• Title/Summary/Keyword: K-NN Algorithm

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Classification of Negative Emotions based on Arousal Score and Physiological Signals using Neural Network (신경망을 이용한 다중 심리-생체 정보 기반의 부정 감성 분류)

  • Kim, Ahyoung;Jang, Eun-Hye;Sohn, Jin-Hun
    • Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.177-186
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    • 2018
  • The mechanism of emotion is complex and influenced by a variety of factors, so that it is crucial to analyze emotion in broad and diversified perspectives. In this study, we classified neutral and negative emotions(sadness, fear, surprise) using arousal evaluation, which is one of the psychological evaluation scales, as well as physiological signals. We have not only revealed the difference between physiological signals coupled to the emotions, but also assessed how accurate these emotions can be classified by our emotional recognizer based on neural network algorithm. A total of 146 participants(mean age $20.1{\pm}4.0$, male 41%) were emotionally stimulated while their physiological signals of the electrocardiogram, blood flow, and dermal activity were recorded. In addition, the participants evaluated their psychological states on the emotional rating scale in response to the emotional stimuli. Heart rate(HR), standard deviation(SDNN), blood flow(BVP), pulse wave transmission time(PTT), skin conduction level(SCL) and skin conduction response(SCR) were calculated before and after the emotional stimulation. As a result, the difference between physiological responses was verified corresponding to the emotions, and the highest emotion classification performance of 86.9% was obtained using the combined analysis of arousal and physiological features. This study suggests that negative emotion can be categorized by psychological and physiological evaluation along with the application of machine learning algorithm, which can contribute to the science and technology of detecting human emotion.

Overview of Research Trends in Estimation of Forest Carbon Stocks Based on Remote Sensing and GIS (원격탐사와 GIS 기반의 산림탄소저장량 추정에 관한 주요국 연구동향 개관)

  • Kim, Kyoung-Min;Lee, Jung-Bin;Kim, Eun-Sook;Park, Hyun-Ju;Roh, Young-Hee;Lee, Seung-Ho;Park, Key-Ho;Shin, Hyu-Seok
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.236-256
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    • 2011
  • Forest carbon stocks change due to land use change is an important data required by UNFCCC(United Nations framework convention on climate change). Spatially explicit estimation of forest carbon stocks based on IPCC GPG(intergovernmental panel on climate change good practice guidance) tier 3 gives high reliability. But a current estimation which was aggregated from NFI data doesn't have detail forest carbon stocks by polygon or cell. In order to improve an estimation remote sensing and GIS have been used especially in Europe and North America. We divided research trends in main countries into 4 categories such as remote sensing, GIS, geostatistics and environmental modeling considering spatial heterogeneity. The easiest way to apply is combination NFI data with forest type map based on GIS. Considering especially complicated forest structure of Korea, geostatistics is useful to estimate local variation of forest carbon. In addition, fine scale image is good for verification of forest carbon stocks and determination of CDM site. Related domestic researches are still on initial status and forest carbon stocks are mainly estimated using k-nearest neighbor(k-NN). In order to select suitable method for forest in Korea, an applicability of diverse spatial data and algorithm must be considered. Also the comparison between methods is required.

3D Face Recognition using Wavelet Transform Based on Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm (펴지 군집화 알고리즘 기반의 웨이블릿 변환을 이용한 3차원 얼굴 인식)

  • Lee, Yeung-Hak
    • Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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    • v.11 no.11
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    • pp.1501-1514
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    • 2008
  • The face shape extracted by the depth values has different appearance as the most important facial information. The face images decomposed into frequency subband are signified personal features in detail. In this paper, we develop a method for recognizing the range face images by multiple frequency domains for each depth image using the modified fuzzy c-mean algorithm. For the proposed approach, the first step tries to find the nose tip that has a protrusion shape on the face from the extracted face area. And the second step takes into consideration of the orientated frontal posture to normalize. Multiple contour line areas which have a different shape for each person are extracted by the depth threshold values from the reference point, nose tip. And then, the frequency component extracted from the wavelet subband can be adopted as feature information for the authentication problems. The third step of approach concerns the application of eigenface to reduce the dimension. And the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method to improve the classification ability between the similar features is adapted. In the last step, the individual classifiers using the modified fuzzy c-mean method based on the K-NN to initialize the membership degree is explained for extracted coefficient at each resolution level. In the experimental results, using the depth threshold value 60 (DT60) showed the highest recognition rate among the extracted regions, and the proposed classification method achieved 98.3% recognition rate, incase of fuzzy cluster.

