• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.1026-1033
• /
• 2009

In this study, we computed the unit load of nonpoint source for the forest, agricultural, and urban representative region in Anseongchun watershed. In addition, Flow-weighted mean concentration (FWMC) that well represents runoff characteristics of storm water during rainfall, was calculated, and runoff pollutants loading was also examined. FWMCs of 1st rainfall, which runoff coefficient was high, had a tendency higher than those of 2nd rainfall. Based on landuse results, pollutant concentration of the non-urban such as forest and agricultural regions was higher than that of urban region. In case of BOD, runoff pollutants loading was calculated as 1,395, 1,623, 2,268kg/d in 1st rainfall for forest, agricultural, and urban regions, respectively, while runoff loading of 2nd rainfall was 503kg/d in forest), 512kg/d in agricultural, and 898kg/d in urban. By landuses, unit load of the urban as 72.7kg/ha/yr was 12 times higher than that of the agricultural as 6.5kg/ha/yr, and 8 times higher than that of the forest as 9.5kg/ha/yr.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.271-276
• /
• 2003

A Jeju local variety of Italian millet (Setaria italica Beauvois) was grown at five seeding rates (6, 9, 12, 15 and 15 kg/ha) from May 1 to August 25, 2003 at Jeju to determine influence of seeding rate on agronomic characters, forage yield and quality. Days to flowering increased from 89 to 96 days as seeding rate increased from 6 to 18 kg/ha. The plant height increased from 128 to 148cm as seeding rate was increased from 6 to 12 kg/ha and then decreased to 131cm at a rate of 18 kg/ha. With increasing seeding rate, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of nodes, leaf width and weight per plant decreased but leaf length had the same trend with plant height. As seeding rate increased from 6 to 12 kg/ha, fresh furage, dry matter, crude protein, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield increased from 35.93 to 54.83 MT/ha, 10.49 to 17.43 MT/ha, 0.94 to 1.79 MT/ha and 5.33 to 9.27 MT/ha, respectively, and then decreased with further increased seeding rates. Crude protein, either extract, nitrogen free extract, and TDN content increased 9.0 to 12.01％, 1.3 to 1.8%, 45.6 to 47.8% and 50.8 to 55.0%, respectively, but crude fiber content decreased 35.2 to 30.0% and crude ash declined 5.8 to 8.4% as seeding rate increased from f to 18 kg/ha. The optimum seeding rate to obtain the highest forage yield was estimated to be 12 kg/ha.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.32-39
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted in order to get the scientific background for soil pollution criteria. The 92 soil samples derived from various geological units were taken and analyzed to survey natural heavy metal background levels using aqua regia digestion method and 0.1N HCl extraction method. From these results, the average natural contents of metals were 0.287 mg/kg for Cd, 15.26 mg/kg for Cu, 18.43 mg/kg for Pb, 25.36 mg/kg for Cr, 54.27 mg/kg for Zn, 17.68 mg/kg for Ni, 6.83 mg/kg for As by the aqua regia method, and 0.040 mg/kg for Cd, 0.48 mg/kg for Cu, 3.06 mg/kg for Pb, 0.09 mg/kg for Cr, 1.54 mg/kg for Zn, 0.27 mg/kg for Ni, 0.089 mg/kg for As by the 0.1N HCl extraction method. Ratios of soluble contents and total contents were Cd 0.14, Cu 0.03, Pb 0.17, Cr 0.004, Zn 0.03, Ni 0.02, As 0.013 and the correlation coefficients of soluble contents and total contents were 0.24(As), 0.88(Cd), 0.43(Cr), 0.65(Cu), 0.70(Pb), 0.61(Ni), 0.24(Zn). The correlation factor decreased in the order of Cd > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr > Zn $\approx$ As.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.163-175
• /
• 1993

1. By feeding on high Peroxidation Value(POV : 90.4mEq/kg) diets for 180 days, the cultured flounder were induced ceroidosis antificially. 2. The supplementation of glutathione to the diets having POV of 15.5mEq/kg improved the growth of the flounder that had shown depressed by the previous high POV diets(90.4mEq/kg). However, we found very much the same degree of improvement on growth by the supplemented diets of glutathione from 10mg/kg/day to 40mg/kg/day. 3. After 7 days, the flounder fed on the diets supplemented with 10, 30mg/kg/day glufthione start the recover from the accumulated ceroid and damaged tissues. These treated flounders with glutathione showed completely normal histlogical signo after 21 days. The effect of glutathione treatment with high concentration(30mg/kg/day) was better than that of low concentration(10mg/kg/day).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.69-75
• /
• 1994

