• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to inquire into the effect of different concentrations of bee venom pharmacopuncture to inhibit genesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and to inhibit nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ activation on type II collagen induced arthritis. Methods : The experiment was divided into category of the normal group (NOR)-no treated group, control group (CON)-CIA (collagen induced arthritis) induced group, and 4,000 : 1 bee venom group (BV-L)- 4000:1 bee venom pharmacopuncture treated group after CIA, and 2000:1 bee venom group (BV-H)- 2,000 : 1 Bee venom pharmacopuncture treated group after CIA. RA was induced in the mice via injecting $50{\mu}{\ell}$ C II mixed CFA. The bee venom pharmacopuncture was applied on $ST_{35}$ for 19 days from the 3rd day of RA inducement. To research the effect on the expression of IKK ($I{\kappa}B$ kinase), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) & COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) mRNA, RT-PCR was performed on synovial membrane cells from the knee joint of CIA mice. Results : The PMA-induced $I{\kappa}B$ kinase (IKK), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2) mRNA expression were dose-dependantly decreased in bee venom treated with synoviocytes. In mice treated with bee venom pharmacopuncture, foot thickness and the damage of synovial membranes of the joint was lessened, and the activation of RA-related pro-inflammatory cytokines such as MIF, TNF-${\alpha}$ and MMP-9 was significantly decreased. The activation of iNOS and COX-2 was suppressed by the inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$. In addition, each data was shown that 2,000 : 1 bee venom pharmacopuncture was more effective than 4,000 : 1 bee venom pharmacopuncture. Conclusions : It is speculated that bee venom pharmacopuncture has the therapeutic effect of palliating the damage of the synovial membrane and inflammation on RA by suppressing of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.151-158
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• 2012

Objectives : We hypothesized that reinforcing-reducing manipulations produce different effects by quantity of stimulation, and examined whether the difference is statistically significant or not. Methods : The study was conducted to the students of College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University. We needled into $ST_{36}$ and applied 6 kinds of basic reinforcing-reducing manipulations in Huang di nei jing by randomized sequence. And we had the students to fill up the questionnaire in form of visual analog scale(VAS). We examined whether significant differences in VAS existed between reinforcing-reducing manipulations(by t-test). And we examined whether significant differences in VDRRT(VAS difference between reinforcing-reducing technique) values existed along the gender, body mass index(BMI), age(by t-test), and psychological sensitivity(by ANOVA). Results : 1. The total stimulation quantity from reducing technique was significantly higher than that from reinforcing technique. Individually VAS values of reducing techniques were significantly higher in rotation, slow-rapid, lift-thrust, respiration and open-close manipulation. 2. The highest stimulation quantity was from rotation manipulation. And the highest VDRRT value was from slow-rapid manipulation. 3. When VDRRT values were analyzed by gender, age, BMI, and psychological sensitivity, VDRRT was significantly different by BMI in rotation manipulation, and by psychological sensitivity in rotation, lift-thrust, and slow-rapid manipulation. Conclusions : We could verify that reinforcing-reducing techniques induce different therapeutic effects by different quantities of stimulations. It suggests that reinforcing-reducing techniques could be applied universally, regardless of gender or age. Further studies are needed to consider control group, or patient groups in characteristic conditions.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.127-139
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• 2006

