• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.416-425
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• 2020

This study evaluated the productivity of early maturity silage corns during continuous monocropping and the possibility of expanding forage production. Continuous monocropping of three silage corns, such as Kwangpyeongok (medium maturity), Sinhwangok (early maturity), and Sinhwangok2 (early maturity) was planted twice, in April and July from 2018 to 2019 at Suwon. The number of days from the sowing date to the silking date was 78 for the preceding crop and 52 for the succeeding crop. The number of days from the silking date to the harvesting date was 26 for the preceding crop and 46 for the succeeding crop. The sums of the temperature from the sowing date to the silking date were 1,512℃ for the preceding crop, 1,246℃ for the succeeding crop. The sums of the temperature from the sowing date to the harvesting date were 2,198℃ for the preceding crop and 1,951℃ for the succeeding crop. The dry matter yield of the preceding crop (1,637 kg/10a) was similar to that of the succeeding crop (1,565 kg/10a). The dry matter yields of Sinhwangok2 (1,673 kg/10a), Sinhwangok (1,660 kg/10a) and Kwangpyeongok (1,579 kg/10a) were similar to those of the preceding crop. The dry matter yields of Sinhwangok (1,669 kg/10a) and Kwangpyeongok (1,651 kg/10a) were similar to those of the succeeding crop and Sinhwangok2 (1,374 kg/10a) was the lowest among the three corn varieties. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield of the preceding crop (1,135 kg/10a) was similar to that of the succeeding crop (1,037 kg/10a). The TDN yields of Sinhwangok2 (1,183 kg/10a), Sinhwangok (1,158 kg/10a), and Kwangpyeongok (1,063 kg/10a) were similar to those of the preceding crop. The TDN yields of Sinhwangok (1,150 kg/10a) and Kwangpyeongok (1,100 kg/10a) were similar for the succeeding crop and Sinhwangok2 (970 kg/10a) was the lowest among the three corn varieties. The total dry matter yields of Sinhwangok (3,329 kg/10a) and Kwangpyeongok (3,230 kg/10a) were similar, but Sinhwangok2 (3,047 kg/10a) was the lowest among the three corn varieties. The total TDN yields of Sinhwangok (2,307 kg/10a), Kwangpyeongok (2,162 kg/10a), and Sinhwangok2 (2,152 kg/10a) were similar. It was concluded that Sinhwangok and Sinhwangok2 have high TDN yields as well as early maturity, and therefore are advantageous for direct continuous monocropping.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.4-12
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• 1980

The studies of the compounding analgestic antipyretics were examined by the converted Koster's method (mice) and the converted Mac Donald's method (mice) induced on the three assumption crossover test. And the following results were found. 1. The same effect of the writhing inhibition in this compounding antipyretic dosage by it's oral administration is as follows. Aminopyrine 100mg/kg. (standard), aminopyrine 50mg/kg compounding with chlorpheniramine maleate 2mg/kg., compounding with diphenhydramine hydrochloride 8mg/kg., compounding with atropine sulfate 0.2mg/kg., or compounding with scopolamine hydrobromide 0.2mg/kg. And aspirin80mg/kg., Salicylamide 90mg/kg., sulpyrine 60mg/kg., or phenacetin 70mg/kg. compounding with the same dosage of the adjutants above. 2. The elevation-rate of the reaction threshold in this compounding antipyretic dosage by it's oral administration calculate as follows. When the elevation-rate (ER) of aminopyrine (100mg./kg.) is 1.00 (Standard), ER of aminopyrine (50mg./kg.) compounding with chlorpheniramine maleate (2mg./kg.) calculated 1.42, aspirin (80.mg./kg.) compounding with diphenhydramine hydrochloride (80mg./kg.) calculated 1.18, salicylamide (90mg./kg.) compounding with chlorpheniramine maleate (2mg./kg.) calculated 1.15, sulpyrine (60mg./kg.) compounding with chlorpheniramine maleate(2mg./kg.) calculated 1.28, and ER phenacetin (70mg./kg.) compounding with chlorpheniramine maleate (2mg./kg.) calculated 1.19.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.205-216
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• 1998

