• 한국암석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국암석학회 1999년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.70-74
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• 1999

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.189-204
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• 1990

태평양 클라리온-클리퍼톤 균열대 서부의 KODOS(Korea Deep Ocean Study)지역에 분포하는 망간단괴의 성인과 분포, 그리고 분포 원인을 규명하기 위하여 망간단괴와 퇴적물을 채취하여 화학 및 광물학적 분석을 하였다. 이 지역의 망간단괴는 Mn/Fe 비 가 크고 구리, 니켈, 아연, 마그네슘, 토도로카이트 함량이 높으며 표면조직이 거친 속성기원의 망간단괴(S-형 망간단괴)와 철, 코발트, 버나다이트 함량이 높고 표면조직 이 매끈한 수성기원의 망간단괴(S-형 망간단괴) 그리고 화학 및 광물조성과 표면조직 이 두 기원의 중간성격을 띄는 망간단괴(R-S-형 망간단괴)로 구분된다. 성인 및 부존 밀도 등의 특성에 따라 KODOS-89 지역은 크게 4지역으로 구분된다. 즉, 부존밀도가 10 kg/m$^2$이하이고 수성기원의 망간단괴가 분포하는 최북단지역, 부존밀도가 1 kg/m$^2$ 내 외이고 속성기원의 망간단괴가 분포하는 남부 지역, 그리고 부존밀도가 10 kg/m$^2$ 이 상으로 높고 수성기원의 망간단괴가 분포하는 해저산지역으로 구분된다. 이러한 망간 단괴의 분포특성은 주로 위도에 따른 수층의 생산성 및 해저지형의 차이에 의해 기인 되었다고 생각된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.199-211
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• 1995

The deep sea camera system could render it possible to obtain the detailed information of the nodule distribution, but difficult to estimate nodule abundance quantitatively. In order to estimate nodule abundance quantitatively from deep seabed photographs, the nodule abundance equation was derived from the box core data obtained in KODOS area(long.: $154^{\circ}{\sim}151^{\circ}W$, lat.: $9^{\circ}{\sim}12^{\circ}N$) during two survey cruises carried out in 1989 and 1990. The regression equation derived by considering extent of burial of nodule to Handa's equation compensates for the abundance error attributable to partial burial of some nodules by sediments. An average long axis and average extent of burial of nodules in photographed area are determined according to the surface textures of nodules, and nodule coverage is calculated by the image analysis method. Average nodule abundance estimated from seabed photographs by using the equation is approximately 92% of the actual average abundance in KODOS area. The measured sampling points by box core or free fall grab are in general very sparse and hence nodule abundance distribution should be interpolated and extrapolated from measured data to uncharacterized areas. The another goal of this study is to depict continuous distribution of nodule abundance in KODOS area by using PC-version of geostatistical model in which several stages are systematically proceeded. Geostatistics was used to analyse spatial structure and distribution of regionalized variable(nodule abundance) within sets of real data. In order to investigate the spatial structure of nodule abundance in KODOS area, experimental variograms were calculated and fitted to a spherical models in isotropy and anisotropy, respectively. The spherical structure models were used to map out distribution of the nodule abundance for isotropic and anisotropic models by using the kriging method. The result from anisotropic model is much more reliable than one of isotropic model. Distribution map of nodule abundance produced by PC-version of geostatistical model indicates that approximately 40% of KODOS area is considered to be promising area(nodule abundance > $5kg/m^2$) for mining in case of anisotropy.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1996

북태평양의 KODOS-90 지역에서 채취한 4-6 m 길이의 중력 코아 3개를 대상으로 자기층서 확립 및 코아들 간의 상호대비를 위하여 고지자기 연구를 수행하였다. 연구된 퇴적물은 자기적으로 안정된 잔류자화를 보유하고 있으며, 이 들의 자기극성(Polarity)변화는 지자기층서표(Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale) 의 플라이오-플라이스 토세(Plio-Pleistocene) 기간과 대비된다. 중력 코아 26의 대자율은 285 cm 지점에서 급격한 변화를 보여 주어, 이 지점에 비교적 오랜기간 의 결층(Hiatus)이 존재함을 지시한다. 각 코아의 자극변화에 의한 평균 퇴적속도 는 중력 코아 20에서 0.09 cm/1000yr 이며, 중력 코아 08과 중력 코아 26은 중력 코아 20에 비하여 각각 약 2.7배와 1.4배의 상대적으로 높은 퇴적율을 보여준다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.447-454
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• 2014

