• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.47-52
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• 2013

Gold wire has long been used as a proven method of connecting a silicon die to a substrate in wide variety of package types, delivering high yield and productivity. However, with the high price of gold, the semiconductor packaging industry has been implementing an alternate wire material. These materials may include silver (Ag) or copper (Cu) alloys as an alternative to save material cost and maintain electrical performance. This paper will analyze and compare the electrical characteristics of several wire types. For the study, typical 0.6 mil, 0.8 mil and 1.0 mil diameter wires were selected from various alloy types (2N gold, Palladium (Pd) coated/doped copper, 88% and 96% silver) as well as respective pure metallic wires for comparison. Each wire model was validated by comparing it to electromagnetic simulation results and measurement data. Measurements from the implemented test boards were done using a vector network analyzer (VNA) and probe station setup. The test board layout consisted of three parts: 1. Analysis of the diameter, length and material characteristic of each wire; 2. Comparison between a microstrip line and the wire to microstrip line transition; and 3. Analysis of the wire's cross-talk. These areas will be discussed in detail along with all the extracted results from each type the wire.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2018

The steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) shows better performance under dynamic loading than conventional concrete in virtue of its good ductility. In this paper, a series of quasi-static experiments were carried out on the SFRC with volume fractions from 0 to 6%. The compressive strength increases by 38% while the tension strength increases by 106% when the fraction is 6.0%. The contact explosion tests were also performed on the ${\Phi}40{\times}6cm$ circular SFRC slabs of different volume fractions with 20 g RDX charges placed on their surfaces. The volume of spalling pit decreases rapidly with the increase of steel fiber fraction with a decline of 80% when the fraction is 6%, which is same as the crack density. Based on the experimental results, the fitting formulae are given, which can be used to predict individually the change tendencies of the blast crater volume, the spalling pit volume and the crack density in slabs with the increase of the steel fiber fraction. The new formulae of the thickness of damage region are established, whose predictions agree well with our test results and others. This is of great practical significance for experimental investigations and engineering applications.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.271-274
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• 2015

Background: To explore vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and VEGF-D expression and its correlation with lymph node metastasis in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) tissue. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical methods were applied to detect the levels of VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression in 64 surgicall removal ESCC tissues, tissues adjacent to cancer and normal tissues, and the relationship between VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression and lymph node metastasis was analyzed. Results: Both VEGF-C and VEGF-D were expressed by varying degrees in esophageal cancer tissue, the tissue adjacent to cancer and normal tissue, and the positive expression rate went down successively. The positive expression rates of VEGF-C (59.4%) and VEGF-D (43.8%) in esophageal cancer tissue were significantly higher than in the tissue adjacent to cancer (34.4%, 15.6%) and normal tissue (20.3%, 12.5%), respectively, in which significant differences were manifested (p<0.01). Positive expression rates of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in esophageal cancers with lymph node metastasis were markedly higher than without such metastasis (p<0.01), while those in the tissue with TNM staging I~II were markedly lower than that with TNM staging III~IV (p<0.01). Conclusions: Both VEGF-C and VEGF-D are highly expressed in ESCC tissue, which may be related to the lymph node metastasis of cancer cells. Hence, VEGF-C and VEGF-D can be clinically considered as important reference indexes of lymph node metastasis in esophageal cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.4811-4814
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• 2013