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Efficient Processing of k-Farthest Neighbor Queries for Road Networks

  • Kim, Taelee;Cho, Hyung-Ju;Hong, Hee Ju;Nam, Hyogeun;Cho, Hyejun;Do, Gyung Yoon;Jeon, Pilkyu
    • Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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    • v.24 no.10
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    • pp.79-89
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    • 2019
  • While most research focuses on the k-nearest neighbors (kNN) queries in the database community, an important type of proximity queries called k-farthest neighbors (kFN) queries has not received much attention. This paper addresses the problem of finding the k-farthest neighbors in road networks. Given a positive integer k, a query object q, and a set of data points P, a kFN query returns k data objects farthest from the query object q. Little attention has been paid to processing kFN queries in road networks. The challenge of processing kFN queries in road networks is reducing the number of network distance computations, which is the most prominent difference between a road network and a Euclidean space. In this study, we propose an efficient algorithm called FANS for k-FArthest Neighbor Search in road networks. We present a shared computation strategy to avoid redundant computation of the distances between a query object and data objects. We also present effective pruning techniques based on the maximum distance from a query object to data segments. Finally, we demonstrate the efficiency and scalability of our proposed solution with extensive experiments using real-world roadmaps.

Optimizing Similarity Threshold and Coverage of CBR (사례기반추론의 유사 임계치 및 커버리지 최적화)

  • Ahn, Hyunchul
    • KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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    • v.2 no.8
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    • pp.535-542
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    • 2013
  • Since case-based reasoning(CBR) has many advantages, it has been used for supporting decision making in various areas including medical checkup, production planning, customer classification, and so on. However, there are several factors to be set by heuristics when designing effective CBR systems. Among these factors, this study addresses the issue of selecting appropriate neighbors in case retrieval step. As the criterion for selecting appropriate neighbors, conventional studies have used the preset number of neighbors to combine(i.e. k of k-nearest neighbor), or the relative portion of the maximum similarity. However, this study proposes to use the absolute similarity threshold varying from 0 to 1, as the criterion for selecting appropriate neighbors to combine. In this case, too small similarity threshold value may make the model rarely produce the solution. To avoid this, we propose to adopt the coverage, which implies the ratio of the cases in which solutions are produced over the total number of the training cases, and to set it as the constraint when optimizing the similarity threshold. To validate the usefulness of the proposed model, we applied it to a real-world target marketing case of an online shopping mall in Korea. As a result, we found that the proposed model might significantly improve the performance of CBR.

Welfare Interface using Multiple Facial Features Tracking (다중 얼굴 특징 추적을 이용한 복지형 인터페이스)

  • Ju, Jin-Sun;Shin, Yun-Hee;Kim, Eun-Yi
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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    • v.45 no.1
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    • pp.75-83
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    • 2008
  • We propose a welfare interface using multiple fecial features tracking, which can efficiently implement various mouse operations. The proposed system consist of five modules: face detection, eye detection, mouth detection, facial feature tracking, and mouse control. The facial region is first obtained using skin-color model and connected-component analysis(CCs). Thereafter the eye regions are localized using neutral network(NN)-based texture classifier that discriminates the facial region into eye class and non-eye class, and then mouth region is localized using edge detector. Once eye and mouth regions are localized they are continuously and correctly tracking by mean-shift algorithm and template matching, respectively. Based on the tracking results, mouse operations such as movement or click are implemented. To assess the validity of the proposed system, it was applied to the interface system for web browser and was tested on a group of 25 users. The results show that our system have the accuracy of 99% and process more than 21 frame/sec on PC for the $320{\times}240$ size input image, as such it can supply a user-friendly and convenient access to a computer in real-time operation.

Sleep Deprivation Attack Detection Based on Clustering in Wireless Sensor Network (무선 센서 네트워크에서 클러스터링 기반 Sleep Deprivation Attack 탐지 모델)

  • Kim, Suk-young;Moon, Jong-sub
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.83-97
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    • 2021
  • Wireless sensors that make up the Wireless Sensor Network generally have extremely limited power and resources. The wireless sensor enters the sleep state at a certain interval to conserve power. The Sleep deflation attack is a deadly attack that consumes power by preventing wireless sensors from entering the sleep state, but there is no clear countermeasure. Thus, in this paper, using clustering-based binary search tree structure, the Sleep deprivation attack detection model is proposed. The model proposed in this paper utilizes one of the characteristics of both attack sensor nodes and normal sensor nodes which were classified using machine learning. The characteristics used for detection were determined using Long Short-Term Memory, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, and K-Nearest Neighbor. Thresholds for judging attack sensor nodes were then learned by applying the SVM. The determined features were used in the proposed algorithm to calculate the values for attack detection, and the threshold for determining the calculated values was derived by applying SVM.Through experiments, the detection model proposed showed a detection rate of 94% when 35% of the total sensor nodes were attack sensor nodes and improvement of up to 26% in power retention.