In August, 2013, we collected epifaunal megabenthos using a deep sea camera (DSC) around a benthic impact study (BIS) site. This was located in the KR5 block of the Korea Deep Ocean Study (KODOS) area in the Northeastern Pacific. The DSC was positioned at $6.8{\pm}2.9m$ (SD) from the sea bottom and was operated from a position at $131^{\circ}56.85^{\prime}-131^{\circ}55.02^{\prime}W$ for 2.3 h at a speed of 1-2 knot. The geographical features of the study area consisted of two structures; a trough in the middle and hills at the east and west sides. Sediment conditions were consistent within six blocks and were affected by slope and polymetallic nodule deposits. We analyzed 226 megafaunal species. Sipunculida comprised the highest percentage of individuals (39%), and the dominant epifaunal megabenthos were Hormathiidae sp., Primnoidae sp., Hexactinellida sp., Hyphalaster inermis, Freyella benthophila, Paelopatides confundens, Psychropotes longicauda, and Peniagone leander. More than 80% of the total density of megafauna occurred on sea plain (D- and E-blocks). We found two distinct groups in the community, one located on sea plains and the other along both sides of the sea slop. Our results suggest that geographical features such as slope and polymetalic nodule deposits are important in controlling the distribution of the epifaunal megabenthos around the KODOS area.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.341-349
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• 2004

Hyrdography and deep currents were measured from 1997 to 1999 to investigate deep-sea environments in the KODOS (Korea Deep Ocean Study) area of the northeastern tropical Pacific. KODOS area is located meridionally from the North Equatorial Current to the boundary between the North Equatorial Current and the Equatorial Counter Current. Strong thermocline exists between 10 m and 120 m depths at the study area. Since that strong thermocline does hardly allow vertical mixing between surface and lower layer waters, vertical distributions of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients drastically change near the thermocline. Salinity-minimum layer, which indicate the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) and the Antartic Intermediate Water (AAIW), vertically occupies vertically at the depths from 500 m down to 1400 m. The NPIW and the AAIW horizontally occur to the north and to the south of $7^{\circ}N$, respectively. The near-bottom water shows the physical characteristics of $1.05^{\circ}C$ and 34.70 psu at the depths of 10 m to 110 m above the bottom (approximately 4000-5000 m), which was originated from the Antarctic Circumpolar Water. It flows northeastwards for 2 to 4 months at the study area, and its mean velocity was 3.1-3.7 cm/s. Meanwhile, reverse (southwestward) currents appear for about 15 days with the average of 1.0-6.1 cm/s every 1 to 6 months. Dominant direction of the bottom currents obtained from the data for more than 6 months is northeastward with the average speeds of 1.7-2.1 cm/s. Therefore, it seems that deep waters from the Antarctica flow northwards passing through the KODOS area in the northeastern tropical Pacific.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2005

The samples for organic carbon analysis were collected between $5^{\circ}\;and\;17^{\circ}N$ along $131.5^{\circ}W$ in the northeast Pacific KODOS (Korea Deep Ocean Study) area. The mean concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) in the surface mixed layer $({\sim}50 m)$ was $100.13{\pm}2.05{\mu}M-C$, while the mean concentration of TOC in the lower 500m of the water column was $50.19{\pm}4.23{\mu}M-C$. A strong linear regression between TOC and temperature $(r^2=0.70)$ showed that TOC distribution was controlled by physical process. Results from the linear regression between chlorophyll-a and TOC, and between chlorophyll-a and particulate organic carbon (POC), decreasing of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the surface layer caused by non-biological photo-oxidation process. Below the surface layer, biological production and consumption occurred. DOC accumulation dominated in the depth range of $30{\sim}50m$ and DOC consumption occurred in the depth range of $50{\sim}200m$. TOC was inversely correlated with apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and TOC/AOU molar ratios ranged from -0.077 to -0.21. These ratios indicated that TOC oxidation was responsible fur $10.9{\sim}30.1%$ (mean 20.2%) of oxygen consumption in the NE Pacific KODOS area. In the euphotic zone, distributions of dissolved and particulate organic matter were controlled by photo-chemical, chemical, biological and physical processes.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.248-257
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• 1994

