• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.415-428
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to better understand nursing education in the early years of the Japanese colonial rule. Methods: We compared the 1918 Textbook on Nursing with the first Textbook on Nursing and to the original text, Grade A Textbook on Nursing, by the Japanese Red Cross Society (JRCS) using the historical research method. The background of its publication and its use in nursing education were exploring, too. Results: After Korea's annexation by Japan, the nursing textbook by the JRCS was appointed as the standard textbook in nursing education by the Government-General in Korea (GGK). Missionary nurse got the permission for the nursing textbook by JRCS and the Textbook on Nursing was published in 1918 using Korean and Chinese characters in combination. This book, an adaptation of the original text, explained the responsibilities and roles of nurses to guide them in serving patients as well as assisting in treatment or directly performing emergency medical treatment when necessary, with a focus on the treatment of the war wounded. It would have been partially used in actual nursing education among the missionary community. Conclusion: Textbook on Nursing in 1918 was published not only for the nursing students of missionary nursing schools but also for other nursing trainees of diverse hospitals, nurses and missionary volunteers and to help them to acquire the licenses. It reflects the enforcement on nursing education by GGK and the reality and resistance in terms of the content of education of nursing in Korea during that period.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.136-145
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• 2017

Objectives : Previous research on texts specializing in acupuncture and moxibustion in Korea have mostly been focused on those written in the Joseon period, leaving an academic void in the modern and contemporary eras. This research on the "Yeongsochimgugyeong" was undertaken to help readers' understanding of the text and to provide basic material for further research on modern-contemporary education of acupuncture and moxibustion. Methods : The original text of "Yeongsochimgugyeong" was examined along with books and news articles on related people. Information that was difficult to obtain through written documents was supplemented by interviews with people who knew about the situation at the time. The findings were organized as 1) the author and related people and 2) introduction of "Yeongsochimgugyeong". Results and Conclusions : The original text of "Yeongsochimgugyeong" was written by teacher Jeon, Gwangok, interpreted and annotated by his disciple Gwon, Yeongjun. It is presumed that they wrote this book as educators of Korean medicine for educational purposes on acupuncture and moxibustion before and after the Japanese colonial era. The book is consisted of an overview of meridianology, details on points and meridians, supplementing and draining methods, similar to the current text book. The contents and expressions of "Yeongsochimgugyeong" reflect the state of acupuncture and moxibustion education of the early and mid $20^{th}$ century, making it a valuable resource.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.209-213
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• 2004

A 8 kg, 3-year-old male West Highland white terrier dog with a 1.5-year history of chronic, severely pruritic, seborrheic skin disorder was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology. On physical examination, lesions were observed on entire cutaneous surface, except for face, dorsum of body, and footpads. Skin lesions were characterized by diffuse erythema, erythematous papules, severe alopecia, hyperpigmentation, and lichenification. Tape strip tests of skin lesions revealed cocci and Malassezia infections. The intradermal allergy tests revealed positive reactions to Japanese cedar pollen, but the non-seasonal clinical signs were not compatible with atopic dermatitis caused by this pollen. Results of hematological examination, serum chemistry and thyroid gland profile were normal. Examination of skin biopsy exhibited hyperplastic superficial perivascular dermatosis with severe acanthosis, excessive keratinocyte mitoses, patchy or diffuse mild spongiosis, and lymphocytic exocytosis in epidermis. Perivascular to interstitial mononuclear cells infiltration was seen in the superficial dermis. Based on the results of examination described above, epidermal dysplasia was diagnosed. Treatments with administration of antibiotics, etretinate, and prednisolone orally combined with topical ketoconazole cream and antiseborreic shampoos had no good results. Following treatment with long-term oral itraconazole at 10 mg/kg daily and chlorhexidine shampoos was successful. However, when itraconazole therapy was stopped, the condition worsened twice within 2 or 3 months. Readministration of itraconazole produced improvement within 4 weeks. This dog has now been controlled periodical itraconazole therapy.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.102-113
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• 2016