Design and Performance Analysis of a Parallel Cell-Based Filtering Scheme using Horizontally-Partitioned Technique (수평 분할 방식을 이용한 병렬 셀-기반 필터링 기법의 설계 및 성능 평가)

  • Chang, Jae-Woo;Kim, Young-Chang
    • The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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    • v.10D no.3
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    • pp.459-470
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    • 2003
  • It is required to research on high-dimensional index structures for efficiently retrieving high-dimensional data because an attribute vector in data warehousing and a feature vector in multimedia database have a characteristic of high-dimensional data. For this, many high-dimensional index structures have been proposed, but they have so called ‘dimensional curse’ problem that retrieval performance is extremely decreased as the dimensionality is increased. To solve the problem, the cell-based filtering (CBF) scheme has been proposed. But the CBF scheme show a linear decreasing on performance as the dimensionality. To cope with the problem, it is necessary to make use of parallel processing techniques. In this paper, we propose a parallel CBF scheme which uses a horizontally-partitioned technique as declustering. In order to maximize the retrieval performance of the proposed parallel CBF scheme, we construct our parallel CBF scheme under a SN (Shared Nothing) cluster architecture. In addition, we present a data insertion algorithm, a rage query processing one, and a k-NN query processing one which are suitable for the SN cluster architecture. Finally, we show that our parallel CBF scheme achieves better retrieval performance in proportion to the number of servers in the SN cluster architecture, compared with the conventional CBF scheme.

Ensemble Learning with Support Vector Machines for Bond Rating (회사채 신용등급 예측을 위한 SVM 앙상블학습)

  • Kim, Myoung-Jong
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.29-45
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    • 2012
  • Bond rating is regarded as an important event for measuring financial risk of companies and for determining the investment returns of investors. As a result, it has been a popular research topic for researchers to predict companies' credit ratings by applying statistical and machine learning techniques. The statistical techniques, including multiple regression, multiple discriminant analysis (MDA), logistic models (LOGIT), and probit analysis, have been traditionally used in bond rating. However, one major drawback is that it should be based on strict assumptions. Such strict assumptions include linearity, normality, independence among predictor variables and pre-existing functional forms relating the criterion variablesand the predictor variables. Those strict assumptions of traditional statistics have limited their application to the real world. Machine learning techniques also used in bond rating prediction models include decision trees (DT), neural networks (NN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Especially, SVM is recognized as a new and promising classification and regression analysis method. SVM learns a separating hyperplane that can maximize the margin between two categories. SVM is simple enough to be analyzed mathematical, and leads to high performance in practical applications. SVM implements the structuralrisk minimization principle and searches to minimize an upper bound of the generalization error. In addition, the solution of SVM may be a global optimum and thus, overfitting is unlikely to occur with SVM. In addition, SVM does not require too many data sample for training since it builds prediction models by only using some representative sample near the boundaries called support vectors. A number of experimental researches have indicated that SVM has been successfully applied in a variety of pattern recognition fields. However, there are three major drawbacks that can be potential causes for degrading SVM's performance. First, SVM is originally proposed for solving binary-class classification problems. Methods for combining SVMs for multi-class classification such as One-Against-One, One-Against-All have been proposed, but they do not improve the performance in multi-class classification problem as much as SVM for binary-class classification. Second, approximation algorithms (e.g. decomposition methods, sequential minimal optimization algorithm) could be used for effective multi-class computation to reduce computation time, but it could deteriorate classification performance. Third, the difficulty in multi-class prediction problems is in data imbalance problem that can occur when the number of instances in one class greatly outnumbers the number of instances in the other class. Such data sets often cause a default classifier to be built due to skewed boundary and thus the reduction in the classification accuracy of such a classifier. SVM ensemble learning is one of machine learning methods to cope with the above drawbacks. Ensemble learning is a method for improving the performance of classification and prediction algorithms. AdaBoost is one of the widely used ensemble learning techniques. It constructs a composite classifier by sequentially training classifiers while increasing weight on the misclassified observations through iterations. The observations that are incorrectly predicted by previous classifiers are chosen more often than examples that are correctly predicted. Thus Boosting attempts to produce new classifiers that are better able to predict examples for which the current ensemble's performance is poor. In this way, it can reinforce the training of the misclassified observations of the minority class. This paper proposes a multiclass Geometric Mean-based Boosting (MGM-Boost) to resolve multiclass prediction problem. Since MGM-Boost introduces the notion of geometric mean into AdaBoost, it can perform learning process considering the geometric mean-based accuracy and errors of multiclass. This study applies MGM-Boost to the real-world bond rating case for Korean companies to examine the feasibility of MGM-Boost. 10-fold cross validations for threetimes with different random seeds are performed in order to ensure that the comparison among three different classifiers does not happen by chance. For each of 10-fold cross validation, the entire data set is first partitioned into tenequal-sized sets, and then each set is in turn used as the test set while the classifier trains on the other nine sets. That is, cross-validated folds have been tested independently of each algorithm. Through these steps, we have obtained the results for classifiers on each of the 30 experiments. In the comparison of arithmetic mean-based prediction accuracy between individual classifiers, MGM-Boost (52.95%) shows higher prediction accuracy than both AdaBoost (51.69%) and SVM (49.47%). MGM-Boost (28.12%) also shows the higher prediction accuracy than AdaBoost (24.65%) and SVM (15.42%)in terms of geometric mean-based prediction accuracy. T-test is used to examine whether the performance of each classifiers for 30 folds is significantly different. The results indicate that performance of MGM-Boost is significantly different from AdaBoost and SVM classifiers at 1% level. These results mean that MGM-Boost can provide robust and stable solutions to multi-classproblems such as bond rating.