• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.89-103
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• 2013

National demands for the ocean forecasting system have been increased to support economic activity and national safety including search and rescue, maritime defense, fisheries, port management, leisure activities and marine transportation. Further, the ocean forecasting has been regarded as one of the key components to improve the weather and climate forecasting. Due to the national demands as well as improvement of the technology, the ocean forecasting systems have been established among advanced countries since late 1990. Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) significantly contributed to the achievement and world-wide spreading of ocean forecasting systems. Four stages of GODAE were summarized. Goal, vision, development history and research on ocean forecasting system of the advanced countries such as USA, France, UK, Italy, Norway, Australia, Japan, China, who operationally use the systems, were examined and compared. Strategies of the successfully established ocean forecasting systems can be summarized as follows: First, concentration of the national ability is required to establish successful operational ocean forecasting system. Second, newly developed technologies were shared with other countries and they achieved mutual and cooperative development through the international program. Third, each participating organization has devoted to its own task according to its role. In Korean society, demands on the ocean forecasting system have been also extended. Present status on development of the ocean forecasting system and long-term plan of KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration), KHOA (Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration), NFRDI (National Fisheries Research & Development Institute), ADD (Agency for Defense Development) were surveyed. From the history of the pre-established systems in other countries, the cooperation among the relevant Korean organizations is essential to establish the accurate and successful ocean forecasting system, and they can form a consortium. Through the cooperation, we can (1) set up high-quality ocean forecasting models and systems, (2) efficiently invest and distribute financial resources without duplicate investment, (3) overcome lack of manpower for the development. At present stage, it is strongly requested to concentrate national resources on developing a large-scale operational Korea Ocean Forecasting System which can produce open boundary and initial conditions for local ocean and climate forecasting models. Once the system is established, each organization can modify the system for its own specialized purpose. In addition, we can contribute to the international ocean prediction community.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.74-86
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• 2000

Objectives : This is the experimental paper to study the curative and preventive effects of Dansambohyultang, Methods : Oriental herb medicine for gastro-intestinal disease caused by stress, on the rats put under the stress through starvation, heating and immoblization, the author used four different group; the normal group, which was not put under stress and well fed, and the control group, to which the drug was not administered and put under the stress through starvation, heating and immoblization, the Sample I, to which the drug was administered before they were put under stress, the Sample lI, to which the drug was administered after they were put under stress. Results : When a Masson's trichrome stain method was applied to the control group, a small size of ulcer was found in the fundus and the pylorus, and atrophy was observed in the neck region of mucous membrane. When the drug was administered to the Sample I and the Sample II, the former recovered from the ulcer and atrophy to almost normal and showed better results than the latter. When a Masson's trichrome stain method was applied to the control group, atrophy of mucous membrane was found all over the intestines. When the drug was administered to the Sample I and the Sample ll, the curative and recovered effects was seen in both, but the former showed better results than the latter. After application of Mayer's hematoxylin stain method, the observation of numerical changes of goblet cells in the small intestines showed the most significant decrease in the control group. In the Sample I, the number of the cells in the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum returned to an almost normal level. In the Sample II, a slight increase was observed only in the ileum. After application of Mayer's hematoxylin stain method, the observation of numerical changes of goblet cell in the large intestines showed a significant decreased in the control group. Both the Sample I and the Sample II showed an increase in the number of goblet cells in comparison with the control group. When a serotonin-immunoreaction test was applied, the control group showed a general decrease in the number of gastro-entero-endocrine cells, The Sample I showed the effect in all over gastro.intestinal tract as compared with control group and the Sample II showed the effect in all over gastro-intestinal tract except the duodenum and the former showed better results than the latter. Conclusion : According to the above results, the regions which are most sensitive to stress were observed to the ileum and the colon. It was concluded that Dansambohyultang has a remedical value particularly on the abnormalities caused by stress in all over gastro-intestinal tract and it was found to be more effective in the Sample I than in the Sample ll. Judging from the fact that the Sample I showed better results than the Sample ll, Dansambohyultang can be said to have a preventive effect more than a curative effect on gastro-intestinal tract disease.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.47-67
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was aimed to investigated the warning signs and its relationship with the other characteristics in acute stroke patients. Methods : 225 acute stroke patients were recruited at the Department of Cardiovascular and Neurologic Diseases (Stroke Center) of Kyung Hee University Oriental Hospital from October 2005 to September 2006. We evaluated their stroke type with brain MRI, their warning signs, and general characteristics such as age, sex, past history, risk factors, etc. Results : 225 subjects were included in the final analysis. In the subjects' general characteristics, the most common etiology of stroke was small vessel occlusion. In the assessment of the subjects' warning signs, the frequency of tension felt at the cervical area was highest followed by blepharospasm, sensory dysfunction (one side of numbness, tingling sensation, dead sensation), one side paralysis or weakness, etc. After analyzing etiology, cerebral hemorrhage had more facial spasm sign and hypertension than cerebral infarction. On the other hand, cerebral infarction had more diabetes and sensory dysfunction (one side of numbness, tingling sensation, dead sensation) than cerebral hemorrhage. Among stroke locations, subjects with their brain lesion in the cortex had more warning sings of motor dysfunction such as one side paralysis, or weakness. Multiple lesions showed a close relationship with smoking habit and were more common in males than in females. The under 65 years old group were more commonly associated with alcohol consumption, accidental mental stress and blepharospam than the over 65 years old group. In the group of under 65 years old, males more commonly had lesions in occipital lobe, alcohol consumption and smoking habit than females. Otherwise, females more commonly had vision dysfunction and blepharospasm than males. In the group of over 65 years old, males more commonly had cortex lesion than females. On the other hand, Females more commonly had accidental mental stress than males. Conclusions : We observed various warning signs and their distribution in acute stroke patients. The subjects' brainlesions and their etiology seemed to affect the features of the warning signs. Hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia were also related to etiology of stroke and some habitual problems such as smoking and drinking seemed to reduce the age of stroke ictus. Although a concrete conclusion can hardly be drawn from this study, it reminds physicians of the importance of warning signs which appear among their patients.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.71-88
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• 2004