In order to investigate the short-term effect of cattle slurry N application on dry matter yield of reed canarygrass(Phalaris arundinacea L.) in uncultivated rice paddy during the harvested years in 1993~1995. Annual cattle slurry N was applied at the levels of 0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 kg $ha^{-1}$ in 3 cuttings, 0, 120, 240, 360 and 480 kg $ha^{-1}$ in 4 cuttings, and 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg $ha^{-1}$ in 5 cutting, respectively. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The dry matter yields of all cutting frequencies in 1993 were higher than in other harvested years. 2. Significantly higher dry matter yields were obtained as 13.10 tons $ha^{-1}$ at level of 360 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ in 3 cuttings, 12.50-12.83 tons $ha^{-1}$ at levels of 360-480kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ in 4 cuttings, and 12.52-12.56 tons $ha^{-1}$at levels of 450-600 kg $ha^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$in 5 cuttings, respectively. 3. Efficiency of dry matter production(kg DM $kg^{-1}$ N) to cattle slurry N application tended to decrease with higher levels of cattle slurry N application and cutting frequencies. Higher efficiencies of dry matter production to cattle slurry N application were obtained as 15.2 kg at N level of 90 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$in 3 cuttings, 19.8 kg at level of 120 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ in 4 cuttings, and 10.0 kg at level of 150 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ in 5 cuttings, respectively. 4. The highest relative yields(RY) in different cutting frequency were 38.1% for 2nd cut in 3 cuttings, 41.8% for 3rd cut in 4 cuttings, and 30.1% for 4th cut in 5 cuttings, respectively. 5. The estimated ranges of marginal dry matter yield(Ymar.) were 11.5~12.1 tons $ha^{-1}$ at the ranges of economic N level of 261.0~304.6 kg $ha^{-1}\;$yr^{-1}$ in 3 cuttings, 10.4~11.5 tons $ha^{-1}$ at the ranges of economic N level of 205~302.9 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ in 4 cuttings, and 11.1~11.6 tons $ha^{-1}$ at the ranges of economic N level of 303.8~354.4 kg $ha^{-1}$ 5 cuttings, respectively. 6. Ranges of economic slurry N level(Necon.) in all cuts were 67.9~95.0 kg $ha^{-1}$ in 3 cuttings, 14.3~119.8 kg $ha^{-1}$in 4 cuttings, and 50.9-125.2 kg $ha^{-1}$ in 5 cutting, respectively. 7. The 3 cuttings per annum was a proper cutting frequency for the increase in dry matter production of reed canarygrass using uncultivated rice paddy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 1999.10c
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• pp.689-694
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• 1999

This study estimated average yearly watershed pollutant loading by using SWMM(Storm Water Management Model) which is one of the nonpoint source quality models. Two sites were measured discharge and water quality at dry period and wet period. The rainfall data is used from 1989 to 1998 . During a decade, the average year watershed pollutant loading, which is SS, BOD5 , TN, TP, were 2.39E+06kg, 0.92E +05kg, 2.53E+05kg, 2.66E+04kg respectively. During dry period, SS, BOD5 TN, TP loadings were 1.89E+05kg, 1.7E+05kg, 1.04E+05kg, 1.11E+04kg, and during wet period 1.89E+05kg, 1.17E+05kg, 1.04E+05kg, 1.11E+04kg respectively so wet period loading are more than dry day loadings.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.582-588
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• 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate litterfall amounts in a 28-year old Quercus acutissima stand at various levels of fertilization. The levels of fertilization were control, 3:4:1 (100 kg N/ha, 130 kg P/ha, 33 kg K/ha), 3:8:1, 3:4:2, 6:4:1, and 2:2:1, respectively. Fertilizers were applied for 3 years. Litterfall amounts following 3-year fertilization were significantly different among various levels of fertilization. Leaf litter was significantly higher (P<0.05) in 3:4:1 (4,015 kg/ha/yr) than in 3:8:1 treatments (2,874 kg/ha/yr), whereas other treatments showed no significant differences (P>0.05). Total litterfall amounts throughout the study period were 4,206 kg/ha/yr in 3:8:1, 4,992 kg/ha/yr in 2:2:1, 5,372 kg/ha/yr in 6:4:1, 5,456 kg/ha/yr in control, 5,840 kg/ha/yr in 3:4:1 and 6,015 kg/ha/yr in 3:4:2 treatments, respectively. Proportion of leaf litter was more than 66% of total litterfall in 3:4:1, 6:4:1, and 3:8:1 treatments compared with 61% in the control. These results indicated that litterfall amounts in a Q. accutissma stand were affected by various levels of fertilization.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1185-1194
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• 2011

