a effect of damping streamline crystal, is lowerd with the increasing cusp magnetic field intensity. The uniformity of the oxygen concentration was improved. The asymmetirc cusp magnetic field increased the oxygen concentration however, oxygen concentration distribution in the radial direction was remained uniform. Suitable combination of symmetric and asymmetric cusp magnetic fields could give uniform and low oxygen concentration in the axial direction.tion.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.300-314
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• 2003

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Sasammaickmoondong-tang(SME) on duodenal mucosal lesions induced by indomethacin in mouse. Methods : The normal group is that no inflammation elicitated mouse. Control group is that gastro-inflammation elicitated mouse. Sample group is that SME administered mouseice after gastro-inflammation elicitation. Results : In the common morphology and histochemical change, control group was observed various injury-mucous surface cell, micro-villi, paneth cell, surface epithelial cell, goblet cell-by hemorrhagic erosion, while sample group was as same as normal group. In the immunohistochemical change, the distributions of COX-1, Bcl-2, and BrdU treated with SME noticeably increased than control group(p<0.05). The distributions of TUNEL, $NF-{\kappa}B$, COX-2, $IL-2R-{\alpha}$, NK-1.1, ICAM-1, and CD11b/18 treated with SME noticeably decreased than control group(p<0.05). And the distribution of SBA was as same as normal group. Conclusion : According to the above results, it is supposed that Sasammaickmoondong-tang is applicable to duodenal mucosal lesions.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.36-49
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• 2019

The objectives of this study were to extract "Field Survey Based Infection Tree of Pine Wilt Disease(FSB_ITPWD)" and "Object Classification Based Infection Tree of Pine Wilt Disease(OCB_ITPWD)" from the Research Forest at Kangwon National University, and evaluate the spatial distribution characteristics and occurrence intensity of wood infested by pine wood nematode. It was found that the OCB optimum weights (OCB) were 11 for Scale, 0.1 for Shape, 0.9 for Color, 0.9 for Compactness, and 0.1 for Smoothness. The overall classification accuracy was approximately 94%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.85, which was very high. OCB_ITPWD area is approximately 2.4ha, which is approximately 0.05% of the total area. When the stand structure, distribution characteristics, and topographic and geographic factors of OCB_ITPWD and those of FSB_ITPWD were compared, age class IV was the most abundant age class in FSB_ITPWD (approximately 55%) and OCB_ITPWD (approximately 44%) - the latter was 11% lower than the former. The diameter at breast heigh (DBH at 1.2m from the ground) results showed that (below 14cm) and (below 28cm) DBH trees were the majority (approximately 93%) in OCB_ITPWD, while medium and (more then 30cm) DBH trees were the majority (approximately 87%) in FSB_ITPWD, indicating different DBH distribution. On the other hand, the elevation distribution rate of OCB_ITPWD was mostly between 401 and 500m (approximately 30%), while that of FSB_ITPWD was mostly between 301 and 400m (approximately 45%). Additionally, the accessibility from the forest road was the highest at "100m or less" for both OCB_ITPWD (24%) and FSB_ITPWD (31%), indicating that more trees were infected when a stand was closer to a forest road with higher accessibility. OCB_ITPWD hotspots were 31 and 32 compartments, and it was highly distributed in areas with a higher age class and a higher DBH class.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.39-66
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• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Sesamum indicum extracted (SEI) on atopic dermatitis in an in-vitro and in-vivo experiment using a MC/9 murine mast cells and a NC/Nga mouse. Methods In-vitro experiment, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ and GM-CSF mRNA expression were evaluated by Real-time PCR, IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ production by ELISA and manifestations of NFAT-1, NFAT-2, c-jun, c-fos, NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 transcription factors by western blotting. In-vivo experiment, we measured WBC, Eosinophil, Neutrophil, and serum IL-5, IL-13 in NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4 in the spleenocyte culture supernatant by ELISA, the absolute cell numbers of CD4+, CD8+, +Gr-1+CD11b, B220+CD23+ in the axillary lymph node (ALN), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and dorsal skin tissue, IL-5, IL-13 by Real-time PCR, the distribution of tissue inflammation and cellular infiltration by H&E and toluidine blue. Results SEI decreased IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, GM-CSF, TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression, IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ production and the expression of transcription factors including NFAT-1, c-jun, NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 in MC/9 murine mast cells. SEI orally administration decreased cell number of WBC, Eosinophil, the level of serum IgE, total cell number of ALN and dorsal skin tissue, absolute cell number of CD4+, CD8+, B220+CD23+ in the ALN. SEI orally administration also increased absolute cell number of CD8+/CD3+ and decreased Gr-1+/CD11b+ in PBMCs, decreased CD4+ in dorsal skin tissue, inhibited IL-5, IL-13 mRNA expression. Infiltration levels of inflammatory immune cells, mast cells and thickness of epidermis decreased in dorsal skin tissue. Conclusions SEI can regulate allergic inflammatory response suppressed the gene expression and production of cytokines that mediate allergic reactions, and will be able to be effectively utilized in the treatment of atopic dermatitis future.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.156-175
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• 2007

