• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 1981

The cultural conditions and the intra cellular accumulation of cadmium was studied using a cadmium tolerant yeast strain B-7 which had been isolated from activated sludge collected from a zinc mining area. The organism was able to grow in a medium containing 3,000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of cadmium-ion. (C $d^{++}$) Optimum conditions for the growth of the organisms were 20~22$^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0~8.0 under aerobic condition. The maximum cadmium accumulation was observed when the organism was grown at pH 6.0. The growth of B-7 was not affected by the addition of a silicone-based antifoamer, which stimulated the intra cellular accumulation of cadmium. The intra cellular cadmium accumulation started after the cell ceased to grow. One gram of cells accumulated 34.17mg of cadmium when the organism was grown in a medium containing 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of cadmium and 0.2%, v/v silicone-based antifoamer at 28$^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours with shaking. About 73 % of the accumulated heavy metal by the organism was found in the cytoplasm.m.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.17 no.5 s.89
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• pp.803-809
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanical characteristics of plain and steel fiber high strength concrete under uniaxial and biaxial loading condition. A number of plain and steel fiber high strength concrete cubes having 28 days compression strength of 82.7MPa(12,000 psi) were made and tested. Four principal compression stress ratios ($\sigma_2/\sigma_1$=0.00, 050, 0.75 and 1.00), and four fiber concentrations($V_f$ =0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and $1.5\%$) were selected as major test variables. From test results, it is shown that confinement stress in minor stress direction has pronounced effect on the strength and deformational behavior. Both of the stiffness and ultimate strength of the plain and fiber high strength concrete Increased. The maximum increase of ultimate strength occurred at biaxial stress ratio of 0.5($\sigma_2/\sigma_1=0.5$) in the plain high strength concrete and the value were recorded $30\%$ over than the strength under uniaxial condition. The failure modes of plain high strength concrete under uniaxial compression were shown as splitting type of failure but steel fiber concrete specimens under biaxial condition showed shear type failure. The values of elastic modulus were also examined higher than that from ACI and CEB expression under biaxial compression condition.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.133-143
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• 1998

Myofascial pain syndrome is one of the pain syndrome resulted from myofascia which covered muscles and clinically characteristic feature by sensitive trigger point in skeletal muscles and referred pain reactivated by stimulating each trigger point. The origin of headache are local lesion such as head, chest, abdominal organ, systemic lesion with fever or in toxic state. the other factors are consciousness, personality, anxiety, depression, which cause muscle strain in physiological environment. The Oriental Medical therapy for headache has herb medication and acupuncture. especially acupuncture therapy has not only classical systemic acupuncture(體鍼) but also neo-acupuncture(新鍼) such as commonly using auricular acupuncture(耳鍼) and manual acupuncture (手鍼), recently trigger point acupuncture is used. The author analyzed 27 cases of patient with headache treated by trigger point acupuncture therapy in Dong-yu Oriental Medical Hospital from March 1st 1997 to February 28th 1998. The following results were obtained. 1. The sex ratio of the female was 59.26%(16 cases) and male was 40.74%(11 cases), the ratio of high school student was 62.96%(17cases) as first. 2. The headache duration ratio of 2-3 years was 37.04%(10 cases) as first, 1-2 years was 25.93%(7 cases) as second. 3. The portion ratio of whole headache was 33.33%(9 cases) as first, lateral headache was 29.63%(8 cases) as second 4. The combined symptoms ratio of anorexia was 40.74%(11 cases) as first, fatigue was 33.33%(9 cases) as second, neck stiffness and dizziness was each 25.93%(7 cases) as third. 5. The therapeutic duration ratio of below 1 week was 29.63%(8 cases) as first, 2-3 weeks was 22.22%(6 cases) as second, 1-2 weeks and 3-4 weeks was each 18.52%(5 cases) as third. 6. The ratio of family history was 11 cases(40.74%). mother with headache was 6 cases, father was 3 cases, and brothers & sisters was 2 cases. 7. The herb medication ratio of Chungsanggyuntongtang(淸上?痛湯) was 37.04%(10 cases), Kamiondamtang(加味溫膽湯) was 22.22%(6 cases), Hyangsapyunguisan(香砂平胃散) was 18.25%(5 cases) etc. 8. The remedial effect ratio of good was 25.93%(7 cases), fair was 48.15%(13 cases), not improved was 7.41%(2 cases), side effect was 3.70%(1 cases), and unknown was 14.81%(4 cases).