Background: To assess the significance of social factors as risk factors for carcinoma cervix and to determine the significance of blood group to prevalence of carcinoma cervix in a semi-urban population of Kolar, Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods: One hundred cases of carcinoma cervix were included in the study, along with 200 females of the same ages considered as controls. Case details were collected from the hospital record section regarding social factors and blood groups and the data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods. Results: Blood group B showed the highest number of cases (55 cases) followed by blood group O (29 cases) in carcinoma cervix which was statistically significant (p<0.001). Age of marriage between 11 to 20 years showed highest number of carcinoma cervix cases (77 cases) and this also was statistically significant (p<0.001). Patients with rural background were 75 (p=0.112, odds ratio: 1.54), parity of more than or equal to two constituted 96 cases (p=0.006, odds ratio: 4.07) and Hindu patients were 95 in number (p=0.220, odds ratio: 1.89). Conclusions: Blood group B and age of marriage between 11 and 20 years were significantly associated with carcinoma cervix in our population. Region of residence, parity and religion presented with a altered risk for carcinoma cervix.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.973-979
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the digestible energy intake and energy expenditure in yearling horses on different training protocols (uphill- and level-track exercise training protocols). Twenty-four thoroughbred yearlings (12 males and 12 females, aged 27.0$\pm$0.9 months) were divided into two groups based on their training on two different tracks: the uphill (with a gradient of about 3%) training group (uphill training) and the level training group (level training). The digestible energy (DE) intake and energy expenditure (EE) during exercise were measured in both the groups. It was found that the DE intake in the uphill training and the level training groups was 5.1$\pm$3.1 and 36.9$\pm$4.8 Mcal/day, respectively. The EE during exercise in the two groups was 3.05$\pm$0.51 and 2.07 $\pm$0.56 Mcal, respectively. Thus, there was a significant difference in the EE (p<0.05), but not in the DE intake between the animals of the two training groups. The EE for a given intensity of exercise was greater in the uphill training group than in the level training group, but the DE intake was not affected by the exercise intensity. The DE intake was not generally affected by the intensity of exercise in this study, but a daily negative gain of body weight was observed in the uphill training group, particularly in the females. Thus, the energy requirement may be higher in yearlings undergoing uphill training than in those undergoing level training.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.3137-3140
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• 2015

Objective: To explore the immune reconstitution of $CD4^+T$ cells after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) and its relationship with invasive fungal infection (IFI) in patients with hematological malignancies. Materials and Methods: Forty-seven patients with hematological malignancies undergoing Allo-HSCT in Binzhou Medical University Hospital from February, 2010 to October, 2014 were selected. At 1, 2 and 3 months after transplantation, the immune subpopulations and concentration of cytokines were assessed respectively using flow cytometry (FCM) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The incidence of IFI after transplantation and its correlation with immune reconstitution of $CD4^+T$ cells were investigated. Results: The number of $CD4^+T$ cells and immune subpopulations increased progressively after transplantation as time went on, but the subpopulation cell count 3 months after transplantation was still significantly lower than in the control group (p<0.01). In comparison to the control group, the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 after transplantation rose evidently (p<0.01), while that of transforming growth factor-${beta}$ (TGF-${beta}$) was decreased (p<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference level of interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$) (p>0.05). The incidence of IFI was 19.2% (9/47), and multivariate logistic regression revealed that IFI might be related to Th17 cell count (p<0.05), instead of Th1, Th2 and Treg cell counts as well as IL-6, IL-10, TGF-${beta}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ levels (p>0.05). Conclusions: After Allo-HSCT, the immune reconstitution of $CD4^+T$ cells is delayed and Th17 cell count decreases obviously, which may be related to occurrence of IFI.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.607-615
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• 2003

Many organisms are known to survive in icy environments. These include both over wintering terrestrial insects and plants as well the marine fish inhabiting high latitudes. The adaptation of these organisms is both a fascinating and important topic in biology. Marine teleosts in particular, can encounter ice-laden seawater that is approximately $1^{\circ}C$ colder than the colligative freezing point of their body fluids. These animals produce a unique group of proteins, the antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) that absorb the ice nuclei and prevent ice crystal growth. Presently, there are at least four different AFP types and one AFGP type that are isolated from a wide variety of fish. Despite their functional similarity, there is no apparent common protein homology or ice-binding motifs among these proteins, except that the surface-surface complementarity between the protein and ice are important for binding. The remarkable diversity of these proteins and their odd phylogenetic distribution would suggest that these proteins might have evolved recently in response to sea level glaciations just 1-2 million years ago in the northern hemisphere and 10-30 million years ago around Antarctica. Winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus, has been used as a popular model to study the regulation of AFP gene expression. It has a built-in annual cycle of AFP expression controlled negatively by the growth hormone. The signal transduction pathways, transcription factors and promoter elements involved in this process have been studied in our laboratory and these studies will be presented.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.1149-1155
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• 2012