Objectives : This study is aimed at developing and discussing the prediction model of blood stasis pattern of traditional Korean medicine(TKM) using machine learning algorithms: multiple logistic regression and decision tree model. Methods : First, we reviewed the blood stasis(BS) questionnaires of Korean, Chinese, and Japanese version to make a integrated BS questionnaire of patient-reported outcomes. Through a human subject research, patients-reported BS symptoms data were acquired. Next, experts decisions of 5 Korean medicine doctor were also acquired, and supervised learning models were developed using multiple logistic regression and decision tree. Results : Integrated BS questionnaire with 24 items was developed. Multiple logistic regression models with accuracy of 0.92(male) and 0.95(female) validated by 10-folds cross-validation were constructed. By decision tree modeling methods, male model with 8 decision node and female model with 6 decision node were made. In the both models, symptoms of 'recent physical trauma', 'chest pain', 'numbness', and 'menstrual disorder(female only)' were considered as important factors. Conclusions : Because machine learning, especially supervised learning, can reveal and suggest important or essential factors among the very various symptoms making up a pattern identification, it can be a very useful tool in researching diagnostics of TKM. With a proper patient-reported outcomes or well-structured database, it can also be applied to a pre-screening solutions of healthcare system in Mibyoung stage.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.8-18
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to provide the general history of fostering dentists in Japan and introducing their new roles. This research was conducted based on the government policy report on dentists and the information published by each educational institution. Based on the collected data, the official websites were used to represent the latest statistics of the institutions. The number of dentists in Japan has increased. The government established the National Examination for Dentists to guarantee the quality of dentists. After the standards for developing questions for the national examination were established in 1985, the contents of the examination have been appropriately improved by revising the standards every four years. This improvement has required dental students to study a variety of subjects for six years at dental school. Since dentists in Japan are required to respond to various demands from the nation; the Model Core Curriculum for Dental Education was developed to teach medical ethics and abilities to ensure that dentists conduct themselves professionally. Recently, the roles of dentists have been changing in Japan. When providing dental services to older patients over the age of 65, dentists and other dental professions focus on maintaining oral functions, such as saliva secretion, bite force, tongue movement, and masticatory/swallowing functions. However, oral function-related services for children are different. In addition to providing essential dental services, dental practitioners also provide special treatment, such as oral muscle training, myofunctional therapy, health guidance, and space retainers to the child patients with developmental insufficiency in oral functions. Dentistry in Japan has undergone numerous changes over the years and has continued to offer high-quality dental health services. Thus, information gained from the Japanese experience may be helpful to dental professions in other developed countries for planning oral health measures.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제41호
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• pp.187-209
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• 2010

본 논문은 1763년 계미사행(癸未使行) 중 의원필담집(醫員筆談集)인 키타야마 쇼우[北山彰]의 "계단앵명(?壇?鳴)"과 야마다 세이친[山田正珍]의 "상한필어(桑韓筆語)"와 이 빈케이[(井敏卿]의 "송암필어(松菴筆語)"를 연구 대상으로 삼아 18세기에 의원을 포함한 조일(朝日) 지식인들의 소통 방식 및 대립과 갈등, 교류와 협력의 상황을 확인하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 그들은 미지(未知)와의 조우를 통해 나누고, 시문(詩文)을 창화(唱和)했으며, 해부학 등 당시 서양의학에 눈뜬 일본의 상황을 가늠해보기도 했다. 또한 각 나라의 풍습을 접하고 비교하는 기회를 가졌으며, 아울러 한글에 대한 일본인의 증폭된 관심을 확인할 수 있다. 대립과 갈등은 주로 두 나라의 역사 인식과 학술적 차원의 관점 차이에서 비롯되었는데, 특히 당시 일본의 고학(古學)적 학풍이 여기에 상당한 영향을 끼쳤다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 금고문(今古文) 논쟁이나 두 나라의 음악 비교, 일본 신공황후(神功皇后)의 삼한(三韓) 정벌설 및 오규 소라이[荻生?徠]와 다자이 준[太宰純]의 학문에 대한 논쟁 등으로 상호 날선 공방이 오고갔다. 다만 간과하지 말아야 할 것은 이 중에는 한문에 의한 필담이란 제한 때문에 빚어진 상호 오해도 존재한다는 점이다. 교류와 협력은 전문 지식과 기술을 지닌 의원들을 중심으로 인삼 제법(製法)이나 질병의 치료 방법을 확인하는 절차로 구체화되었다. 또한 일본에서의 서적 구입 방법 문의 및 실제 치료 등을 통해 양국 우호의 분위기를 연장시켜 나갔다고 볼 수 있다. 결국 이들 사이에는 간혹 오해와 불신도 있었지만, 양국의 인사들은 한문이란 동아시아 공통문자를 통해 소통했고, 심도 있는 정보와 의견을 교환했다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.78-87
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• 2021