Objectives : The aims of this report are to examine the personal characteristics and to determine the different reactions against stress by constitutions. To achieve these goals, the statistical research was adopted. Methods : First of all, the total numbers of 398 middle school students were classified into three constitutions by QSCC II. According to each type of constitutions, both of the KPI Personality Test and Multidimensional Encountering Scale (MES) on how to deal with stress were conducted. Summary of the findings : 1. Based on the findings assessed by the QSCC II test, the constitutional distribution reveals the difference according to genders. In Chi-square test, the girl reveals significantly high (p<0.05) distribution in Soyangin. 2. In Independent T-test regarding KPI personality, the girl reveals high significance (p<0.05) in terms of 'Sociability', 'Responsibility', 'Synchronism' and 'Self-feminity' (or Feminization) while the boy reveals high significance in 'Goal-driven' (p<0.05). 3. In Independent T-test regarding the multidimensional encounter scaling, the girl reveals high significance (p<0.05) in D (expression of emotion). 4. In case of the boy, the Soeumin shows low significance (p<0.05) in 'Leadership' and 'Sociability' compared to the Taeumin or the Soyangin. On the other hand, the Soeumin reveals high significance (p<0.05) in 'Responsibility' and 'Self-control' compared to the Soyangin and additionally, shows high significance (p<0.05) in 'Self-feminity' (or Feminization) compared to the Taeumin or the Soyangin. Furthermore, the Soyangin shows high significance (p<0.05) in 'Self-confidence' compared to the Soeumin or the Taeumin. 5. In case of the girl, the Soyangin reveals high significance in 'Sociability' and 'Self-confidence' compared to the Soeumin or the Taeumin while the Soeumin has high significance in 'Synchronism' compared to the Taeumin or Soyangin. On the other hand, the Soeumin has high significance in terms of 'Responsibility', 'Self-control', and 'Self-feminity' (or Feminization) while showing low significance in 'Flexibility' compared to the Soyangin. 6. For boys, the Soeumin has low significance in 'Sociability' in comparison with both the Soyangin and the Taeumin, whereas for girls, the Soyangin reveals high significance in 'Sociability' in comparison with both the Soeumin and the Taeumin. As per the 'Self-confidence' and 'Responsibility', it has been proved that there is no notable difference between the boy and the girl, but to the contrary, as per the 'Self-confidence', both for the girl and the boy, the Soyangin has high significance (p<0.05) in comparison with the Soeumin and the Taeumin. In addition, in 'Responsibility' side, it is recognized that the Soeumin shows high significance (p<0.05) in comparison with the Soyangin both for boys and girls. Only the difference between genders, as to the 'Self-confidence', is that the Soeumin shows low distribution compared to the Taeumin in the case of boys, while the Taeumin shows low distribution compared to the Soeumin in the case of girls. In 'Self-feminity' (or Feminization), for boys the Soeumin shows high significance in comparison with both the Soeumin and the Taeumin, but to the contrary, for girls the Soeumin shows high significance (p<0.05) only against the Soyangin. 7. In case of boys, as to 'Conformability (compromise)', the Taeumin compared to the Soeumin reveals high significance (p<0.05), while for girls, the Soeumin compared to the Soyangin or the Taeumin reveals high significance (p<0.05). Consequently, it presents that the Soyangin has a tendency not to confirm (compromise) relatively in comparison with other constitutions regardless of the genders. Conclusions : In general, except that it shows some constitutional deviation by genders, the statistical findings of this report agree and comply with the personal characteristics of Sasangin presented by Je-Ma Lee.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2000