This experiment was canied out to study the effect of cutting frequencies (3, 4 and 5 cuts per year) and mineral nitrogen fertilization on dry matter yields, in order to estimate optimum level of fertilizing mineral nitrogen in orchardgrass(Dacry1is glomerafa L.). The results are as follows: 1. Dry matter yields were the highest in the 1st cut at 3 cutting frequency and in the 2nd cut at 4 and 5 cutting frequencies, and they shared 49.7, 37.0 and 37.0% of annual dry matter yield respectively. 2. When only phosphorus and potassium were applied, annual dry matter yields were between 9.4 and 11.5 tons per ha and the highest yield was observed at 3 cutting frequency. 3. Dry matter yield in relation to fertilization of mineral nitrogen was highly increased when more nitrogen was applied as 360 kg per ha compared to 240 kg per ha at 3 cutting frequency. At 4 and 5 cutting frequencies, increases in dry matter yield, to large extent, were showed at 120 and 150 kg of nitrogen per ha(30 kg Nlcutlha) compared to no application of nitrogen. The efficiencies of mineral nitrogen fertilization (kg DM/kg N) were 28.0, 22.7 and 20.6 kg dry matter yields per nitrogen(kg) respectively). 4. At 4 and 5 cutting frequencies, dry matter yields were reduced when 360 kg and 300 kg of mineral nitrogen per ha(90 kg and 60 kg Nlcutlha) were applied respectively. 5. Particularly at 4 and 5 cutting frequencies of this study, maximum marginal yields reached at 129.9 kg and 148.0 kg of fertilizing mineral nitrogen per ha, and economical borden of mineral nitrogen fertilization were between 222.4 and 250.0 kg and between 244.8 and 276.8 kg respectively. At the same cutting frequencies, the highest dry matter yields were obtained at 365.4 and 433.8 kg of fertilizing mineral nitrogen respectively.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.149-155
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to examine the effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the lateral stem growth, and the change of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) status of 'Zenith' zoysiagrass under shaded conditions. Well-established turf was subjected to a full sun, 47%, and 77% shade in a field study. Three different rates of flurprimidol (FP: 0.2, 0.4, and $0.8\;kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$), paclobutrazol (PB: 0.16, 0.32, and $0.64\;kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$), and trinexapac-ethyl (TE: 0.04, 0.08, and $0.16\;kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$) were applied. Lateral development of 'Zenith' zoysiagrass decreased with increasing shade levels. However, compared with control plots, total stolon length and stolon number increased two fold at 0.2, $0.4\;kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ FP, and $0.16\;kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ PB under full sun. Under 77% shading, stolon number increased by 170% and total stolon length increased by 140% at $0.8\;kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ FP. Tiller number increased by 40% at $0.08\;kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ TE under full sun, and by 72% at $0.16\;kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ TE under 77% shading. The TNC contents of turfgrass treated with $0.8\;kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ FP and $0.16\;kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ TE increased by 50% as compared with control. Remarkably, nonstructural carbohydrates (NC) partitioning was enhanced by PGRs from leaf tissue to lateral stem tissue, which increased lateral development and may have contributed to recuperative rate. These results suggested that treatments of proper rate of PGRs could enhance the recuperative rate of 'Zenith' zoysiagrass by increasing lateral stem growth especially in shaded conditions.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.102-109
• /
• 1990

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of pure mineral nitrogen fertilizing on dry matter yield of grassland and the advisable mineral nitrogen amounts in long duration under practical conditions at the "Federal Institute for Agriculture in the Alps" in Austria. The application rates were 0, 30, 60,90 and 120 kg N/ha/cut, the cutting regimes 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-cuts/year. In order to explain the nitrogen-profitability were determined that 1 kg pure mineral nitrogen have to produce 8 - 16 kg DM/kg N in dependence on cutting regimes and requiring of nitrogen efficiencies. The results were as follows: 1. With only PK-fertilizaing average dry matter yields from 4.0 to 7.6 tons per ha and year were obtained. 2. Within all applied cutting regimes 60 kg min. Nlhalgrowth have proved to be the most efficient application rate witn 13 - 24 kg DM/kg N in dependent of cutting regimes. Comapred with only PK-treatment the DM yields increased by 3.9 - 4.7 t/ ha nad year. 3. By the sigmaformed process of Input-Output curve the highest marginal yield (the "most efficient" Ndressing rate) per ha and year was calculated: 152 kg N at 3-cut regimes, 204 kg N at 4-cut regimes, 220 kg N at 5-cut regimes and 240 kg N/ha/year at 6-cut regimes. 4. With required efficiencies of 16 and 12 kg DM/kg N 240 - 300 kg N per ha and year respectively would have to be applied at 3-cut regimes; with required efficiencies of 12 and 10 kg DM/kg N at 4-cut regimes the appropriate figures ranged from 320 to 420 kg N/ha and year, at 5- and 6-cut regimes and efficiencies of 10 and 8 kg DM/kg N results of 360 - 460 kg N and 380 - 500 kg N respectively were obtained. 5. At the relatively dry location Piber the highest dressing rates were needed in order to obtain the efficiencies from 8 to 16 kg DM/kg N, about 30 - 60 kg N/ha/year more than at the relatively moist location Admont.ist location Admont.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.113-119
• /
• 2015