Objective : Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) has been widely used during spine surgery to reduce or prevent neurologic deficits, however, its application to the surgical management for cervical myelopathy remains controversial. This study aimed to assess the success rate of IONM in patients with cervical myelopathy and to investigate the factors associated with successful baseline monitoring and the effect of increasing the stimulation intensity by focusing on motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Methods : The data of 88 patients who underwent surgery for cervical myelopathy with IONM between January 2016 and June 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The success rate of baseline MEP monitoring at the initial stimulation of 400 V was investigated. In unmonitorable cases, the stimulation intensity was increased to 999 V, and the success rate final MEP monitoring was reinvestigated. In addition, factors related to the success rate of baseline MEP monitoring were investigated using independent t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact probability test for statistical analysis. The factors included age, sex, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, smoking history, symptom duration, Torg-Pavlov ratio, space available for the cord (SAC), cord compression ratio (CCR), intramedullary increased signal intensity (SI) on magnetic resonance imaging, SI length, SI ratio, the Medical Research Council (MRC) grade, the preoperative modified Nurick grade and Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score. Results : The overall success rate for reliable MEP response was 52.3% after increasing the stimulation intensity. No complications were observed to be associated with increased intensity. The factors related to the success rate of final MEP monitoring were found to be SAC (p<0.001), CCR (p<0.001), MRC grade (p<0.001), preoperative modified Nurick grade (p<0.001), and JOA score (p<0.001). The cut-off score for successful MEP monitoring was 5.67 mm for SAC, 47.33% for the CCR, 3 points for MRC grade, 2 points for the modified Nurick grade, and 12 points for the JOA score. Conclusion : Increasing the stimulation intensity could significantly improve the success rate of baseline MEP monitoring for unmonitorable cases at the initial stimulation in cervical myelopathy. In particular, the SAC, CCR, MRC grade, preoperative Nurick grade and JOA score may be considered as the more important related factors associated with the success rate of MEP monitoring. Therefore, the degree of preoperative neurological functional deficits and the presence of spinal cord compression on imaging could be used as new detailed criteria for the application of IONM in patients with cervical myelopathy.

• 인삼문화
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• 제3권
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• pp.54-73
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• 2021

경성제국대학의 부속기관인 생약연구소는 현재 서울대학교 약학대학 천연물 과학연구소의 전신으로, 일제강점기 인삼연구를 중점적으로 수행하였던 종합연구기관이었다. 생약연구소는 경성제국대학 의학부 약리학 제2강좌의 교수 스기하라 노리유키의 주도로 설립되게 되는데, 스기하라는 약리학 제2강좌가 설치되었던 1926년부터 고려인삼 및 한약에 관한 연구를 집중적으로 진행하였다. 약리학 제2강좌에는 의학 및 약물학 전공인 스기하라 외에도 조교수로 약학을 전공한 카쿠 텐민, 강사로 농학 및 임학을 전공한 이시도야 츠토무가 있었으며, 이들을 중심으로 1939년 생약연구소 설립 이전까지 약 36명의 연구자가 활동하였다. 이 중에서는 약 14명의 조선인 연구자들이 있었는데, 이들은 대체로 경성의전, 경성치전, 경성약전 등 전문학교 출신들로 기본적인 의약학 지식을 갖추고 한의학, 본초학 등 독자적인 의약체계를 활용하는 조선의 한약재 연구에 임하였다. 1927년부터 민병기, 김하식 등이 활동을 시작하였으며, 1930년 이후 조선인 연구자는 증가하였다. 약리학 제2강좌는 조선의 약용식물 조사 및 한약재에 대한 약리학적 작용, 성분분석 등의 분야에서 다양한 연구결과를 발표하였으며, 또한 경성의전, 경성치전, 경성마약류중독자치료소, 지방도립의원 등의 기관들과 공동연구를 진행하기도 하였다. 한편 1935년, 국내 최대의 인삼 산지인 개성에서는 "약도개성" 계획이 수립되었다. 이는 전시용 약품의 연구 및 양산화, 인삼 산업개편을 통한 수익 창출을 목적으로, 민간단체, 개성부, 관동군, 경성제국대학 등이 참여한 대규모 프로젝트였다. 1936년에 경기도립 약용식물연구소, 1938년에 경성제국대학 부속 약초원 및 병참 제약공장이 설치되었으며, 1939년, 약용식물연구소와 약초원이 결합하여 경성제국대학 부속 생약연구소가 설립되었고 스기하라는 생약연구소 소장이 되었다. 생약연구소에서는 인삼에 관한 약리학적 연구에서 더욱 나아가, 선려삼 등 인삼을 이용한 제품개발 및 판매, 그리고 인삼재배 연구가 집중적으로 진행되었다. 또한, 1941년 제주도시험장을 설립하여, 제주도산 약재를 사용한 구충제 판시를 생산하기도 하였다. 1945년 일제의 항복과 광복으로 스기하라를 포함한 일본인 연구자들은 급히 귀국하였다. 이후 생약연구소는 서울대학교에 인계되어, 경성제국대학 의학부 출신 오진섭을 소장으로 우린근, 석주명 등의 학자들이 활동하며 한국 과학계의 선도적 역할을 하였다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2010

