• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.249-256
• /
• 2012

The changes in the volatile organic compounds in plum after its electron beam irradiation and storage were determined using the simultaneous distillation extraction method and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. There were 44, 46, 45, 47, and 38 volatile compounds in the 0-, 0.25-, 0.5-, 0.75-, and 1 kGy irradiated samples, respectively. Also, the volatile flavor components of the plum that was stored for 30 days were identified as 48, 40, 40, 39, and 40 components. The compositions of the volatile compounds of the control and irradiated samples showed a similarity after the storage. Especially, the more important volatile flavor of the plum was identified as hexanal of the C6compounds, (E)-2-hexenal and (Z)-3-hexenal. In particular, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol increased in all the doses, where as hexanol and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol decreased. Among the lactone compounds, ${\gamma}$-hexalactone, ${\gamma}$-octalactone, and ${\gamma}$-decalactone were identified during the storage period in the raw samples. Hexanonic acid and 2-hexenoic acid were not identified during the storage of the samples, and 2-methylprrole was detected only when the storage samples were irradiated at a dose higher than 0.5kGy. Therefore, it was shown that there was no effect on the variation of the volatile organic component suntil 1 kGy in the plum was irradiated with an electron beam.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.235-242
• /
• 2012

The excellence of pigmented rice with respect to its nutritional composition was proven and the physicochemical properties of five kinds of rice (Jindo black rice, Jindo jeongmi, Boseong black rice, red rice, and green rice) were compared. The crude protein content of black rice harvested in Boseong (10.15%) were higher than that of the other varieties. The crude fat contents of pigmented rice (black, red, and green) were higher than those of polished rice (Jindo-jeongmi and black rice). Boseong black rice had the highest crude fat content. The major free sugar types in the rice varieties were maltose and glucose. The major mineral contents of the unpolished rice (pigmented rice) varieties were as follows: of P, 361.32~570.11 mg%; K, 196.63~210.04 mg%; Mg, 104.11~128.02 mg%; Na, 2.49~8.14 mg%; and Ca, 12.10~16.82 mg%. The major fatty acids in the five kinds of rice were linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. The fatty acid contents of the rice varieties did not differ significantly. The black rice (Boseong) had a higher amino acid content than the other varieties. The hunter color values of rice varieties were affected by the colors of tha samples. The L (lightness) value of black rice (Jindo, Boseong) was lower than that of the other samples. The thiamine and riboflavin contents of the red rice (0.48 mg/100 g and 0.14 mg/100 g, respectively) were higher than those of the other varieties (thiamine: 0.36~0.24 mg/100 g and riboflavin: 0.09~0.06 mg/100 g). The hardness of the rice varieties differed significantly (10.75~14.64 kg).

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.747-756
• /
• 2014

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of vitamin C on the formation of aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$)-DNA adduct and $AFB_1$-induing cellular oxidative damage in rat livers treated with radiation and $AFB_1$. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: the control group, the $AFB_1$-treated group, the group treated with $AFB_1$ and vitamin C, the group treated with X-ray and $AFB_1$, and the group treated with X-ray and $AFB_1$ with vitamin C. On the first day of the experiment, only one dose of X-rays was exposed to the entire liver at 1,500 cGy. Next, vitamin C was injected at 10 mg/kg body weight via intraperitoneal injection, followed an hour later by the administration of 0.4 mg/kg of $AFB_1$ via intraperitoneal injection. These treatments were administered every three days for 15 days. On the 16th day, the animals were sacrificed. The $AFB_1$ contents of the rat sera were determined via indirect competitive ELISA. In the quantitative analysis of $AFB_1$ in the rat sera via ELISA, $5.17{\pm}0.34ng/mL$ of $AFB_1$ was detected in the $AFB_1$-treated groups, but the amount decreased more significantly to $3.23{\pm}0.76ng/mL$ in the groups treated with $AFB_1$ and vitamin C (p<0.01) than in the $AFB_1$-treated groups. The effect of vitamin C on $AFB_1$-DNA adduct formation was determined via ELISA. The values of $AFB_1$-DNA adduct formation were $9.38{\pm}0.41ng/mL$ in the $AFB_1$-treated groups, but the amount decreased more significantly to $5.28{\pm}0.32ng/mL$ in the groups treated with $AFB_1$ and vitamin C (p<0.01) than in the $AFB_1$-treated groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the accumulation of the $AFB_1$ was not observed in the normal liver tissue (G1). The $AFB_1$-positive materials were observed in the central vein and the portal vein of the liver tissue from the $AFB_1$(G2) treatment or the X-ray and $AFB_1$(G4) co-treatment, but the $AFB_1$-positive materials were observed weakly in the group treated with vitamin C (G3 and G5). These results indicate that vitamin C had ameliorating effects on the $AFB_1$ accumulation of liver tissue.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.623-630
• /
• 2017

