• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.457-464
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• 2000

In this paper, we describe the results of various calculations performed for a design of the thickness gauges that use the gamma-ray backscattering method. The radiation source is assumed to be the $_{24}$1Am(60keV gamma-ray) and the detector is a single crystal scintillator in a cylindrical form. The source is located at the center of the detector with the collimator of a cylindrical shape. First, when gamma-rays are incident on a material with a constant angle, we compute the variations of the spectrum for the photons scattered into different angular intervals. Next, we compute for an optimal size for the collimator cylinder for a fixed detector size and an optimal distance from the detector to the material. Finally, we compute the number of observed photons for different thickness of two different materials, a plastic film and an Al foil.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.411-414
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• 2002

The CdTe semiconductor detector has a higher detection efficiency for x-rays and $\square$amma rays and a wider energy band gap compared with Si and Ge semiconductor detectors. Therefore, the size of the detector element can be made small, and can be operated at room temperature. The interaction between a CdTe detector and incident x-rays is mainly photoelectric absorption in the photon energy range of up to 100 keV. In this energy range, Compton effects are almost negligible. We have developed a 256 channel CdTe array detector system for monochromatic x-ray CT using synchrotron radiation. The CdTe array detector system, the element size of which is 1.98 mm (h) x 1.98 mm (w) x 0.5 mm (t), was operated in photon counting mode. In order to improve the spatial resolution, we tilted the CdTe array detector against the incident parallel monochromatic x-ray beam. The experiments were performed at the BL20B2 experimental hutch in SPring-8. The energy of incident monochromatic x-rays was set at 55 keV. Phantom measurements were performed at the detector angle of 0, 30 and 45 degrees against the incident parallel monochromatic x-rays. The linear attenuation coefficients were calculated from the reconstructed CT images. By increasing the detector angle, the spatial resolutions were improved. There was no significant difference between the linear attenuation coefficients which were corrected by the detector angle. It was found that this method was useful for improving the spatial resolution in a parallel monochromatic x-ray CT system.

• 천문학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2019

We present the results of the spectral and temporal analysis of eight X-ray point sources in five nearby (distance < 20 Mpc) galaxies observed with Chandra. For spectral analysis, an absorbed powerlaw and an absorbed diskblackbody were used as empirical models. Six sources were found to be equally fitted by both the models while two sources were better fitted by the powerlaw model. Based on model parameters, we estimate the X-ray luminosity of these sources in the energy range 0.3 - 10.0 keV, to be of the order of ${\sim}10^{39}ergs\;s^{-1}$ except for one source (X-8) with $L_X>10^{40}ergs\;s^{-1}$. Five of these maybe classified as Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) with powerlaw photon index within the range, ${\Gamma}{\sim}1.63-2.63$ while the inner disk temperature, kT ~ 0.68 - 1.93 keV, when fitted with the disk blackbody model. The black hole masses harboured by the X-ray point sources were estimated using the disk blackbody model to be in the stellar mass range, however, the black hole mass of one source (X-6) lies within the range $68.37M_{\odot}{\leq}M_{BH}{\leq}176.32M_{\odot}$, which at the upper limit comes under the Intermediate mass black hole range. But if the emission is considered to be beamed by a factor ~ 5, the black hole mass reduces to ${\sim}75M_{\odot}$. The timing analysis of these sources does not show the presence of any short term variations in the kiloseconds timescales.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.1021-1040
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• 2015

An effective method to calculate aerodynamic loads and aeroelastic responses of large wind turbine tower-blade coupled structures in yaw condition is proposed. By a case study on a 5 MW large wind turbine, the finite element model of the wind turbine tower-blade coupled structure is established to obtain the modal information. The harmonic superposition method and modified blade-element momentum theory are used to calculate aerodynamic loads in yaw condition, in which the wind shear, tower shadow, tower-blade modal and aerodynamic interactions, and rotational effects are fully taken into account. The mode superposition method is used to calculate kinetic equation of wind turbine tower-blade coupled structure in time domain. The induced velocity and dynamic loads are updated through iterative loop, and the aeroelastic responses of large wind turbine tower-blade coupled system are then obtained. For completeness, the yaw effect and aeroelastic effect on aerodynamic loads and wind-induced responses are discussed in detail based on the calculating results.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.5653-5657
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• 2012

