• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.19-24
• /
• 2012

The first objective of this study is to estimate emission coefficient of organic carbon regarding its inflow and discharge for dairy farm through reviewing domestic and foreign literature published or reported previously. Its second objective is to provide fundamental data to establish carbon cycle system related to livestock production. Based on literature review, emission coefficients by inflow of organic carbon into dairy farm were 5.9 ton C/head/year for feedstuff ingestion by milk cow, 2.3 ton C/head/year for recycling manure compost of milk cow to grassland, 318 g C/$m^2$/year for contents in grassland, 145 g C/$m^2$/year for contents in fodder crop, and 17 g C/$m^2$/year for $CO_2$ uptake by fodder crop, respectively. on the other hand, emission coefficients by discharge of organic carbon from dairy farm were 2,9 ton C/head/year for emission of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ by respiration and burp of milk cow, 0.4 ton C/head/year for emission of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ by decomposition of organic carbon in manure of milk cow, 440 g C/$m^2$/year for emission of $CO_2$ from grassland, and 0 for elution of organic carbon in grassland into underground water, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.285-295
• /
• 2001

This study describes the analysis on the dynamic characteristics of model as a fundamental studies for the horn fish Hemiramphus sajor surface pair trawl gear. The model experiments were carried out in a flume tank by using model net for the horn fish surface par trawl gear. The model net was made to the scale of 1/40 by scaling down two surfce par trawl boats of 6.67 and 9.98 ton used for sea experiment in the coast of Jeju Island. Dimensions of the model net were 1.2m for stretch length of net, 1.3m for float line, 1.0m for sinker line, 2.5g for floats, and 0.86g for sinkers. Experiments were conducted in the observation channel of a flume tank with experimental equipments used to change the distance between paired boats and towing velocity. Motion of model net during towing was recorded by two sets of digital camera which were placed in the top and side of the model net. The leading coordinate of net height and net mouth width was captured by the photograph analysis system. Through the experiment, we obtained the following results: 1. The relationship between the net hight(Nh) and towing velocity(Vt) during towing was found to be Nh=(2.39Db-$^{0.62})Vt^{0.56}$ and the relationship between the net mouth width (Nw) and towing velocity during towing was Nw=(0.96Db^{0.62})Vt^{0.11}$, where Db is the distance between paired boats. 2. The relationship between the net tension(Nt) and towing velocity during towing was found to be Nt=106.94Vt+1.43 and the model net becomes parallel to the water surface at the towing velocity larger than 1.5 Knot. 3. The relationship between the net opening area(Na) and towing velocity during towing was found to be Na=(2.28Db0.37)Vt.-0.45, and the relationship between the filtering volume(Fv) and towing velocity during towing was Fv=(69.9Db$^{0.37})Vt^{0.55}$. The net opening area and filtering volume reach maximum value at the distance of 25m between paired boats.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.11-22
• /
• 2011