Objectives: To explore the quality of life in patients with temporomandibular disorders and to evaluate it in terms of source and duration of the pain. Methods: A total of 61 patients with temporomandibular disorders participated in this study. According to pain source, they were divided into 2 groups, masticatory muscle pain (MMP) group and intracapsular pain (ICP) group. And each group was divided into acute phase group (pain duration <6 months) and chronic phase group (pain duration=6 months). The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to measure patients' quality of life. The scores for eight-scale profile and the physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) of the SF-36 were compared between groups (MMP vs. ICP and acute vs. chronic). Student t-test was used to analyze the difference of the scores of the SF-36 between MMP and ICP groups. Results: MMP group showed significantly lower score in the 3 scales of the SF-36 (Role limitations due to emotional problems, Vitality, Bodily pain) when compared to ICP group. In acute phase there was no significant difference between MMP and ICP group in PCS as well as MCS scores, but in chronic phase MMP group showed significantly lower MCS score than ICP group. Conclusions: The masticatory muscle pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders,negatively influences the quality of life especially in chronic phase, and the mental components of quality of life are significantly interfered in the TMD patients with chronic masticatory muscle pain.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.193-202
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the sites of narrowing/obstruction and to measure the regional severity of narrowing through the evaluation of dynamic changes in upper-airway of healthy subjects. The selected 9 subjects were proved not to have any sleep-related disorder such as snoring or obstructive sleep apnea through clinical examination, radiological examination, sleep study with a portable recording system. Afterward, the Electron Beam Tomography was performed during the waking and sleeping state of subjects, with their mandible in resting and protruded position. Intravenous injection of Dormicum$^{(R)}$ was used for the induction of sleep. The maximum and minimum cross-sectional areas at each airway level during tidal ventilation were measured and the Collapsibility Index for each level of cross-section was also computed. In a comparison with results under variable conditions, the result was showed that the significant difference between each airway level divided with upper, middle, lower region of upper airway is not observed in the average minimum cross-sectional areas and Collapsibility Index. The significant difference only between in wake and sleep state was observed in the average minimum cross-sectional area at the lower region. Also, in wake state, the significant difference between resting and protrusive position of mandible for the average minimum was also observed in cross-sectional area at middle region. In sleep state, no significant difference between resting and protrusive position of mandible was observed in cross-sectional area and the Collapsibility Index.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.117-132
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and mouse knee joints, perfom1ed several experimental items: those are MIF mRNA, MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, iNOS mRNA, iNOS, NO, synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Methods : In order to observe mRAN expression of MIF and iNOS in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, RT-PCR was used. NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was measured by nitrite assay. All the female BALB/c mice were bred and maintained in pathogen-free mouse colonies and were 6 weeks of age on beginning of the experiment. The experimental model of RA was induced by injection of $50{\mu}g/kg$ LPS. Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution was injected into either S 35 (犢鼻) or EX-LE 202 (內膝眼) of mice in turn daily for 19 days. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out to assess $TNF-{\alpha}$, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 and iNOS expression in synovial membrane. Synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in synovial membrane was observed with a microscope. Results : 1. Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution inhibited mRNA expression of MIF and iNOS in dependence on a density of it in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. 2. Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution decreased synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in LPS-stimulated mouse knee joints. 3. Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution curtailed production of MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, iNOS in LPS-stimulated mouse knee joints. Conclusion : On the basis of these results, It was shown that Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution is significantly able to inhibit the production of MIF as a top in cytokines related to inflammatory or irrlll1une responses. Our results may provide that Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution has beneficial effect in not only RA but other inflammatory or immune deases.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.457-469
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• 2010

The study aims to estimate interregional trade coefficient of service industry using the gravity model. The gravity model has been widely used for prediction of the level of human interaction between two regions which is positively related to attraction of them and negatively related to the distance between them. To apply the gravity model for explaining the interregional trade flow of service industry, the choice of proper proxy variables which represent a dependent variable and independent variables is most important. However, the literature shows that there are few studies on this issue. Four models concerned to the choice of proxy variables are considered. Finally, this paper employs the least-squares regression analysis to test the model's goodness-of-fit, and suggests the most appropriate model based on the result from the analysis. The result shows that the interregional trade of service industry in regional input-output table developed by The Bank of Korea is desirable as a dependent variable, the service industry output of export region, the population of import region, and the spatial distance between regions are desirable as independent variables.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.1 s.182
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• pp.87-101
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• 2007

A variety of informations obtained from satellite image, digital elevation relief map (DEM), borehole logging, televiewer, geophysical prospecting, etc were synthetically analyzed to investigate subsurface geological and structural characteristics and to evaluate geohazard pertinent to fault-damage in the Busan metropolitan city. It is revealed that the geology is composed of the Cretaceous andesitic$\sim$dacitic volcanics, gabbro, and granitoid and that at least three major faults including the Dongrae fault are developed in the study area. Based on characteristics of topography, fault-fractured zone, and isobath maps of the Quaternary sediments and weathered residuals of the basement, the Dongrae fault is decreased in its width and fracturing intensity of damaged zone from south toward north, and the fault is segmented around the area between the Seomyeon and Yangieong junctions. Meanwhile, we drew a geohazard sectional map using the five major parameters that significantly suggest damage intensity of basement by fault, i.e. distance from fault core, TCR, RQD, uniaxial rock strength, and seismic velocity of S wave. The map is evaluated as a suitable method to express the geological and structural characteristics and fault-damaged intensity of basement in the study area. It is, thus, concluded that the proposed method can contribute to complement and amplify the capability of the present evaluation system of rock mass.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.98-114
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• 1987