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.275-282
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• 2014

Particle-reinforced metal matrix composites exhibit a strengthening effect due to the particle size-dependent length scale that arises from the strain gradient, and thus from the geometrically necessary dislocations between the particles and matrix that result from their CTE(Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) and elastic-plastic mismatches. In this study, the influence of the size-dependent length scale on the particle-matrix interface failure and ductile failure in the matrix was examined using finite-element punch zone modeling whereby an augmented strength was assigned around the particle. The failure behavior was observed by a parametric study, while varying the interface failure properties such as the interface strength and debonding energy with different particle sizes and volume fractions. It is shown that the two failure modes (interface failure and ductile failure in the matrix) interact with each other and are closely related to the particle size-dependent length scale; in other words, the composite with the smaller particles, which is surrounded by a denser dislocation than that with the larger particles, retards the initiation and growth of the interface and matrix failures, and also leads to a smaller amount of decrease in the flow stress during failure.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.275-283
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• 2018

Helicobacter pylori is a causative organism of various gastrointestinal diseases, including chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, or gastric adenocarcinoma. Pathogenic factors, such as cytotoxin-associated protein A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxic protein A (VacA), play a role. This study analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively the effects of zerumbone on the changes in the protein expression levels of various H. pylori proteins, including CagA and VacA. Approximately 200 significant proteins were screened for the H. pylori 60190 (VacA positive / CagA positive; Eastern type) strain, and proteomic analysis was performed on 13 protein molecules that were clinically significant. After two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), $ImageMaster^{TM}$ 2-DE Platinum software was used for quantitative measurements of protein spots. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used for protein identification. After intensive analysis of the proteins that showed significant changes, a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed as required to verify the results. In this study, the significance of zerumbone as a therapeutic agent for H. pylori infection was examined by screening a new pharmacological activity mechanism of zerumbone.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.121-127
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• 2018

A system for diagnosing surface defects of long and large pipe inner overlay welds, 1m in diameter and 6m in length, was developed using a Liquid Penetrant Test (PT). First, CATIA was used to model all major units and PT machines in 3-dimensions. They were used for structural strength analysis and strain analysis, and to check the motion interference phenomenon of each unit to produce two-dimensional production drawings. Structural strength analysis and deformation analysis using the ANSYS results in a maximum equivalent stress of 44.901 MPa, which is less than the yield tensile strength of SS400 (200 MPa), a material of the PT Machine. An examination of the performance of the developed equipment revealed a maximum travel speed of 7.2 m/min., maximum rotational speed of 9 rpm, repeatable position accuracy of 1.2 mm, and inspection speed of $1.65m^2/min$. The results of the automatic PT-inspection system developed to check for surface defects, such as cracks, porosity, and undercut, were in accordance with the method of ASME SEC. V&VIII. In addition, the results of corrosion testing of the overlay weld layer in accordance with the ferric chloride fitting test by the method of ASME G48-11 indicated that the weight loss was $0.3g/m^2$, and met the specifications. Furthermore, the chemical composition of the overlay welds was analyzed according to the method described in ASTM A375-14, and all components met the specifications.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.232-238
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• 2020