This work was carried out to investigate the quantity of manure excreta and characteristics in growth and production phase of Holstein dairy cattle. The average manure production of dairy cattle under condition of ad libitum feeding was 41.5 kg/head/day (feces 24.9, urine 16.4 kg). The average moisture contents of feces and urine were 85.0% and 93.9%, respectively. Water pollutant concentration, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$ and SS excreted from dairy cattle were 15,444 mg/${\ell}$, 53,159 mg/${\ell}$, and 40,528 mg/${\ell}$ in feces and 8,454 mg/${\ell}$1,116 mg/${\ell}$, and 962 mg/${\ell}$in urine, respectively. And The daily loading amount of $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, SS in dairy cattle manure were 523 g, 1,416 g and 1,025 g, respectively. N, P and K contents of manure produced by dairy cattle were 0.33, 0.49 and 0.20% in feces, and 1.02, 0.27 and 1.03 in urine, respectively. In the concentrations of mineral and heavy metal of manure, Ca, Na and Mg contents were 1.56, 0.24 and 0.69%, and Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb and As were 69.23, 19.14, 2.89, 7.73 and 2.94 ppm, respectively. In conclusion, Dairy farms can be estimated optimum nutrient and pollutant balance to effectively manage the manure produced.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.55 no.3
• /
• pp.211-217
• /
• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the physical and chemical composition, fatty acid profile and sensory property of horse meat according to meat quality grade (1 and 2) and cuts (loin, chuck roll and top round). The lipid content of loin was significantly higher (p<0.05) in grade 1 (4.65%) compared with grade 2 (2.31%), whereas moisture content was lower (p<0.05) in grade 1 than in grade 2. The pH value was significantly lower (p<0.05) in loin than in other cuts regardless of meat quality grade. Shear force value of loin was significantly different (p<0.05) between grades 1 (5.87 $kg/cm^2$) and 2 (10.86 $kg/cm^2$). Water-holding capacity values of loin, chuck roll and top round were not different (p>0.05) between grades 1 and 2. Meat color values ($L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$) of loin, chuck roll and top round were not different (p>0.05) between grades 1 and 2. Palmitoleic acid of loin in grade 1 (11.39%) was higher (p<0.05) than that in grade 2 (5.36%). Stearic acid of loin in grade 1(3.58%) was lower (p<0.05) than that in grade 2 (7.02%). Overall palatability of loin, chuck roll and top round did not differ (p>0.05) between grades 1 and 2. Therefore, meat quality grade had mainly affected lipid and moisture contents, shear force, palmitoleic acid and stearic acid of horse loin; and horse loin of grade 2 had lower pH and higher $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ than the other cuts.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.1022-1031
• /
• 2008

Pound cakes were prepared with Citrus mandarin powder(CMP) cultivated in JeJu Island, Korea. The impact of CMP amount level, which was incorporated into wheat flour by the ration of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% based on a flour weight, on the rheology and sensory profile of the pound cakes was measured. Moisture content of 13.70%, crude protein 5.12%, crude lipid 1.30%, crud ash 1.92%, respectively. Also evaluation was performed on the changes in physicochemical properties of the pound cakes during storage at 4 and $30^{\circ}C$. According to the amylogram, gelatinization temperature of the control dough was $63.35^{\circ}C$ and those of the dough with CMP were $63.85{\sim}66.55^{\circ}C$. Maximum viscosity of the dough was 686 B.U in the control, those were 575 B.U, 553 B.U, 504 B.U and 401 B.U in the dough with 5, 10, 15, and 20% CMP, respectively. The retrogradation degree(setback value) of CMP dough was $31{\sim}57%$ lower than that of the control dough under the same conditions. Water holding capacity of pound cake was increased gradually in proportion to the amount of CMP. The CMP addition decreased the brightuess(L) of pound cakes but increased redness(a) and yellowness(b). Hardness of pound cakes was significantly increased by CMP addition, while springiness, adhesiveness and cohesiveness were decreased. Based on sensory evaluation, pound cakes added with CMP were not significantly different in color and texture, while that of 10% CMP was significantly high in taste, flavor, and overall preferences, compared to the control. pH of pound cake with CMP was decreased during storage, showing that pH of CMP samples was lower than the control. Titrated acidity of pound cake with CMP was increased rapidly from storage for 10 days, which the changes in degree was fast in accordance with CMP amount. The Hunter's color value of pound cake with CMP was decreased, as the storage time proceeded. In the samples prepared with CMP, the firmness, adhesiveness, gumminess and chewiness was increased as the storage time proceeded, while springiness and cohesiveness was decreased.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.522-532
• /
• 2010