This study was carried out to estimate carbon emission using LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and to establish LCI (Life Cycle inventory) DB for lettuce production system in protected cultivation. The results of data collection for establishing LCI DB showed that the amount of fertilizer input for 1 kg lettuce production was the highest. The amounts of organic and chemical fertilizer input for 1 kg lettuce production were 7.85E-01 kg and 4.42E-02 kg, respectively. Both inputs of fertilizer and energy accounted for the largest share. The amount of field emission for $CO_2$, $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ for 1 kg lettuce production was 3.23E-02 kg. The result of LCI analysis focused on GHG (Greenhouse gas) showed that the emission value to produce 1 kg of lettuce was 8.65E-01 kg $CO_2$. The emission values of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ to produce 1 kg of lettuce were 8.59E-03 kg $CH_4$ and 2.90E-04 kg $N_2O$, respectively. Fertilizer production process contributed most to GHG emission. Whereas, the amount of emitted nitrous oxide was the most during lettuce cropping stage due to nitrogen fertilization. When GHG was calculated in $CO_2$-equivalents, the carbon footprint from GHG was 1.14E-+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$. Here, $CO_2$ accounted for 76% of the total GHG emissions from lettuce production system. Methane and nitrous oxide held 16%, 8% of it, respectively. The results of LCIA (Life Cycle Impact assessment) showed that GWP (Global Warming Potential) and POCP (Photochemical Ozon Creation Potential) were 1.14E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ and 9.45E-05 kg $C_2H_4$-eq. $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Fertilizer production is the greatest contributor to the environmental impact, followed by energy production and agricultural material production.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.95-106
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• 1998

A study was made to estimate the economic level(Necon.) of mineral nitrogen and a cutting frequency for the dry matter production of reed canarygrass(Phalaris arundinacea L.) in uncultivated rice paddy during the harvested years in 1993~1995. Annual mineral nitrogen was applied at the levels of 0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 kg $ha^{-1}$ in 3 cuttings, 0, 120, 240, 360 and 480 kg $ha^{-1}$ in 4 cuttings, and 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg $ha^{-1}$ in 5 cuttings, respectively. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The dry matter yields of all cutting frequencies in 1993 were significantly higher than in the other hay years. Mean dry matter yield were 14.40, 13.88 and 15.98 tons $ha^{-1}$ in 3, 4 and 5 cuttings, respectively. 2. Significantly higher matter yields were obtained as 15.37 and 15.80 tons $ha^{-1}$ at the level of 120 kg $ha^{-1}\;cut^{-1}$ in 3 and 4 cuttings, and 14.02~14.08 tons $ha^{-1}$ levels of 90~120 kg $ha^{-1}$ in 5 cuttings, respectively. 3. Higher efficiencies of dry matter production in response to mineral nitrogen application were recorded as 29.7 kg at level of 90 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ in 3 cuttings, 19.6 kg at level of 240 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ in 4 cuttings, and 20.1 kg at level of 150 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ in 5 cuttings, respectively. 4. Significantly higher matter yields appeared as 5.02 tons $ha^{-1}$ at 2nd cut in 3 cuttings, 3.94~4.37 tons $ha^{-1}$ at 2nd and 3rd cut in 4 cuttings, and 3.81~3.58 tons $ha^{-1}$ at 2nd and 3rd cut in 5 cuttings, respectively. 5. The highest values of relative dry matter yield were 40.4% for 2nd cut in 3 cuttings, 34.9% for 3rd cut in 4 cuttings, and 31.5% for 2nd cut in 5 cuttings, respectively. 6. The estimated marginal dry matter yields(Ymar.) were 13.8~14.7 tons $ha^{-1}$ at ranges of economic N level of 228.5~291.9 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ in 3 cuttings, 13.8~14.2 tons $ha^{-1}$ at ranges of 293.5~335.7 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ in 4 cuttings, and 12.2~12.8 tons $ha^{-1}$ at ranges of 237.5~302.5 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ in 5 cuttings, respectively. 7. Maximun dry matter yields(Ymax.) were 17.0 tons at the level of limiting N(Nmax.) of 558.9 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ in 3 cuttings, 16.1 ton at level of limiting N of 531.4 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ in 4 cuttings, and 13.9 ton at level of limiting N of 546.3 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ in 5 cuttings, respectively. 8. Economic N level in all cuts were in the ranges of 42.6~123.8 kg $ha^{-1}$ in 3 cuttings, 27.3~144.1 kg $ha^{-1}$ in 4 cuttings, and 9.3~159.4 kg $ha^{-1}$ in 5 cuttings, respectively. 9. The proper cutting frequency for matter production of reed canarygrass was 3 cuttings during the h harvested years in 1993~1995, due mainly to the higher efficiency of N for the dry matter production.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2005