Purpose: It has recently been recognized that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is an important factor in the pathogenesis of recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) in children. But, the best treatment for H. pylori infection is still unsettled. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of 2 weeks dual therapy with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and amoxicillin for children with H. pylori infection associated with RAP. Method: Our study included 24 children with RAP who were H. pylori positive assessed by CLO test and histologic examination (silver stain). We used the regimen consisted of PPI (omeprazole, 0.7 mg/kg/day) and amoxicillin (50 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks to eradicate H. pylori. Eradication of H. pylori was determined 4 weeks after the termination of treatment using the CLO test and histologic examination. Results: The endoscopic diagnoses of patients were nodular gastritis in 11 cases, superficial gastritis in 7 cases, peptic ulcer in 4 cases and normal finding in 2 cases. H. pylori was eradicated in 12 cases by omeprazole and amoxicillin dual therapy for 2 weeks and the eradication rate was 50%. In 4 of 12 children in whom H. pylori had not been eradicated with that regimen, we successfully eradicated H. pylori with other regimens of which 2 or 3 drugs among omeprazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, colloidal bismuth subcitrate ($Denol^{(R)}$) and metronidazole were used. Conclusion: The dual therapy with PPI and amoxicillin for 2 weeks had no clear advantage over other regimens for the eradication of H. pylori infection in children. We concluded that the combi-nation of PPI and amoxicillin for 2 weeks is not so good for H. pylori eradication as other commonly used regimens.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.194-201
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• 2016

Purpose: Monitoring pneumococcal carriage rates is important. We developed and evaluated the accuracy of a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods: In October 2014, 157 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from patients aged <18 years admitted to Chung-Ang University Hospital. We developed and evaluated a real-time PCR method for detecting S. pneumoniae by comparing culture findings with the results of the real-time PCR using genomic DNA (gDNA). Of 157 samples, 20 specimens were analyzed in order to compare the results of cultures, real-time PCR, and real-time RT-PCR. Results: The concordance rate between culture findings and the results of real-time PCR was 0.922 (P<0.01, Fisher exact test). The 133 culture-negative samples were confirmed to be negative for S. pneumoniae using real-time PCR. Of the remaining 24 culture-positive samples, 21 were identified as S. pneumonia -positive using real-time PCR. The results of real-time RT-PCR and real-time PCR from 20 specimens were consistent with culture findings for all S. pneumoniae -positive samples except one. Culture and real-time RT-PCR required 26.5 and 4.5 hours to perform, respectively. Conclusions: This study established a real-time RT-PCR method for the detection of pneumococcal carriage in the nasopharynx. Real-time RT-PCR is an accurate, convenient, and time-saving method; therefore, it may be useful for collecting epidemiologic data regarding pneumococcal carriage in children.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.65-70
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• 2009

Reduction of groundwater surface tension prior to air sparging (SEAS, surfactant-enhanced air sparging) was known to increase air saturation in the aquifer under influence, possibly enhancing the removal rates of volatile contaminants. Although SEAS was known to be efficient for increasing air saturation, little information is available for different hydrogeological settings including soil particle sizes and the depth of aquifer. We investigated water saturations in the sparging influence zone during SEAS using one-dimensional column packed with sands of different particle sizes and different aquifer depths. An anionic surfactant was used to suppress the surface tension of water. Two different sands were used; the air entry pressures of the sands were measured to be $15.0\;cmH_2O$, and $36.3\;cmH_2O$, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the water saturation-surface tension relationship for sands with different particle sizes. As the surface tension decreased, the water saturation decreased to a lowest point and then it increased with further decrease in the surface tension. Both sands reached their lowest water saturations when the surface tension was set approximately at 42 dyne/cm. SEAS was conducted at three different aquifer depths; 41 cm, 81 cm, and 160 cm. Water saturation-surface tension relationship was consistent regardless of the aquifer depth. The size of sparging influence zone during SEAS, measured using two-dimensional model, was found to be similar to the changes in air saturation, measured using one-dimensional model. Considering diverse hydrogeological settings where SEAS to be applied, the results here may provide useful information for designing SEAS process.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.530-534
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• 2002