This study used adult wistar-based rats to observe the sexual cycle as a morphological characteristic of vaginal epithelial cells by vaginal smearing, and investigated the fetal number through mating with male rats of the same strain. The target animal was a 12 to 13-week-old Wistar-based mature unlighted rat (weight 220 g to 240 g), room temperature 23 ± 2℃, 14 hours artificial lighting (05:00 to 19:00 hours), 10 hours Adapted individuals were used for rearing for at least 2 weeks under the conditions of the darkroom (19:00 to 05:00). The feed was managed for free feeding of pellet feed for animals and water. The vaginal smearing method was used for the experiments by observing the sexual cycle every morning and confirming that the normal sexual cycle of 4 or 5 days was repeated at least 2 cycles or more. As a result, the proestrus was found to have few red blood cells, the cells and nuclei were rather large and round, and many nucleated cells were identified. In the case of the estrus, the cells were large and the nuclei were not stained, and most of the keratinocytes were found. In addition, in the metestrus and diestrus, there were many white blood cells, and it was confirmed that nucleated epithelial cells and keratinocytes were significantly reduced. The pregnancy period was 21 ± 1.8 days, and the number of live births per delivery was 11.9 on average. The number of fetuses on the 8th and 10th days of pregnancy were 15.2 ± 0.4 and 15.4 ± 0.3, respectively. On the contrary, the number of fetuses on the 12th day of pregnancy was 12.9 ± 0.6, which was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared to the 10th day of pregnancy, and the number of fetuses was similar until delivery. As a result of investigating the change of body weight according to the birth weight and growth stage after delivery, the birth weight of female and male was 9.2 ± 2.0 g and 9.8 ± 2.5 g, respectively. After that, until the 16th day, the female and the male showed similarly moderate weight gain, and then showed a rapid weight gain until the 21st day of lactation. With reference to the results of this study, it is expected to be used as basic data for determining the mating time of rodents and controlling pregnancy and fetal number.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.976-982
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• 2007

This study investigated whether supplemental Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn are needed in a practical diet for pullets. Four hundred and twenty females of an egg-laying strain (1-d-old, Lohmann Brown Layer) were randomly distributed into 4 groups, consisting of 7 replicates of 15 birds each. During the 18-week experimental period, chicks were given three basal diets in sequence, each with single or multiple Mn, Zn and Cu supplementation to improve the mineral balance gradually. In the Control, no Mn, Zn, and Cu were added; in the single Mn supplemented group (sMn) Mn was added to 120, 60, and 60 mg/kg for 1-6, 7-12, and 13-18 weeks of age, respectively; in the multiple Mn and Zn supplemented group (mMnZn), Mn was added to 180, 90, and 90 mg/kg and Zn was added to 120, 105, and 105 mg/kg for 1-6, 7-12, and 13-18 weeks of age, respectively; in the multiple Mn, Zn, Cu supplemented group (mMnZnCu), Mn, Zn, and Cu were added to the same multiple of basal Fe concentration relative to NRC (1994) recommendations. Energy and protein metabolizability were determined by subtracting energy/protein intake by energy/protein excretion (from both feces and urine) and dividing by energy/protein intake. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of feed intake, final body weight or tibia length throughout the experiment. Optimal growth performance was observed in the Control, while adding trace minerals to basal diets tended to result in decreased productive performance. Protein metabolizability was increased by mMnZn and mMnZnCu treatments, but energy metabolizability was not affected. Concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu in excreta varied greatly related to dietary content, and the retentions of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn were all increased due to the improvement of mineral balance. Based on these results, it is suggested that the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in typical basal diets used in this study were adequate for normal growth for pullets from 1 to 18 weeks of age.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.394-408
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• 2002