The aims of the present study were to characterize the effect of glucocorticosteroids (GCs) on the normal canine skin and to evaluate the effect of a lipid mixture (LM), containing cholesterol, pseudoceramide, and free fatty acid, on the steroid-induced damaged skin of dogs. Five beagles were involved and the skin of the back of each dog was topically applied with four kinds of GCs twice daily for 28 days. LM was applied after that period of GCs application. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, and skin pH were assessed during experimental periods and histopathological evaluation was performed. TEWL was significantly increased, with a maximum increase obtained on day 28 (p < 0.01). Skin pH was significantly decreased, with a maximum decrease obtained on day 28 (p < 0.01). Skin surface hydration was significantly increased on day 3, but values of skin hydration were progressively decreased and finally reached those of baseline. In histology, as results of steroid application, losses of keratin layers in the stratum corneum and edematous changes in the upper parts of dermis, and consequently, thickness of the epidermis and the stratum corneum were decreased. In addition, the numbers of hair follicles were markedly decreased in steroid control as compared to intact control. However, these skin atrophic changes were markedly inhibited by treatment of LM as compared with steroid control in the present study. Moreover, all biophysical parameters were reached to the baseline after LM treatment. These results showed that the topically applied GCs induced skin barrier impairment and a LM should be effective on repair of disturbed skin barrier function in dogs. Therefore, it is concluded that a LM tested in the present study is expected to treat the steroid-induced skin damages.

• Land and Housing Review
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.35-46
• /
• 2011

This paper aims at examining the indices and their weights for the evaluation of local government to allocate reconstruction charge and reviewing the availability of them simulating local governments' evaluation. There has been no specific evaluation criteria existed, while central government has to allocate the reconstruction charge to local governments by the provision 3 of Restitution of Housing Reconstruction Gains Act. The results as follows : According to a survey on evaluation indices weight and AHP analysis, the weight of 'the housing welfare improve effort' is the highest with 25.1% among 5 upper-classification indices. Following this, each weight of 'housing welfare conditions(22.7%)', 'housing SOC establishment(22.5%)', 'the achievement and planning on reconstruction charge use(15.8%)', and 'housing sector achievement such as Bogeumjari(13.9%)' are ranked. Meanwhile, Among 16 lower-classification indices, 'the rate of minimum housing standard households(11.5%)', 'public rental housing supply(8.9%)', 'reconstruction charge use achievement(8.3%)', 'reconstruction charge use planning submit(7.5%)', and 'rate of water and sewage(6.3%)' hold high rank. The analysis results show the weight of 'housing sector achievement such as Bogeumjari' on the existing provisions should be decreased(30%${\rightarrow}$13.9%) as others' weight has to be slightly increased. According to the result of the simulation, Jeonbuk, Gyeongbuk, Jeonnam, Jeju, Gyeonggi received higher scores in the comprehensive evaluation, while Daejeon, Seoul, Incheon, Daegu and Gwangju, where the housing conditions are relatively good, received lower scores. These results of the analysis correspond with the direction of reconstruction charges allocation and indicate that the evaluation criteria used in this simulation is acceptable.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.357-365
• /
• 2016

The effects of elevated atmospheric $CO_2$ on photosynthesis and growth of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. pekinensis) were investigated to predict productivity in highland cropping in an environment where $CO_2$ levels are increasing. Vegetative growth, based on fresh weight of the aerial part, and leaf characteristics (number, area, length, and width) of Chinese cabbage grown for 5 weeks, increased significantly under elevated $CO_2$ ($800{\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$) compared to ambient $CO_2$ ($400{\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$). The photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance ($g_s$), and water use efficiency (WUE) increased, although the transpiration rate (E) decreased, under elevated atmospheric $CO_2$. The photosynthetic light-response parameters, the maximum photosynthetic rate ($A_{max}$) and apparent quantum yield (${\varphi}$), were higher at elevated $CO_2$ than at ambient $CO_2$, while the light compensation point ($Q_{comp}$) was lower at elevated $CO_2$. In particular, the maximum photosynthetic rate ($A_{max}$) was higher at elevated $CO_2$ by 2.2-fold than at ambient $CO_2$. However, the photosynthetic $CO_2$-response parameters such as light respiration rate ($R_p$), maximum Rubisco carboxylation efficiency ($V_{cmax}$), and $CO_2$ compensation point (CCP) were less responsive to elevated $CO_2$ relative to the light-response parameters. The photochemical efficiency parameters ($F_v/F_m$, $F_v/F_o$) of PSII were not significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$, suggesting that elevated atmospheric $CO_2$ will not reduce the photosynthetic efficiency of Chinese cabbage in highland cropping. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis shifted significantly by about $2^{\circ}C$ under elevated $CO_2$. Above the optimal temperature, the photosynthetic rate (A) decreased and the dark respiration rate ($R_d$) increased as the temperature increased. These findings indicate that future increases in $CO_2$ will favor the growth of Chinese cabbage on highland cropping, and its productivity will increase due to the increase in photosynthetic affinity for light rather than $CO_2$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.109-122
• /
• 1979