In this paper, we propose cause diagnosis method of semiconductor defects from semiconductor industrial images. Our method constructs feature database (DB) of defect images. Then, defect and input images are subdivided by uniform block. And the block similarity is measured using histogram kai-square distance after color histogram calculation. Then, searched blocks in each image are merged into connected objects using clustering. Finally, the most similar defect image from feature DB is searched with the defect cause by measuring cluster similarity based on features of each cluster. Our method was validated by calculating the search accuracy of n output images having high similarity. With n = 1, 2, 3, the search accuracy was measured to be 100% regardless of defect categories. Our method could be used for the industrial applications.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.2060-2069
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• 2017

Newcastle disease is a serious infectious disease in the poultry industry. The commercial vaccines can only offer limited protection and some of them are expensive and need adjuvants. At present, DNA vaccines are widely used. However, the immune responses induced by DNA vaccines are too slow and low. Here, we constructed the transfer vectors with a different number of C3d as molecular adjuvants (n = 1, 2, 4, or 6), and the vectors were cloned into the optimal eukaryotic expression plasmid (pVAXI-optiF) that expressed the F gene of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and named pVAXI-F(o)-C3d1, pVAXI -F(o)-C3d2, pVAXI-F(o)-C3d4, and pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6, respectively. Cell transfection test indicated that pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6 showed the highest expression. In vivo immunization showed that the chickens immunized with pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6 intramuscularly induced better immune responses than the chickens immunized with the other plasmids. The protective efficacy of pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6 was 80% after challenge with the highly virulent NDV strain F48E9. The results in this study showed that C3d6 could be used as a molecular adjuvant to quickly induce an effective immune response to control NDV.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.63-138
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• 1999

From all possible chinese medical literatures, I studied the history of chinese pediatrics by dividing into Chunqiu Zhanguo, QinHan dynasties, LiangJin, SuiTang five dynasties, Song Dynasty, Jin and Yuan dynasties, Ming Qing dynasties. The conclusions are summarized as followings 1. The mentions related with pediatrics existed already in Yan ruins turtle shell letters, and 〈Yellow Emperor's classic of internal medicine> in Chunqiu Zhanguo time formed the system of medicine, established the theoretical foundation. 2. Chang Ji established the system of diagnosis and treatment based on overall analysis of symptoms and signs in , and later pediatricians commonly applied his prescriptions to the febrile diseases. 3. The period from LiangJin to SuiTang, Pediatrics was established as special department then in , Chao Yuanfang stated the etiology, pathogenesis, symptomatology of pediatric diseases. 4. In Song dynasty. pediatric 4 major, symptoms that had been mentioned from SuiTang dynasties, were clearly established, pediatrical special books were published, and written by Qian Yi who is considered as the founder of chinese pediatrics, established the foundation of pediatrical division formation in distinction from adult fields. 5. In Jin and Yuan dynasties, four eminent physicians established the actual relationship between the theories and practical applications and insisted various and creative theories based on the classical medicine, for example, the theory that fire and heat in the body was the main cause of diseases of Liu Wansu purgation theory of Zhang Congzheng, qi regulating theory of Liu Gao, ministerial fire theory and the theory that yang is ever in excess while Yin is ever deficient of Zhu Zhenheng, etc, and they applied those theories to pediatrical various sides. 6, In Ming Qing dynasties, pediatrical specialists and pediatrical publications had increased, eg, father and son Xue Kai Xue Ji, Wan Quan, Lu Bai-si, etc in Ming dynasty, Ye Gui, Chen Fuzheng, Xia Ding, etc in Qing dynasty were famous as pediatricians. Specially, the doctrine of epidemic febrile diseases at that time showed prominent effects to children's epidemic febrile diseases.