Nanostructured high strength metastable Al-, Mg- and Ti-based alloys containing different amorphous, quasicrystalline and nanocrystalline phases are synthesized by non-equilibrium processing techniques. Such alloys can be prepared by quenching from the melt or by powder metallurgy techniques. This paper focuses on one hand on mechanically alloyed and ball milled powders containing different volume fractions of amorphous or nano-(quasi)crystalline phases, consolidated bulk specimens and, on the other hand. on cast specimens containing different constituent phases with different length-scale. As one example. $Mg_{55}Y_{15}Cu_{30}$- based metallic glass matrix composites are produced by mechanical alloying of elemental powder mixtures containing up to 30 vol.% $Y_2O_3$ particles. The comparison with the particle-free metallic glass reveals that the nanosized second phase oxide particles do not significantly affect the glass-forming ability upon mechanical alloying despite some limited particle dissolution. A supercooled liquid region with an extension of about 50 K can be maintained in the presence of the oxides. The distinct viscosity decrease in the supercooled liquid regime allows to consolidate the powders into bulk samples by uniaxial hot pressing. The $Y_2O_3$ additions increase the mechanical strength of the composites compared to the $Mg_{55}Y_{15}Cu_{30}$ metallic glass. The second example deals with Al-Mn-Ce and Al-Cu-Fe composites with quasicrystalline particles as reinforcements, which are prepared by quenching from the melt and by powder metallurgy. $Al_{98-x}Mn_xCe_2$ (x =5,6,7) melt-spun ribbons containing a major quasicrystalline phase coexisting with an Al-matrix on a nanometer scale are pulverized by ball milling. The powders are consolidated by hot extrusion. Grain growth during consolidation causes the formation of a micrometer-scale microstructure. Mechanical alloying of $Al_{63}Cu_{25}Fe_{12}$ leads to single-phase quasicrystalline powders. which are blended with different volume fractions of pure Al-powder and hot extruded forming $Al_{100-x}$$(Al_{0.63}Cu_{0.25}Fe_{0.12})_x$ (x = 40,50,60,80) micrometer-scale composites. Compression test data reveal a high yield strength of ${\sigma}_y{\geq}$700 MPa and a ductility of ${\varepsilon}_{pl}{\geq}$5% for than the Al-Mn-Ce bulk samples. The strength level of the Al-Cu-Fe alloys is ${\sigma}_y{\leq}$550 MPa significantly lower. By the addition of different amounts of aluminum, the mechanical properties can be tuned to a wide range. Finally, a bulk metallic glass-forming Ti-Cu-Ni-Sn alloy with in situ formed composite microstructure prepared by both centrifugal and injection casting presents more than 6% plastic strain under compressive stress at room temperature. The in situ formed composite contains dendritic hcp Ti solid solution precipitates and a few $Ti_3Sn,\;{\beta}$-(Cu, Sn) grains dispersed in a glassy matrix. The composite micro- structure can avoid the development of the highly localized shear bands typical for the room temperature defor-mation of monolithic glasses. Instead, widely developed shear bands with evident protuberance are observed. resulting in significant yielding and homogeneous plastic deformation over the entire sample.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.71-87
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• 1998

Even though appropriate immune response is necessary for the survival of the individual, excessive or insufficient immune Response might cause autoimmune or allergic disease. So the immune response must be controlled to the degree that is beneficial for the well being of the individual. This study was undertaken to know the effects of Gunleetang Gagambang on the immune system of the mouse. Gunleetang Gagambang has been used for cure of tumor as a traditional medicine without any experimental evidence to support the rational basis for its clinical use. This study was carried out to evaluate the possible therapeutic or antitumoral effects of Gunleetang Gagambang extract against tumor, and to carry out some mechanisms responsible for its effect. Some kinds of tumor were induced by the typical application of 3-methylcholanthrene(MCA) or by the implantation(s.c) of malignant tumor cells such as leukemia cells(3LL cells) or sarcoma cells(S180 cells). Treatment of the Gunleetang Gagambang on water-extract(dailly 1mg/mouse, i. p.) was continued for 7 days prior to tumor induction and after that the treatment was lasted for 20 days. Against squamous cell carcinoma induced by MCA, Gunleetang Gagambang decreased not only the frequency of tumor production but also the number and the weight of tumors per tumor bearing mice(TBM). Gunleetang Gagambang on also significantly suppressed the development of 3LL cell and S180 cell-implanted tumors in occurrence-frequency and their size. and some developed tumors were regressed by the continuous treatment of Gunleetang Gagambang extract into TBM. In vitro, treatment of Gunleetang Gagambang extract had no effect on the growth of some kinds of cell line such as FsaII, A431 strain but significantly inhibited the proliferation of 3LL, S180 cells and augmented the DNA synthesis of mitogen-activated lymphocytes. Gunleetang Gagambang also stimulated the migrative ability of leukocyte, the MIF and IL-2 production of T lymphocytes, but not IL 6 production of B cells. Gunleetang Gagambang administration to mice enhanced NK cells activities. These results demonstrated that Gunleetang Gagambang extract exhibited a significant prophylactic benefits against tumors and its antitumor activity was manifested depending on the type of tumor cells. And these results also suggested that effect of Gunleetang Gagambang might be chiefly due to nonspecitie enhancement of NK cell activities and cell-mediated immune responses.