1. Objectives and Methods This study was performed to know the relationship between Sasang Constitution and characteristics of ordinary symptoms, inspection diagnosis of face and tongue. There were 666 participants(280 men and 386 women) who answered Sasang Constitutional Checkup list and were taken pictures of faces and tongues. Sasang Constitution was diagnosed by only PSSC(Phonetic System for Sasang Constitution). Distribution of Sasang Constitution and X2 test, kappa value for agreement were calculated using SPSS 10.0. 2. Results From characteristics of ordinary symptoms' point of view, Taeeumin had loud voices, big body shapes and easily sweated themselves. They felt good after sweating and had warm hands and feet. And their upper back, shoulders and chest were, they thought, well developed. They were apt to have meals quickly and overeat themselves. Soyangin and Soeumin had thin body shapes and were difficult to sweat themselves and felt powerless after sweating. They had cold hands and feet. Especially, Soeumin was apt to have meals slowly and a little amounts. They walked so fast. Soyangin was introvert and had developed their abdomen and waist. 'Looking heavy and steady' was higher in Taeeumin, 'delicate and modest' was higher in Soeumin(42.8%) and Soyangin(36.1 %) in first impression. It was thought to be difficult to discriminate Soyangin from Soeumin in first impression and make a notion of right Soyangin's first impression. Soyangin had pinky tongue color and little tongue fur whereas Soeumin had red tongue color and whitish tongue fur. Taeeumin had whitish tongue fur too. 3. Conclusions To diagnose Sasang Constitution much effectively, PSSC results and comprehensive Sasang Constitutional Checkup list extracted from effective Questionnaire items and Face and Tongue Inspection Diagnosis are thought to be needed.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-29
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• 2014

Objectives Dictamni Radicis Cortex extracts (DRC) has been known to suppress allergic reaction, however the cellular target of DRC and its mode of action remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Dictamni Radicis Cortex extracts on DNCB induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions of NC/Nga mouse. Methods This study was designed to investigate the effects of DRC extract in the DNP-IgE-induced activation of MC/9 murine mast cell lines in vitro and in the DNCB-induced activation of NC/Nga mouse in vivo. For this investigation, We examined IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ and GM-CSF mRNA expression by Real-time PCR, IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ production by ELISA analysis and manifestations of NFAT1, NFAT2, AP-1 and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 transcription factors by western blotting in vitro. Then, we examined WBC, eosinophil and neutrophil in NC/Nga mouse, IL-5, IL-13 in serum, IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4 in the spleenocyte culture supernatant, the absolute cell numbers of $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $^+Gr-1^+CD11b$, $B220^+CD23^+$ in the ALN, PBMCs and dorsal skin, IL-5, IL-13 in the dorsal skin by Real-time PCR and the distribution of mast cells by H&E and toluidine blue. Results In vitro the mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$, GM-CSF and IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ production by ELISA analysis were completely abolished by DRC and the western blot analysis decreased the expression of mast cell-specific transcription factors including NFAT-1, NF-${\kappa}B$ p65. In vivo DRC oral adminstration also decreased the counts of WBC, eosinophils and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-13 and IgE in the serum. DRC oral adminstration elevated IL-4 level in the spleenocyte culture supernatant. DRC oral adminstration decreased total ALN cells, total skin cells, cell numbers of $CD4^+$, $B220^+CD23^+$ in the ALN, $^+Gr-1^+CD11b$ in the PBMCs and $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$ in the dorsal skin. The mRNA expression of IL-5, IL-13, thickness of epidermis, inflammation immune cells and mast cells were abolished by DRC in the dorsal skin. Conclusions Histological examination showed that infiltration levels of immune cells in the skin of AD-induced NC/Nga mouse were much improved by DRC oral adminstration. These results, therefore, suggest that DRC can regulate molecular mediators and immune cells that are functionally associated with atopic dermatitis induced in NC/Nga mouse, and may play an important role in recovering AD symptoms.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2017

Objectives Hataedock method is a Korean medical therapy which removes fetal toxin by orally administering herbal decoction to neonates. This study was to observe skin damage and anti-inflammatory effect via regulating IL-4 activity in NC/Nga mice which were induced atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesion by Dermatophagoides (D.) farinae after applying Douchi Hataedock method. Methods NC/Nga mice with 3 weeks of gestational age were used. Each 10 mice were allocated to the control group (Ctrl), the AD-induced group (AE), and the group which induced AD after administering Douchi extract (GT). After 4 weeks from administering Douchi extract to the mice, the primary AD was induced by applying D. farinae extract 6 times per week for 3 weeks and then the secondary AD was induced by the same method after 1 week from the primary AD induction. To identify the skin damage and anti-inflammatory effect, we observed LxR, IL-4, Fc ${\varepsilon}$ receptor, substance P, and $NF-{\kappa}B$. Results The GT group showed alleviation of skin injury and decrease in capillary angiogenesis. Stratum corneum damage, epithelial cell hyperplasia, lymphocyte infiltration, and capillary distribution relatively decreased in the GT group. LxR-positive reaction in the GT group were increased by 53% than that of the AE group. IL-4 production, $Fc{\varepsilon}$ receptor activity, and substance P-positive reaction in the GT group were decreased by 82%, 42%, and 82% respectively compare to those of the AE group. $NF-{\kappa}B$-positive reaction in the GT group were decreased by 15% compare to that of the AE group. Conclusions Hataedock method with Douchi extract alleviated AD via reducing inflammatory cytokines secreted at the early stage of AD. Thus, Douchi Hataedock method has a beneficial effect for the prevention and treatment of AD.