• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.607-623
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• 1995

A numerical model of hydraulic resistance by hanging aquaculture facilities is developed and applied to a model basin and a field. A drag stress term formulated by the quadratic law of drag force is introduced Tn the equations of motion for a two-dimensional depth-averaged flow. In the model basin, numerical experiments ave tarried out for the various shape of obstructions, string density and layout of facilities etc.. The flow pattern around the facilities is affected sensitively by the density of string and the layout of facilities. On the other hand, the velocity decay due to the hanging oyster aquaculture facilities is observed in Kamak bay, where the maximum velcocity decay rate is $25\%$ in spring tide. The model is also applied to the field, Kamak bay. The velocity decay rate in the model is comparable with the field measurement data. The velocity decreases around the down-stream area of the facilities, .hut it increases in the other region. The water elevation decreases during the flood and it increases during the ebb.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.945-954
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• 2002

The objective okgf this study is understanding and evaluation of temporal and spatial variation of pollutant loads by input sources for water quality management in Kamak Bay. Flow rate of rivers and ditches ranges from about $2,592-63,072m^3/d$ in October to $864-55,296m^3/d$ in January. In particular, the R2 predominated flow rate among input sources. Total COD, BOD, DIN and DIP loadings in January were about 896kg/d, 718kg/d, 2,152kg/d, and 154kg/d, respectively, which exceeded those of October. Lower POC/TOC levels are estimated in R2, and also in October. Temporal variation of pollutant loads were closely related to the human activity. Total discharging loadings of BOD, TN and TP by unit loading estimation were 4,993.0kg/d, 2,558.7kg/d, and 289.2kg/d, respectively, and were mainly affected by the population. Runoff ratio of BOD was about 0.14 in January Mean $NH_4^＋_-N$ and $PO_4\;^{3-}-P$ loadings from sediment were 16.23mg/$m^2$/d and 7.26mg/$m^2$/d, respectively. For the improvement of water quality in this area, not only pollutant loads of rivers and ditches but also benthic flux from sediment should be reduced within the limits of the environmental capacity.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1995

Two species of the parasitic copepods, Nothobomolochus thambus (Poecilostomatoida, Bomolochidae) and Mitrapus heteropodus (Siphonostomatoida, Lernanthropidae), were recovered on the gills of a marine fish, Konosirus punctatus (Temminck and Schlegel) taken from Kamak Bay in Korea. N. thambus is very distinguishable in the armature of maxilliped from all other species of Nothobomolochus; one of the two strong, hairy setae has become naked. M. heteropodus is very distinguishable in the armature of leg 4; the inner process (endopod) is only about one - fifth the length of the outer process (exopod), Both parasitic copepod species are new to the Korean fauna.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.129-132
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• 2008

This study was performed to characterize the seasonal variation of water quality and sediment environment from May, 2007 to February, 2008 in 20 stations of Kamak bay. $4.83\sim11.07mg/L$ on surface and $4.70\sim11.19mg/L$ on bottom in DO, $0.16\sim2.03mg/L$ on surface and $0.10\sim1.55mg/L$ on bottom in COD, $0\sim3.04{\mu}g$-at/L on surface and $0\sim15.21{\mu}g$-at/L on bottom in DIN, $0\sim3.04{\mu}g$-at/L on surface and $0\sim2.01{\mu}g$-at/L on bottom in DIP. IN sediment the ranges were 3.80 to 9.78% in IL, $0\sim5.37mg/g$-dry in AVS and $3.09\sim41.01mg/g$-dry in COD.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2008

The sanitary quality of a shellfish-growing area in Kamak Bay, Korea, was assessed through a bacteriological examination of seawater and oysters from January 2004 to December 2006. From seawater samples collected at 28 stations, the range of geometric mean (GM) and the estimated 90th percentile for most-probable-number (MPN) values of fecal coliforms were <1.8-2.4 MPN/100 mL and 1.8-6.0 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The observed fecal coliform GM and the estimated 90th percentile did not exceed the fecal coliform water quality standards of 14 MPN/100 mL and 43 MPN/100 mL. Therefore, the bacteriological quality of seawater at this shellfish-growing area met the Korean Shellfish Sanitation Program (KSSP) criteria for a growing area used for export. The range of the fecal coliform GM and the estimated 90th percentile MPN values of oyster samples were 19.2-160 MPN/100 g and 20.2-166.9 MPN/100 g, respectively, and the range of the viable cell count was 30-1900 CFU/g. Thus, the fecal coliform value for the oysters and the viable cell count were less than the current shellfish quality standards of 230 MPN/100 g and 50,000 CFU/g, respectively. The bacteriological quality of the oysters complied with the criteria for domestic use and export of shellfish.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.58-63
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• 2004