Present study was carried out to reduce residual toxicity of BHC insecticides inherent in the organochlorine pesticides. For This end, r-isomer, the most potent insecticidal component among the BHC stereoisomers, was isolated and thus fortified by means of solvent precipitation. In parallel, 3-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-1-methyl urea was prepared in good yield from technical BHC via 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4,-trichloronitrobenzene, and 2,4,5-trichloroaniline. In addition, certain merit of the compound which make it possible to use as a herbicide is discussed. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Recrystallizing technical BHC from methanol-water binary solvent system, r-isomer was enriched to 49.7% at 95% recovery of r-isomer. 2. By partitioning technical BHC in 85% of methanolic solution into chloroform, r-isomer was fortified to 89.6% at 90.5% recovery of r-isomer. 3. Yield of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene from technical BHC was greatly dependent upon concentration of alkalies and to less degree on the alkalies. 4. Surfactants, in particular cationic a quartenary ammonium salt, increased yield of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene from technical BHC by alkaline hydrolysis. 5. Conversion of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to 2,4,5-trichloronitrobenzene was effected almost quantitatively utilizing $HNO_3-H_2SO_4$ nitrating agent at low temperature. 6. Yield of 91.4% was observed for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trichloroaniline by reducing 2,4,5-trichloronitrobenzene in the presence of iron turning and hydrochloric acid. 7. Overall yield based on BHC of 3-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-1- methyl urea was 60.8%. 8. Inhibition effects, both germination and growth, 3-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-1-methyl urea on several crops were found comparable to or more potent than those of $linuron{\circledR}\;and\;diuron{\circledR}$. In addition, it was also noted that susceptibility to the prepared compound depended upon the crops as well as specific part (shoots, roots) of the plant exposed to the chemicals.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.53 no.2
• /
• pp.4-23
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study was to explore the diversity of Korea's iron casting technology and to examine various casting methods. The study involved a literature review, analysis of artifacts, local investigation of production tools and technology, and scientific analysis of casting and cast materials. Bellows technology, or Bulmi technology, is a form of iron casting technology that uses bellows to melt cast iron before the molten iron is poured into a clay cast. This technology, handed down only in Jeju Island, relies on use of a clay cast instead of the sand cast that is more common in mainland Korea. Casting methods for cast iron pots can be broadly divided into two: sand mold casting and porcelain casting. The former uses a sand cast made from mixing seokbire (clay mixed with soft stones), sand and clay, while the latter uses a clay cast, formed by mixing clay with rice straw and reed. The five steps in the sand mold casting method for iron pot are cast making, filling, melting iron into molten iron, pouring the molten iron into the cast mold, and refining the final product. The six steps in the porcelain clay casting method are cast making, cast firing, spreading jilmeok, melting iron into molten iron, pouring the molten iron, and refining the final product. The two casting methods differ in terms of materials, cast firing, and spreading of jilmeok. This study provided insight into Korea's unique iron casting technology by examining the scientific principles behind the materials and tools used in each stage of iron pot casting: collecting and kneading mud, producing a cast, biscuit firing, hwajeokmosal (building sand on the heated cast) and spreading jilmeok, drying and biyaljil (spreading jilmeok evenly on the cast), hapjang (combining two half-sized casts to make one complete cast), producing a smelting furnace, roasting twice, smelting, pouring molten iron into a cast, and refining the final product. Scientific analysis of the final product and materials involved in porcelain clay casting showed that the main components were mud and sand (SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃). The release agent was found to be graphite, containing SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, and K₂O. The completed cast iron pot had the structure of white cast iron, comprised of cementite (Fe₃C) and pearlite (a layered structure of ferrite and cementite).