Objectives: To investigate the effect of glycopeptide-preferring polypeptide GalNAc transferase 1 (ppGalNAc T1 ) targeted RNA interference (RNAi) on the growth and migration of human bladder carcinoma EJ cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods: DNA microarray assays were performed to determine ppGalNAc Ts(ppGalNAc T1-9) expression in human bladder cancer and normal bladder tissues. We transfected the EJ bladder cancer cell line with well-designed ppGalNAc T1 siRNA. Boyden chamber and Wound healing assays were used to investigate changes of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cell migration. Proliferation of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cells in vitro was assessed using [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay and soft agar colony formation assays. Subcutaneous bladder tumors in BALB/c nude mice were induced by inoculation of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cells and after inoculation diameters of tumors were measured every 5 days to determine gross tumor volumes. Results: ppGalNAc T1 mRNA in bladder cancer tissues was 11.2-fold higher than in normal bladder tissues. When ppGalNAc T1 expression in EJ cells was knocked down through transfection by pSUPER-shppGalNAc T1 vector, markedly reduced incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA of EJ cells was observed at all time points compared with the empty vector transfected control cells. However, ppGalNAc T1 knockdown did not significantly inhibited cell migration (only 12.3%). Silenced ppGalNAc T1 expression significantly inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth compared with the control groups injected with empty vector transfected control cells. At the end of observation course (40 days), the inhibitory rate of cancerous growth for ppGalNAc T1 knockdown was 52.5%. Conclusion: ppGalNAc T1 might be a potential novel marker for human bladder cancer. Although ppGalNAc T1 knockdown caused no remarkable change in cell migration, silenced expression significantly inhibited proliferation and tumor growth of the bladder cancer EJ cell line.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.74-84
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• 2004

목적:. I-125는 저에너지(27-35 keV) 방사선을 방출하기 때문에 두께가 얇은 섬광결정과 조준기를 사용할 수 있어 고분해능, 고민감도 영상획득에 유리한 물리적 특성을 가지고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 새로운 시뮬레이션 도구인 GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission)를 사용하여 최적의 I-125 SPECT 시스템 파라미터를 도출하는 것이다. 대상 및 방법: 시뮬레이션 방법의 신뢰성을 검증하기 위해, Weisenberger 등이 개발한 감마 카메라 시스템을 모사하였다. 섬광체로 평판형 Nal(T1)을 사용하였으며, 두께는 검출효율을 계산해서 결정하였다. 평행구멍조준기와 바늘구멍조준기의 여러 파라미터가 공간분해능과 민감도에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 그리고 최적화된 조준기를 결합한 I-125 SPECT의 성능을 평가하였다. 결과: 시뮬레이션에 대한 신뢰성 검증연구 결과, 측정과 시뮬레이션에서 공간분해능(4%)과 민감도(3%)가 유사함을 확인하였다. Nal(T1) 두께는 I-125 감마선을 98% 검출할 수 있도록 1 mm로 결정하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과 고분해능 평행구멍조준기로 구멍크기가 0.2 mm이고 길이가 5 mm인 사각구멍조준기를 선택하였고, 범용 평행구멍조준기로 구멍크기가 0.5 m이고, 길이가 10 mm인 육각구멍조준기를 선택하였다. 바늘구멍조준기는 구멍지름이 0.25 mm이고 채널높이가 0.1 mm이며, 허용각도가 90도인 조준기를 선택하였다. 최적화된 고분해능 평행구멍조준기, 범용 평행구멍조준기, 바늘구멍조준기를 결합한 I-125 SPECT의 재구성 영상 공간분해능은 각각 1.2 mm, 1.7 mm, 0.8 mm였으며, 민감도는 39.7 cps/MBq, 71.9 cps/MBq, 5.5 cps/MBq이었다. 결론: GATE 시뮬레이션으로 I-125 영상에 적합한 섬광결정 파라미터 및 조준기 파라미터를 도출하였다. 이 연구결과는 I-125 SPECT로 탁월한 고분해능, 고민감도 영상을 얻을 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 천문학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.571-574
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• 2004

Clusters of galaxies are filled with X-ray emitted hot gas with the temperature of T ${\~}$2-10 keV. Recent X-ray observations have been revealing unexpectedly that many cluster cores have complicated, peculiar X-ray structures, which imply dynamical motion of the hot gas. Moreover, X-ray spectra indicate that radiative cooling of the cool gas is suppressed by unknown heating mechanisms (the 'cooling flow problem'). Here we propose a novel mechanism reproducing both the inhomogeneous structures and dynamics of the hot gas in the cluster cores, based on state-of-the-art hydrodynamic simulations. We showed that acoustic-gravity waves, which are naturally expected during the process of hierarchical structure formation of the universe, surge in the X-ray hot gas, causing a serous impact on the core. This reminds us of tsunamis on the ocean surging into an distant island. We found that the waves create fully-developed, stable turbulence, which reproduces the complicated structures in the core. Moreover, if the wave amplitude is large enough, they can suppress the cooling of the core. The turbulence could be detected in near-future space X-ray missions such as ASTRO-E2.