Functional compounds including flavonoids, anthocyanins, polyphneols and antioxidants were extracted from blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) using highly efficient microwave-assisted extraction. And extraction process was modeled and optimized according to response surface methodology (RSM). The independent variables ($X_n$) were ethanol concentration ($X_1$: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%), irradiation time ($X_2$: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 min), and microwave power ($X_3$: 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 W). Dependent variables ($Y_n$) were total flavonoid contents ($Y_1$), total anthocyanin contents ($Y_2$), total polyphenol contents ($Y_3$) and antioxidant activity ($Y_4$). Four-dimensional response surface plots were generated based on the fitted second-order polynomial models to get optimal conditions. Estimated optimal conditions for 4 responses were ethanol concentration of 54-72%, irradiation time of 7.1-7.6 min, and microwave power of 243-251 W. Ridge analysis predicted the maximal responses of total flavonoid content, total anthocyanin content, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were 38.00 mg RE/g, 6.80 mg CGE/g, 14.90 mg GAE/g, 89.10%, respectively. Verification experiment was carried out at predicted optimal conditions and experimental values for total flavonoid content, total anthocyanin content, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were 38.10 mg RE/g, 6.72 mg CGE/g, 14.91 mg GAE/g and 89.13%, respectively. No significant difference was observed between predicted and experimental values, indicating good fitness of fitted model and successful application of RSM.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.51 no.6
• /
• pp.536-542
• /
• 2007

Behcet's disease (BD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder, involving several organs. Inflammation in the disease is thought to be mediated by cytokines derived from T-helper type 1 (Th1) lymphocytes. Although the exact pathogenesis for BD is not completely understood, it has been suggested that the disease is triggered in genetically susceptible individuals by environmental factors, such as microbial agents. It is noted that multiple genes, including MHC (major histocompatibility complex) and non-MHC genes, are implicated in the pathogenesis of BD. This study tries to determine whether HLA-B51, IL-18, SLC11A1 and TNF-α polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to Behcet's disease in Koreans. As a results, HLA-B51 was a genetic factor with the strongest association with BD. But it is still uncertain whether this HLA molecule is directly involved in the pathogenesis of BD. Although the IL-18 gene polymorphisms were not associated with a susceptibility to BD in the Korean population, the patients carrying the GG genotype at position 137 had a higher risk of developing the ocular lesions. This study suggests that the allele 3 and the genotype allele 3 / allele 3 of 5'-promoter (GT)n polymorphism in the SLC11A1 gene may have a protective effect for the development of BD in the Korean population. There were no evidences for genetic association conferred by the TNF-α gene with respect to susceptibility to BD.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.259-264
• /
• 2015

For this experiment, specimen was manufactured by injecting polymer and monomer into silicon mold with volume ratio of 2.5:1 based on ISO 20795-2 so that average thickness, width and length of specimen would be maintained as 3.3 mm, 10.0 mm and 65.0 mm, respectively depending on spray on technique. Specimen was divided into 3 groups ($25^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$) depending on polymerization temperature and 10 specimen was manufactured for each group and it was polymerized in water tank of ${\pm}1^{\circ}C$ under the setting condition of polymerization time of 15 minutes and pressure of 3 bar. After keeping specimen in distilled water of $37^{\circ}C$ for over 48 hours before experiment, flexural strength (FS) and elasticity modulus (EM) of specimen being tested by using Intron (3344; Instron; Instron). SPSS ver. 16.0 was used for analysis and post-hoc test of Scheffe was performed after using one-way ANOVA. When comparing mean value of FS of resin for orthodontics, it was represented in the range of 71.500 MPa for $25^{\circ}C$ group, 74.920 MPa for $40^{\circ}C$ group and 76.880 MPa for $70^{\circ}C$ group and difference was shown in the order of $25^{\circ}C$ group <$40^{\circ}C$ group <$70^{\circ}C$ group but such difference was not significant statistically (p=0.052). Result of EM mean value of resin for orthodontics was more polymerization temperature was high, the more was significant difference represented in the order of $25^{\circ}C$ group <$40^{\circ}C$ group <$70^{\circ}C$ group (p<0.039).

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.272-279
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to provide baseline data which could suggest a direction of role based efficient integrated clinical education by avoiding duplicate of contents through analyzing clinical courses. Among the 7 clinical courses, orthodontics and periodontology were the most published subjects which were published in 5 kinds of books and dental materials was the least published subject which was published in 2 kinds of books on investigation of overlapping contents based on titles that appeared on chapters and verses of all textbooks for clinical courses. Dental implant was covered in 4 subjects such as oral maxillofacial surgery, prosthodontics, periodontology and dental materials which was the most number. Other overlapping contents were restoration treatment, occlusion and malocclusion, temporomandibular joint diseases, anesthesia sedation, tooth trauma, systemic disease and dental treatment, dental casting, isolation techniques, tooth bleaching, pulp protection, gingivitis periodontitis, tooth development, etc. Reviews of textbooks of clinical courses should be conducted in a detailed manner by systematic, various studies in order to improve quality of the textbooks.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.24-31
• /
• 2015