심해저 망간단괴가 성장할 때 단괴 주변에서 작용하는 지화학적 과정들을 규명하 기 위하여 클라리온-클리퍼톤 균열대의 한국심해연구 (KODOS-89) 지역에서 채취한 망 간 단괴에 대하여 우라늄계열 비평형기법을 적용하여 성장속도가 추정되고 그 지화학 적 의미가 해석되었다. 과잉 230-Th 방사능과 이 값이 232-Th 에 대한 방사능비의 수 직적 분포로부터 추정된 두 망간단괴의 성장 속도는 백만년 당수 밀리미터 정도였다. 퇴적물과 접해 있는 단괴 아래쪽 부분의 성장속도는 해수와 접해있는 윗쪽 부분의 성 장속도보다 2∼3배 빠르다. 단괴의 바닥부분이 빠르게 성장하는 것은 속성작용에 의한 망간의 공급으로 인한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.288-301
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• 1995

적도 태평양 클라리온-클리퍼톤 균열대 사이의 한국심해 연구(KODOS)지역에서 채 취된 3개의 퇴적물 코아에 우라늄계열 비평형 기법을 적용하여 퇴적율과 입자교란율이 추정되었다. 과잉 토륨-230 방사능과 과잉 토륨-230/토륨-232 방사능비의 수직분포로 부터 추정된 퇴적율은 연구지역의 남동부 지역에서 천년 동안 수 밀리미터로 추정되었 으며, 북서부에서는 천년당 일 밀리미터 이하로 추정되었다. 퇴적물 시료의 방수에서 과잉 토륨-230 방사능과 과잉 토륨-230/토륨-232 방사능비가 일정한 수직분포를 보이 며 이는 저서생물등에 의한 입자 교란작용의 영향인 것으로 사료된다. 과잉 납-210의 수직농도 분포를 근거로 퇴적물 상부층과 하부층의 입자교란 속도를 추정하기 위하여 "2상자" 이류-확산 입자혼합 모델을 이용하였다. 입자혼합계수는 상부층에서는 수 10$cm^2$/y이며 하부층에서는 일 내지 수 $cm^2$/y로 추정되었다./y로 추정되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.595-604
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• 1997

To investigate characteristics of biogeochemical environment of the Korea Deep Ocean Study(KODOSI area in the northeast Pacific Ocean, we preferentially measured Inorganic nutrients and fluorescent organic matters. Typically. the permanent thermocline was well developed at the depth of 200~1000m In the study area. Nitrate. phosphate and silicate were low In the surface mixed layer and Increased with depth. N/P and N/Si showed 15 and 0.2 respectively In the deeper layer. Two fluorophores, biomacromolecule(protein-like) and geomacromolecule (humid-like) , were observed by three dimensional fluorescence excltatlon/ emission spectra matrix. Biomacromolecule(maximum fluorescence at $Ex_{280m}/Em_{330nm}$) ranged from 41.9 to 147.0 TU with its maximum In the surface mixed layer and minimum in deeper water, This is a same trend that has been reported for DOC in the equatorial Pacific. This suggests that biomacromolecule might be labile and converted to refractory humic substance after bacterial degradation In the deeper layer. On the contrary, geomacromolecule(maximum fluorescence at $Ex_{330m}/Em_{430m}$), ranged from 7.6 to 46.5 QSU, showed minimum in the surface nixed layer(euphotic zone) Implying photodegradation and then increased with depth at all stations. In the characteristics of vertical profiles, the relationship between biomacromolecule and geomacromolecule showed negative correlation. Such trend can be attributed to biochemical regeneration or formation of fluorescent materials accompanying oxidation and rennnerallzation of settling organic matter.