• 정보관리학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.53-78
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• 1988

The purpose of this study is to verify the factors determining core journals in a field based upon the results of the citation analysis of the journals in the field of Korean History(KH). In order to verify the determinant factors, dividing the articles of the KH journals into their novelty and author's seniority, the following hypotheses were established. Hypothesis 1: When a KH journal publishes more articles on prehistoric and ancient eras than others, the journal will have higher chance to be included in the core journals. Hypothesis 2: When a KH journal publishes more articles by senior researchers than others, the journal will have higher chance to be included in the core journals. To achieve the purpose, the cited articles found in the two sample journals, namely, Backsan Hakbo and Hanguksa Yongu were analysed during the past 20 years from 1962 to 1981. Applying the Hirst's Discipline Impact Factor method to the the study, Historical Science Impact Factor(HSIF) on the samples itself and the historical era dealt with in the articles and the seniority of the authors during every five-year period. Based upon thr present study to ver~fy the two hypotheses, the following conclusions have been reached. 1) Tht. most influencing sublect mattcr era or1 thix liSIF of the lo~lrual is arranged in prehistoric arid ancient, Koryo, Chosun, recent era, and the others by order of era. 2 ) Clial~g~~lg a fringe or semicore journal u~to a core j ~ u r n a l , very IISIF' 011 it> article e r a 1s grown up arrd prcllistoric a ~ ~ d ancierlt era:. are, s p c c ~ a l l ~ , incr.eased high relatively. Char~ging a core journal int:~ a fr~ngr or semicort. journal, t.very IISIF ti dropped and prel~istc~ric and ancieut taras arc, fallen sharp relatively. 3) The most irlflr~encin~ s~niority 011 the t1SII- of ihc journal I. the senior.., written or1 prehistoric and ancient eras. Above all, the senilir'b HSIF olr prehistoric anti anclent e r a s a r e most ~nfluencing the cliangi~rg of the core journal into the fringe ur bemicore. .i) flypothesis fl is no1 vcrif~ed i r t general. T l ~ e rt, lative connections bet wee^^ the senior's HSIF 011 each era and tht, ~ l ~ a l ~ g i t l g of the tort. ji1ur.tia1 arc \:er~fied in part hut r~ot in the wliole. 5) 'The reason why the 11SIF or1 prehistori~. arid ar~cic~nt e r a s is higl~er than others can be assumed becaltic the new <, xcavations a r r contit~ued actively i l l the prrsr.llt as to the relics arid remains or1 that eras. Accordingly, the HSIF' r i l l thr 11ew 3ubject matter l~ke arcl~acmlogy trends to grow up greatly. Bctween the senior's and juriior's JISIE', junior'.; is higl~er than s., nior's except ancient e r a . That reason can be assumed bccausr Iunlorb t r j to solve the ex~sting problems thr~urglr their ow11 new viewpoints and sights. So, i t should be studied whether the 11SlF on the artic1t.s of the new subject matters and viewpoirrts is influenced to the changing of the core jorlrnal or not.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.515-521
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• 1999