This research was conducted in order to examine the effect of tooth brushing room M elementary school in Changwon-city and to provide foundation data for effective project operation afterwards. The subjects were 347 students at the M elementary school where the tooth brushing room was being taught. The control group is 289 students at J elementary school where the tooth brushing room was not being taught. Research and analysis were carried out with structured survey and examination of decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index, decayed, missing, filled tooth surface (DMFS) index and O'leary index. The data was analysed by IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 19.0 program and the result is as follows: Depends on the tooth brushing room there was difference in statistical significance in filling teeth, sealant tooth surface, filling tooth surface, missing tooth surface, DMFS, O'leary index between the subject and control group. The less the frequency of brushing, the higher the DMFT index. Negative correlation was statistically significant. With incorrect brushing method, the less the frequency, the higher the DMFS index, Negative correlation was statistically significant. When the tooth brushing room was being implemented, O'leary index became low, negative correlation was statistically significant. As a result, in order to continue the effective operation of tooth brushing room, constant supervision and monitoring on students should be acutely needed by a principal, a school nurse and teachers in charge. Also together with a systemized cooperation between a health center and a nearby university's related majors departments, the research proposes to execute constant oral health education and to expand the implementation project of the tooth brushing room at nearby elementary schools.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.131-154
• /
• 2000

Nan Jing(Difficult Classic), as a catechism, describes in detail and deeply the ideas in Nei Jing(Huangdi's Internal Classic). The description of Nan Jing is focused on basic theories including theories about some disease and is excellent in identification and analysis. The contents of Nan Jing are as follows: 1-23 Nan-pulse and pulse condition, 24~29 Nan-channels and collaterals, 30~47 Nan-viscera and bowels(Zang Fu organs), 48~61 Nan-disease, 62~68 Nan-acupuncture points, 69~91 Nan-acupuncture. Especially, diagnosis techniques in Nan Jing make 'Only method of cunkou pulse taking' that is a technique for feeling the pulse widely applied in these days in Oriental medicine clear. Thus, this book adjusts the theory of pulse and pulse condition given in 1~23 Nan of 'The Study of Nan Jing' in order to enhance an understanding about the theory of pulse and pulse condition. The text of 1~23 Nan about pulse lore centers on all pulse of human body interconnected each other and cunkou, both ends of the pulse, and contrasts regular pulse with irregular pulse. 1. 10 Nan describes the theory about five kinds of evils and hardness and softness, and unique pulse condition of each bowels. 2. 13 Nan explains that the relative difficulty of medical treatment is determined by the degree of balance or unbalance among three factors-colors, pulse and pulse condition, flesh shape. 3. 14 Nan divides pulse and pulse condition into slow pulse and rapid pulse, and explains separately abnormality, great loss of semen, death caused by slow pulse, and abnormality, great loss of semen, death caused by rapid pulse. 4. 15 Nan about taut pulse(弦), full pulse(鉤), floating pulse(毛), deep pulse(石脈) describes that pulse and pulse condition differs according to four seasons. Therefore, Nan Jing establishes clearly techniques of feeling the pulse in 'Only method of cunkou pulse taking(獨取寸口)' and advances the theory of Nei Jing. Futhermore, Nan Jing is more valuable in that it suggests unique theory different with Nei Jing.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.191-200
• /
• 2014

Nuruk samples collected from various regions in Korea were investigated in terms of fungal contents and diversity. In measurement of colony forming unit (CFU) in Nuruk suspensions on DRBC agar, Nuruk samples MS4, MS8, and MS10 were among the highest fungal density, with $1,278.9{\pm}21.6$ (${\times}10^4$), $1,868.0{\pm}27.7$ (${\times}10^4$), and $775.1{\pm}19.2$ (${\times}10^4$) were among the samples showing the highest fungal density. CFU per 20 mg Nuruk, respectively. The majority of fungal components were yeasts, including Pichia anomala, P. kudriavzevii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, whereas Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oryzae, the representative Nuruk fungi, were predominant only in the low fungal density Nuruks (MS2, MS5, and MS11). Saccharification capability of the fungal isolates was assessed by measurement of amylase activity in the culture broth. The highest amylase activity was found in A. niger and A. luchuensis, followed by S. fibuligera. A. oryzae and R. oryzae showed fair amylase activity but significantly lower than those of the three fungal species. R. oryzae was suggested to play an additional role in degradation of ${\beta}$-glucan in crop component of Nuruk since R. oryzae was the only fungus that showed ${\beta}$-glucanase activity among the fungal isolates. To confirm the safety of Nuruk, aflatoxigenicity of the isolated Aspergillus was estimated using the DNA markers norB-cypA, aflR, and omtA. All of the isolates turned out to be non-aflatoxigenic as evidenced by the deletion of gene markers, norB-cypA and aflR, and the absence of aflatoxin in the culture supernatants shown by TLC analysis.