Emission from the traditional Korean fireplace, or the under-floor heating and cooking device, can contribute significantly to airborne pollutants inventories. This study has systematically measured emissions of airborne pollutants from the fireplace when used different fuels such as firewood, agricultural crop residuals, household wastes. The results show that emission factors of airborne pollutants through the primary combustion of firewood were 3.22 g/kg for TSP, 2.93 g/kg for $PM_{10}$, 2.65 g/kg for $PM_{2.5}$, 174.19 g/kg for CO, 7.77 g/kg for NO, 0.15 g/kg for $SO_2$, 40.53 g/kg for TVOC and 0.03 g/kg for $NH_3$; from burning of agricultural crop residues, 2.85 g/kg for TSP, 1.38 g/kg for $PM_{10}$, 1.14 g/kg for $PM_{2.5}$, 126.47 g/kg for CO, 12.60 g/kg for NO, 0.20 g/kg for $SO_2$, 33.73 g/kg for TVOC and 0.02 g/kg for $NH_3$; and for household wastes, 10.52 g/kg for TSP, 8.52 g/kg for $PM_{10}$, 6.23 g/kg for $PM_{2.5}$, 72.86 g/kg for CO, 11.73 g/kg for NO, 0.20 g/kg for $SO_2$, 47.10 g/kg for TVOC and 0.20 g/kg for $NH_3$.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.145-153
• /
• 2005

Objective : This study was designed to investigate the effects and adverse effects of Choweseuncheng-tang on obesity patients Methods : Choweseuncheng-tang was given to 20 obesity patients who have no abnormality of GOT, GPT and past medical history. Additionally, electroacupuncture was performed on Fuchao(腑巢) with 60Hz. We compared body weight, body fat and laboratoy test(GOT, GPT, BUN, Creatinine) between before and after treatment. Blood pressure, heart rate and clinical symptoms were checked to investigate the side effects. Decrease of body weight was checked in accordance with Sasang constitutional type, appetite type, and BMI. Results : 6 patients(BMI 23-24.9), 10 patiets(BMI 25-29.9), and 4 patients(BMI over 30) were showed decrease of body weight. We found body fat was decerased $3.16{\pm}1.25%$. BUN, Creatinine, GOT and GPT were increased within normal range. There were adverse event of autonomic hyperactivity(11 patients), gastrointestinal symptoms(7 patients) and others(3 patients). Conclusions : According to above results, Choweseuncheng-tang could be used effectively, but should be taken cautiously on obese patients.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.128-139
• /
• 2023

Urban forests serve multiple purposes by providing green resting spaces and environmental benefits for city residents. In the old city center, where parks are scarce, the campus of Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea, serves as an urban forest for students, faculty, and citizens. This study aims to quantitatively analyze the environmental functions of green spaces on campus, raising awareness about their importance among campus members. The total carbon storage of campus trees was estimated at 1,653,218 kg, including 1,512,586 kg in forest areas, 131,061 kg in planting spaces around buildings, and 9,571 kg in street spaces. The annual carbon uptake of campus trees was estimated to be 39,391 kg/year, with 30,144 kg/year in forest areas, 8,017 kg/year in planting spaces around buildings, and 1,230 kg/year in horizontal spaces. In addition, annual oxygen production was estimated to be 105,044 kg/year, with 80,385 kg/year in forest areas, 21,378 kg/year in planting spaces around buildings, and 3,281 kg/year in street spaces. Furthermore, we estimated carbon emissions from the use of on-campus facilities to be 4,856,182 kg/year, while oxygen consumption by members was estimated at 53,975 kg/year. However, the campus trees supplied a sufficient amount of oxygen, which was twice the amount required by school members. The carbon uptake amount was approximately 1% of the amount of carbon emissions, resulting in a modest contribution to improving the environmental conditions of the site.