감마카메라에서 섬광체는 감마선을 검출하여 카메라의 영상 특성을 결정하는 주요한 센서역할을 한다. 이 연구에서는 감마카메라 제작시에 고려되어야 하는 섬광체의 옆표면처리가 감마카메라영상에 미치는 영향에 대하여 고찰하였다. 섬광체는 크기가 20mm (직경 $\times$10mm(두께)인 NaI(TI) 와 CsI(TI)를 설정하여 옆표면처리를 반사체와 흡수체로 하였다 . 선정한 4개의 섬광체에서 감마선에 의해 발생한 섬광이 광전자증배관의 광음극에 도달할 때 까지의 광학적 특성을 몬테카를로(Monte Carlo) 시뮬레이션 방법을 이용하여 고찰하였다. 또한 이 네 개의 섬광체를 위치민감형 광전자증배관에 광학적으로 결합하여 Tc-99m 140 keV 에 대한 민감도와 플러드 영상, 에너지 분해능 그리고 위치분해능을 측정하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과, NAI(TI)-반사체가 가장 우수한 민감도를 보인 것으로 계산되었으며, 감마카메라를 이용하여 획득한 플러드영상에서 민감도는 NAI(TI)-반사체 2920cps/$\mu$Ci, NaI(TI)-흡수체2322 cps/$\mu$Ci, CsI(TI) 반사체 1754 cps/$\mu$Ci, CsI(TI)/흡수체 1401 cps/$\mu$Ci로 축정되었다. 내인성 위치분해능은 NaI(TI)-반사체 5.17mm, , NaI(TI)-흡수체 4.54mm, CsI(TI)-반사체 6.99m, CsI(TI)-흡수체 6.31 mm FWHM의 결과를 나타냈다. Tc -99m 140 keV에 대한 에너지분해능은 NaI(TI)-반사체 12.5%, NAI(TI) -흡수체 23.5%, CSI(TI)-반사체 20.5%, CsI(TI) -흡수체 33.3% FWHM으로 측정되었다. 이 연구에서는 감마카메라에서 사용되는 섬광체의 옆표면처리가 카메라의 주요특성에 직접적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 시뮬레이션과 실체 측정방법으로 고찰할 수 있었으며, 두 가지 방법이 일치된 결과를 보여주었다. 결론적으로 섬광체와 광전자증배관 그리고 Tc-99m 선원을 이용하여 영상획득을 목적으로 하는 감마카메라 제작에서는 NAaI(TI) 섬광체가 CSI(TI) 보다 적합하며, 해상력을 고려할 경우에는 섬광체 옆표면을 흡수체로 민감도를 고려할 경우에는 반사체로 선택하여 처리해야 함을 확인하였다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.100-109
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• 1999

목적: 핵의학장비를 구성하는 신호처리단의 전단증 폭기와 주증폭기는 방사선의 에너지 정보를 주는 펄스를 분석하는데 중요한 부분이다. 이러한 신호처리부분들은 대부분 크기가 표준화된 상용의 Nuclear Instrument Module (NIM)을 사용한파. 그러나, NIM은 이동형 감마프로브에 사용하기에는 너무 부피가 커서 부적합한 편이다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 이동형 감마프로브에 적합한 소형화된 전단증폭기와 주증폭기를 자체 제작하여 성능평가를 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 본 연구에서 제작된 전단증폭기는 전하민감형 전단증폭기였으며, 주증폭기는 capacitor resistor-resistor capcitor (CR-RC) 회로를 이용하여 제작되었다. 제작 후 성능평가를 위해 $2"{\times}2"$ NaI(T1) 섬광체가 부착된 EP-047 (Bicron Saint-Gobain/Norton Industrial Ceramics Co., Ohio, U.S.A) 검출기와 $1"{\times}1"$ NaI(T1) 섬광체가 부착된 R1535 (Ha-mamatsu Photonics K.K., Electron Tube Center, Shizuoka-ken, Japan) 검출기를 다중채널분석기인 AccuSpec/A (Canberra Industries Inc., Meriden Conneticut, U.S.A)를 이용 에너지 스펙트럼을 얻었다. NIM은 TC 145 (Oxford Instruments Inc., Oak Ridge, U.S.A)와 TC241 (Oxford Instruments Inc., Oak Ridge, U.S.A)을 이용하였다. 에너지 스펙트럼은 37 kBq ($1{\mu}Ci$) Cs-137과 2.96 MBq ($80{\mu}Ci$) Tc-99m의 방사선원을 이용하여 250초씩 얻었다. 결과: 자체 제작한 진단증폭기와 주증폭기를 EP-047 검출기와 연결하여 얻은 Tc-99m (140 keV)과 Cs-137 (662 keV)의 에너지 분해능은 각각 12.92%, 5.01%이었으며, R1535 검출기를 연결하여 얻은 Tc-99m과 Cs-137의 에너지 분해능은 각각 13.75%, 5.19%이었다. 그리고 NIM을 EP-047 검출기와 연결하여 얻은 Tc-99m과 Cs-137의 에너지 분해능은 14.6%, 718%이었으나, R1535 검출기를 연결하여 얻은 Cs-137 에너지 스펙트럼은 광봉우리 위치가 변화되어 안정되지 못하였고, Tc-99m의 에너지 스펙트럼은 쉽게 얻을 수 없었다. 결론: 본 연구에서 자체 제작한 전단증폭기와 주증폭기는 광증배관의 종류에 관계없이 우수한 성능을 보여주었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서 제작한 전단증폭기와 주증폭기는 소형화된 계수용 감마프로브와 영상용 감마프로브에 활용하는데 유용할 것이라고 사료된다.