Five urease-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from Kamak Bay in Yeosu in 2002 and 2003. V. parahaemolyticus YKB4 and YKB14 were isolated from seawater, YFB20 from black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli), and YFO2l and YFO22 from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The five urease-positive strains (YKB4, YKB14, YFB20, YFO21, and YFO22) did not show hemolysin and protease activity, while they did alter in color (to red) as the bacteria grew in the urea broth medium. All samples showed identical biochemical characteristics as a reference strain, V. parahaemolyticus KCTC2471, except in urease production. The five urease-positive strains showed urease activities at a mid stationary phase, and their activity was maximal in the late stationary phase of their culture supernatant. The addition of urea to the Luria-Bertani (LB) broth medium significantly affected the initial production of urease of V. parahaemolyticus isolates. Mortality by urease-positive V. parahaemolyticus YKB4, YKB14, YFO2l, and YFO22 was significantly high, being$60-80\%$, while YFB20 only reflected a rate of $20\%$. Protease-positive V. parahaemolyticus FM39 and FM50 showed a $40\%$ and $60\%$ mortality rate, respectively. However, hemolysin-positive V. parahaemolyticus had no mortality, like the non-pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus KCTC2471, while V. vulnificus resulted in a $40\%$ mortality rate. Injection with urease-positive V. parahaemolyticus strains showed mortality within 12 hrs in mice, and the strains could be isolated from the dead mice.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.378-385
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• 2002

Growth of Pacific oystey, Crassostrea gigas, in Kamak Bay, Korea was modeled using Von Bertalanffy growth function, seasonal Von Bertalanffy growth function and generalized growth equation of Schnute and Richards' growth model, based on shell length and wet weight frequency data of 9208 oysters. Carrying capacity in the oyster culture ground was also estimated using Schaefer's and Fox's surplus production model. The present results suggest that the generalized growth equation of Schnute and Richards' model is fitter to describe the length growth pattern of C. gigas than Von Bertalanffy growth functions. This results also suggest that the current number of culture facility per unit area in 2000 is similar to the number of facility that produces the maximum production of oyster per unit area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.335-344
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• 2014

To understand the drift-diffusion of HAB(Harmful Algal Bloom) in this paper, we used three-dimensional hydrodynamic model POM(Pringceton Ocean Model) and Lagrangian particle track module. First, the results of residual flow that considered tide, wind, temperature, salinity, and TWC(Tsushima Warm Current) effect was tend to northeast in the coastal area and the flow in the offshore region showed results similar to TWC. To understand of HAB's movement, released each area that southern Kamak bay(Case 1), Mijo coast(Case 2), and southern Mireukdo coast(Case 3) assumption that red tide occurred. The areas where the HAB occurs frequently. As a result of HAB occurred in southern Kamak Bay(Case 1), mainly drifts to Narodo coast and Yeoja bay that located on the west side. Case 2 was mainly drifts to Yokjido coast and Saryangdo coast Especially, HAB occurred in Mireukdo coast(Case 3) relatively many particles drift to eastward as the influence of the TWC.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 1996

We report on the variation of infection and histopathological change of Microcotyle sebastisci parasitic on cultured rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, in Namhae Islands and Kamak Bay from April to October in 1995. Microcotylosis due to Microcotyle sebastisci occurred among cultured rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. This parasite was not found on the host fish from June to July. Parasite sites were mainly consist of 2nd and 3rd gill arch`s filaments of rockfish. Also, the sites were secreted in large quantity of mucus with a very small bleeding. In Namhae Islands, maximum values of prevalence, relative density and mean intensity were found on September 1995, as 40.0%, 30.7 and 76.8, respectively. In Kamak Bay, maximum values of prevalence, relative density and mean intensity were obtained on October 1995, as 46.0%, 40.5 and 88.0, respectively. Histopathological changes of the heavily infested gills were showed necrosis, epithelium of the gill filaments underwent hyperplasia with fusion of the lamella and filamental clubbing. And a bacterial colony is invaded on the surface of lamella epithelium.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.83-94
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• 1994

Bonnierilla namhaesius n, sp, is described based on the specimens recovered from the ascidians, Halocynthia roretzi Von Drasche in Namhae Islands, Korea, This is distinguished from congeners by having a combination of characters : setal formula 3, 17+1 hook, 9+1 aesthete, 5, 3, 2, 2+1 aesthete, 7+1 aesthete respectively on eight segments of antennule, II, 5 on distal segment of the second leg to fourth leg exopod, and 2, 3, I on distal margin of caudal ramus. This is the second record of the male, and first record of the copepodid in the genus Bonnierilla.