To find out reducing way of methane emission from a paddy field monitoring on the greenhouse gases emissions were carried out in the paddy soil with livestock compost and soil conditioner. The seasonal variations of methane emission were high at 36 days and 86 days after rice transplanting, on the other hand those of nitrous oxide emission were high at 64 days after that day. Methane emission by cow compost application, pig compost application and chicken compost application were 331, 282 and 294 kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively. Otherwise, nitrous oxide emissions by cow compost application, pig compost application and chicken compost application were 1.60, 1.78 and 1.78 kg $ha^{-1}$ respectively. The total emission rate of greenhouse gases equivalent to $CO_2$ emission rate (GWP) was 7,447 kg $ha^{-1}$ in cow compost application, 6,474 kg $ha^{-1}$ in pig compost application and 6,726 kg $ha^{-1}$ in chicken compost application. Methane emission by Ca, $SiO_2$ and artificial zeolite application were 373, 264, 239 kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively. The total emission rate of greenhouse gases equivalent to $CO_2$ emission rate (GWP) was 8,295 kg $ha^{-1}$ in Ca application 5,978 kg $ha^{-1}$ in $SiO_2$ application and 5,447 kg $ha^{-1}$ in artificial zeolite application.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.157-160
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• 2011

This study was conducted to find a method using the application of rice bran and mixed expeller cake at machine transplanting rice paddy field. Different ratios of rice bran and mixed expeller cake were sprayed as substitute of chemical fertilizer (nitrogen 90kg $ha^{-1}$) before transplanting. Nitrogen content was highest in 30th day after transplantation, and in relation to treatments the order was the following: Rice bran 1,000kg $ha^{-1}$ + Mixed expeller cake 1,374kg $ha^{-1}$ > rice bran 2,000kg $ha^{-1}$ + Mixed expeller cake 948kg $ha^{-1}$ > rice bran 3,000kg $ha^{-1}$ + Mixed expeller cake 522kg $ha^{-1}$. Number of panicle and spikelets per $m^{-2}$ was higher in rice bran 1,000kg $ha^{-1}$ + Mixed expeller cake 1,374kg $ha^{-1}$ and rice bran 2,000kg $ha^{-1}$ + Mixed expeller cake 948kg $ha^{-1}$ than in rice bran 3,000kg $ha^{-1}$ + Mixed expeller cake 522kg $ha^{-1}$ and the yields was the highest in rice bran 1,000kg $ha^{-1}$ + Mixed expeller cake 1,374kg $ha^{-1}$.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2002

This work was performed in order to examine the effect of nitrite, thiocyanate and ascorbic acid on formation of N-nitrosamine(NA) in kimchi, fermented anchovy and shrimp under simulated gastric digestion, in vitro. The contents of nitrate were 10.7~24.5 mg/kg in kimchi, 1.5~5.6 mg/kg in fermented anchovy, 1.0~2.0 mg/kg in fermented shrimp and those of nitrite were average 0.3 mg/kg in all analyzed samples. Dimethylamine and trirmethylarnine contents were 4.9~l5.4 mg/kg, 0.6~0.8 mg/kg in kimchi, 3.3~4.0 mg/kg, 1.9~2.8 mg/kg in fermented anchovy, 30.3~177.9 mg/kg, 4.4~21.3 mg/kg in fermented shrimp, respectively. The contents of N-nitrosodime -thylamine(NDMA) were in the range of 0.8~6.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg in kimchi, 0~l.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg in fermented anchovy and 0~0.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg in fermented shrimp. After simulated gastric digestion, NDMA was increased about 1.5 times in all sample. In every nitrite added samples, the contents of NDMA were increased by 183.1 times in fermented shrimp and were detected 192.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg and 220.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg when it was treated with 4 mM and 8 mM of nitrite, respectively. NDMA, when above samples were added 8 mM nitrite and 6.4 mM thiocyanate, was increased about 1.5 times than control samples. The formation of NDMA was inhibited by 49.9~92.4% in all samples added 12.8 mM ascorbic acid compared with the control sample.