Degranulation of the rat peritoneal mast cell induced by intraperitoneal injection of horseradish peroxidase(HRP) was studied using light and electron microscopes. 1. Rat peritoneal mast cells in the Tyrode's buffered salt solution injected control group did not show any particular morphological changes following the specified time course. 2. Under the light microscope, the majority of mast cells observed 10 minutes after HRP injection were nearly the same as those of the control group. However, after 30 minutes, granule densities or staining properties of certain cells began to decrease and these appearances increased gradually until 12 hours after injection, at which time small groups of granules being stained pale-red or pink with toluidine blue were easily identified in the cytoplasm of many cells, and numerous extruded granuleg were scattered around these cells. 3. In the mast cells representing the early stage of degranulation induced by HRP, the electron densities of certain granules decreased as the size enlarged, and perigranular cavities were formed by perigranular membrane expansion. As a result, a thin cytoplasmic septum was formed between the expanded perigranular membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane in the cell periphery, and fusion of the adjacent perigranular membranes was observed in the inner side of the cell. 4. In some mast cells, one or two changes in the peripheral cytoplasmic septum could be seen. One was a focal rupture of the peripheral septum and the other was the formation of a saccule containing one or more vesicles. This saccule was thought to be used for granule-extrusion site and/or material absorptive apparatus judging from the morphological characteristics. 5. As the degranulation proceeded, the granule was extruded from the cell after partial rupture of the peripheral cytoplasmic septum. This phenomenon proceeded to-ward the inner side of the cell through the fused perigranular cavities, and consequently several distinct cavities containing a few unextruded membrane-free granules were formed throughout the cytoplasm after 12 hours. As a rule, the granule-extrusion sites were relatively fewer while the cytoplasmic cavities resulting from degranulation were more numerously observed. Thus, it was thought that the granule-extrusion sites tended to be restricted in the HRP-induced degranulation.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.698-702
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• 2008

Purpose: Basal cell carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in the western population and the annual incidence rate is still on an increasing course. In Asian countries such as Korea, the incidence of basal cell carcinoma is reported to be remarkably low but is estimated to be in a steep increase nowadays. This study was to analyze the recent clinical trends of basal cell carcinoma in Korea by reviewing a single institution's experience. Methods: Throughout an 11-year period, the surgical excision of 143 cases of basal cell carcinoma was performed in our department. General data of these cases such as the primary site of cancer, age and sex of the patient, operative methods, recurrence rate were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Among the 143 patients included in this study, 82 patients were men and 61 patients were women. The ages ranged from 27 to 89 years with a mean age of 64.0 years. The head and neck region was the most frequently involved primary site for the cancer as 95.1% of the total cases occurred in this area. Especially the nose and perinasal area were the most frequent region, which was followed by the periorbital area, cheek, and perioral area. During this study period, 9 cases showed recurrence of the cancer as the overall recurrence rate was 6.3%. Conclusion: Gradual increase in the incidence of basal cell carcinoma was demonstrated in this study. Basal cell carcinoma showed high incidence in the old-age population as 68.5% of the total patients were more than 60 years of age. High recurrence rate was noted in the nasal region especially after local flap reconstruction. A more cautious approach is to be required when handing such high risk lesions. Multiple factors such as extended life span, increased outdoor leisure activity and exposure to sunlight, higher accessibility to medical services and increased understanding of the public about skin cancer are assumed to be the main reasons for this increase of basal cell carcinoma.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.395-401
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the selective control of creeping bentgrass invaded in Kentucky bluegrass by applying several herbicides and recovery of Kentucky bluegrass by sand injection seeding method. Selective herbicides such as mecoprop, triclopyr-TEA, imazaquin, bentazone and penosulam pyrazosulfuro-ethyl and non-selective herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat dichloride and glyphsate ammonium oxyflorfen were used. Selective suppression of creeping bentgrass in Kentucky bluegrass was evaluated by turf color, chlorophyll and visual control indexes. Control of creeping bentgrass was most effective with the double dose application of triclopyr-TEA (2 Tri-T) in the selective herbicides and the 1 / 5 dose application of glyphosate ammonium oxyflorfen (1 / 5 GAO) in the non-selective herbicides. Visual control indexes by 2 Tri-T in selective herbicides and 1 / 5 GAOin non-selective herbicides were investigated 6.0 and 7.4, respectively. Treated sites were covered completely in 50 days after seeding Kentucky bluegrass by sand injection method.