Background: In aortic surgery, division and ligation of the left brachiocephalic vein(LBV) may improve exposure of the aortic arch but controversy continues about the safety of this division and whether a divided vein should be reanastomosed after arch replacement was completed. The safety of LBV division and the fate of the left subclavian venous drainage after LBV division were studied. Material and Method: From November 1998 to January 2001, planned division and ligation of the LBV on the mid-line after median sternotomy was peformed in 10 patients during the aortic surgery with the consideration of local anatomy and distal aortic anastomosis. Assessment for upper extremity edema and neurologic symptoms, measurement of venous pressure in the right atrium and left internal jugular vein, and digital subtraction venography(DSV) of the left arm were made postoperatively. Result: In 10 patients there was improvement in access to the aortic arch for procedures on the ascending aorta or aortic arch. The mean age of patients was 62 years(range 24 to 70). Follow-up ranged from 3 weeks to 13 months. One patient died because of mediastinitis from methicilline-resistant staphylococcus aureus strain. All patients had edema on the left upper extremity, but resolved by the postoperative day 4. No patient had any residual edema or difficulty in using the left upper extremity during the entire follow-up period. No patient had postoperative stroke. Pressure difference between the right atrium and left internal jugular vein was peaked on the immediate postoperative period(mean peak pressure difference = 25mmHg), but gradually decreased, then plated by the postoperative day 4. In all DSV studies left subclavian vein flowed across the midline through the inferior thyroid venous plexus. Conclusion: We conclude that division of LBV is safe and reanastomosis is not necessary if inferior thyroid vein, which is developed as a main bridge connecting the left subclavian vein with right venous system, is preserved.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.205-210
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• 2009

Background: CXCL10 and CXCL11, which are family of CXCR3 ligands, are expressed by lymphocytes and even by bronchial epithelial cells if the cellular immunity is activated. This study evaluated the potential utility of CXCL10 and CXCL11 in the serum for active pulmonary tuberculosis in comparison with lung cancer, which activates the cellular immunity, and benign lung diseases. Methods: Patients who newly visited Pusan National University Hospital from January 2007 to December 2007 and were suspected of having lung cancer or tuberculosis were enrolled prospectively. The patients were classified pathologically and clinically into three groups, 47 with lung cancer, 18 with active pulmonary tuberculosis and 38 control patients with benign pulmonary disease. ELISA was used to determine the levels of CXCL10 and CXCL11 were determined in the serum. Results: The level of CXCL10 and CXCL11 were significantly higher in the active pulmonary tuberculosis group than in the lung cancer and benign lung disease groups (p<0.001, Kruskal-Wallis). The level of CXCL11 was significantly higher in the lung cancer group than in the benign pulmonary disease group, but there was no significant difference in level of CXCL10 between the three groups (p<0.001, p=0.655, respectively, Mann-Whitney U). The level of CXCL10 in patients with stage III+IV lung cancer was significantly higher than those with stage I+II, but there was no significant difference in the level of CXCL11 between the groups (p<0.001, p=0.07, respectively, Mann-Whitney U). There was no significant difference in the level of CXCL10 and CXCL11 between those with the presence and absence of lung cancer metastasis. There was a significant correlation between the level of CXCL10 and CXCL11 (r=0.223, p<0.001). Conclusion: CXCL10 and CXCL11 may be a potential useful markers for active pulmonary tuberculosis if used alongside other diagnostic methods.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.272-277
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• 2008

Background: The efficacy of the use of the interventional bronchoscope for palliation of patients with central airway obstruction has been established. In the palliative setting to alleviate central airway obstruction, the use of laser resection, electrocautery, argon plasma coagulation, photodynamic therapy and cryotherapy can provide relief of an airway obstruction. Cryotherapy is the therapeutic application of extreme cold for the local destruction of living tissue. Recently, this technique has been used for endoscopic management of central airway obstructions in Korea. We report the role and complications of the use of cryotherapy for airway obstructions in patients with advanced lung cancer. Methods: We used a flexible cryoprobe for cryotherapy using nitrous oxide as a cryogen. The cryoprobe was applied through the working channel of a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. The temperature of the tip was approximately $-89^{\circ}C$, and the icing time was 5~20 seconds. Results: Four patients with a central airway obstruction from advanced lung cancer were treated with cryotherapy. Three of the four patients were treated successfully and the airway obstruction was improved after the cryotherapy procedure. Dyspnea, hypoxia and atelectais were improved in three cases. Two patients experienced complications- one patient experienced pneumomediastinum and the other patient experienced massive hemoptysis during the cryotherapy procedure. However, these complications resolved and did not influence mortality. Conclusion: This technique is effective and relatively safe for palliation of inoperable advanced lung cancer with a central airway obstruction.