We have performed analyses using ancient DNA extracted from 25 excavated human bones, estimating around the 1st century B.C. Ancient human bones were obtained from Nukdo Island, which is located off of the Korean peninsula of East Asia. We made concerted efforts to extract ancient DNA of high quality and to obtain reproducible PCR products, as this was a primary consideration for this extensive kind of undertaking. We performed PCR amplifications for several regions of the mitochondrial DNA, and could determine mitochondrial haplogroups for 21 ancient DNA samples. Genetic information from mitochondrial DNA belonged to super-haplogroup M, haplogroup D or its sub-haplogroups (D4 or D4b), which are distinctively found in East Asians, including Koreans or Japanese. The dendrogram and principal component analysis based on haplogroup frequencies revealed that the Nukdo population was close to those of the East Asians and clearly distinguished from populations shown in the other regions. Considering that Nukdo is geologically isolated in the southern part of the Korean peninsula and is a site of commercial importance with neighboring countries, these results may reflect genetic continuity for the habitation and migration of ethnic groups who had lived in a particular area in the past. Therefore, we suggest that phylogenetic analyses of ancient DNA have significant advantages for clarifying the origins and migrations of ethnic groups, or human races.

• 보험의학회지
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• 제24권
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• pp.97-117
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• 2005

Internally Korean insurance market is that whole life products' growth are becoming slowdown that's why new insurance products have appeared on the market in consideration of consumer's needs recently. Externally domestic insurance market competitions has drifted from insurance industry to whole financial industry since bankasurance started. Life insurance companies should open up a new market to survive from severe competitions. Worksite marketing can be an alternative. An insurer make arrangements with an employer about an insurance terms which an insurer offers in Worksite marketing. Then eligible individuals enroll in the plans at their own discretion and pay 100 percent of the premium for coverage through payroll deductions. An employer doesn't need to pay extra money for additional benefit but can raise employee's loyalty and satisfaction of company through worksite marketing. An employee can be covered at discounted premium rate and less strict underwriting guidelines to an insurer compared to individual insurance. In developed countries specially U.S insurance market, Worksite marketing is getting very popular and growing rapidly due to the advantages. Worksite marketing has both individual insurance characters and group insurance characters. Individual insurance characters are that employees enroll in the plans at their own discretion and pay 100 percent of the premium for coverage. Group insurance characters are that actively at work and participation etc. An insurer have to reflect these two characters on Worksite marketing when an insurance company work out a plan for developing products and underwriting guidelines. When an insurer devise worksite products, one should consider participation level which means percentage of eligible employees participating. Participation is related to anti-selection. As we know underwriting is essential for every kind of insurance, especially underwriting plays major role in worksite marketing. We can see that in the below. Firstly, it has a function in calculation of premium rate. When calculate premium rate for worksite products underwriters have to estimate expected participation level and risk factors. So underwriters and acturies keep in close contact with each other. Secondly, underwriting methods are important. When an insurer underwrite worksite products, there are three kinds of underwriting methods. These are Simplified issue underwriting, Full underwriting and Guaranteed issue underwriting. Simplified issue underwriting typically requires no medical examination, but usually requires supplying satisfactory answers to one or several health and/or lifestyle questions. Full underwriting requires a complete medical history questionnaire that may further require an exam. Guaranteed issue underwriting means that coverage is issued without the employee having to provide evidence of insurability. When insurer set the GI limit are usually based on the type of industry, number of eligible employees, the average amount of coverage and participation level. In addition to insurer should have a clear definition of eligible employee on the insurance provision and application form. It will minimize possibility of trouble claims and anti-selection. An insurer also establish preexisting condition exclusion and special guidelines for late entrants. When an insurer introduce Worksite marketing to Korean insurance market, an insurer has to examine market research to analyze potential market and strategy of sales most of all. Also an insurer should review real situation of the U.S, England and Japanese market etc. There are a lot of new technologies about worksite marketing process that an insurer should learn. When an insurer consider many things which we explained it can be a real alternative.