• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

This paper investigates spatial composition and landscape characteristics of the royal tomb(Jangneung in Paju) where the 12th King(Injo) and the Queen(InnYeol) of the Joseon Dynasty are buried. Based on the investigations, the study suggests the management plan of the Royal tomb at the end. The study includes research on ancient literature and the on-site survey to estimate the ancient landscape architecture of the Royal tomb. Thereby, it is intended to provide the basic data for the identification, preservation, and restoration of the landscape architecture. As a result of the study, first, Jangneung is confirmed that it is a typical formal landscape structure of the Royal tomb in the Joseon Dynasty. Second, Ecological resources around the royal tombs are consistent with previous records and current field research. Third, although the Japanese colonial rule damaged much of the Royal tomb, it preserves much of its core facilities. However, the restoration of ancillary facilities is required, and a World Heritage Conservation Management Plan is required that complies with the ICOMOS Charter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.62 no.8
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• pp.118-133
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• 2012

A historical research on the costume of memorial service officials during the period of late 18th century, King Jeongjo period, is performed for an accurate reconstruction of the memorial service for King Danjong, which is a part of King Danjong Cultural Festival held at Yeongwol. This paper summarizes the results of the research as follows: 1. Jangneung memorial service is held only on Hansik day and the procedure follows the rule based on Gukjooryeui(國朝五禮儀). The service was first held in 1791 for King Danjong and his royal followers. 2. The rule based on Chunkwantonggo(春官通考), defines the king's tomb memorial services and attendees. King Danjong's memorial service follows the rule regarding its attendees and the attendees include high-ranking local government officials, local confucian scholars, and service men. 3. The costume of attendees for the King Danjong's memorial service is as follows: 1)Dangsangkwan(堂上官) and Danghakwan(堂下官) wear Sangbok(常服), which consisted of Samo(紗帽), Heukdanllyeong(黑團領), Pumdae(品帶), and black boots(黑靴). 2)Local confucian scholars wear their uniform consisting of Yukeon(儒巾), Dopo(道袍), Sejodae, and black boots. 3)Service men wear their uniform consisting of Jeonjakeon(典字巾), red-robe with rounded collar called Hongui(紅衣), Kwangdaw hoe(廣多繪), and Uuhae(雲鞋).

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.34-51
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• 2012

Jangneung (the Royal Tomb of King Danjong) and Sareung (the Royal Tomb of Queen Jeongsun) are simple in their design and layout. Not only are the sizes of the stone statues small, but stone soldiers are not installed at all despite the fact that Danjong at one point served as the King of Joseon. Moreover, only a pair of seoksu (stone animal) is installed for each Tomb. These royal tombs were originally made as common tombs and later upgraded as Royal Tombs when Danjong's royal status was reinstated posthumously in 1698. Thus, in comparison to royal tombs in general, the scale of these tombs is by far modest. For this paper, archival records and other literature for the burial upgrade process and the stone sculptures are examined; also, the stone sculptures have been examined and measured on-site, and they have been compared and analyzed based on the data thus obtained. Furthermore, this paper traces the historical context of the period in which the simplification of the stone sculptures took place for Jangneung and Sareung. The paper argues that the cause of the modest scale lies not so much in the fact that King Danjong had been dethroned as a commoner, but in the cataclysmic famine and epidemic that swept the country during the time when the two royal tombs were upgraded as such.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.37-51
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• 2021

The purpose of this research is to develop the Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) for habitat environments of Aix galericulata (A. galericulata) and Dendrocopos major (D. major), which tend to inhabit urban environments. A. galericulata and D. major are the keystone species representing the ecosystem of wetlands and forests. Based on the analysis of their urban habitat environments, this study selects artificially adjustable levels of the environmental index in order to produce the HSI model, which can be used when either restoring or creating the urban habitats for these species. To develop the HSI, we conducted field surveys at Jungnangcheon Stream, Changgyeonggung, Jangneung, Bangbae Neighborhood Park, Gildong Ecological Park, and Seodalsan Mountain. These surveys were conducted between April and August 2020, and this period includes the breeding season of both A. galericulata and D. major. Based on our findings from the surveys, we conclude that there are six SI factors for A. galericulata. These include (1) the presence of alluvial islands, (2) waterfront vegetation cover rate, (3) type of aquatic plants for food, (4) size of forest patch, (5) type of trees in nearby forests, and (6) connectivity of waterfront and forest. We also conclude that there are five SI factors for D. major, which include (1) size of forest patch, (2) rate of broadleaf trees in forest patches, (3) type of nesting trees, (4) diameter at breast height (DBH) of nesting trees, and (5) density of dead trees. The result of this research can provide future studies with useful guidance when both (1) comparing the habitat suitability of the target species in different environments and (2) restoring or creating habitats for these species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.98-104
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• 2019

Paju Mok was the local administrative office of the Joseon Dynasty as the administrative and transportation center of western part of Gyeonggi-do and used as a Haenggung when the king visited the royal tomb of the Joseon Dynasty. Paju Mok Government Office was adjacent to Uiju-ro, which connects Hanyang and Uiju in the Joseon Dynasty. Paju Mok Government Office is an important place in the northern part of Gyeonggi, where the king stayed when he visited the Jereung, Hulleung which are located in the northern part of Hwanghae Province and Paju Yeongreung and Jangneung, Paju Mok Government Office was maintained until the 1900s. After the Japanese colonial Period, Government Office buildings are used for other purposes, and their function as a Government office is impaired. In addition, most of the buildings disappeared due to the Korean War, and now the state of Paju Mok Government Office was lost. In order to restore the lost Paju Mok Government Office, it is necessary to study the composition of Government Office, such as the place where Paju Mok Government Office is located and major buildings. Therefore, if you find out the location Estimation, spatial composition and size of Paju Mok Government Office by analyzing and analyzing ancient documents and ancient books related to Paju Mok Government Office, and the topographic map and cadastral map and land survey department during the Japanese colonial period, you can be used as basic data when restoring Paju Mok Government Office.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.75-82
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• 2020

Heungseon Daewonwang Lee Ha-eung was the father of King Gojong, who appointed as Daewongun in December 1863. On February 2, 1898, after the death of Heungseon Daewongun, he was buried in the Asodang in Gongdeok-dong, Mapo-gu, where he normally enjoyed. On August 24, 1907, he was promoted to Daewonwang. After being promoted to Daewonwang, the Asodang tomb was relocated to Daedeok-dong, Paju, and the tomb was promoted to Won. In the Wonchim space promoted to the facilities suitable for the original were created, and through this, it was possible to analyze the characteristics of the Wonchim and the Wonchim space of the tomb on the Heungwon. In addition, by comparing and analyzing the spatial composition between Myo and Won, it was possible to derive the spatial composition characteristics of the Joseon Dynasty Won(園), and Myo(墓). Looking at the research results derived through the analysis of 『Heungwon Cheonbong Registration』, tomb of Heungseon Daewongun, located in Asodang, Mapo-gu, was promoted to Heungseon Daewonwang, and was relocated as Jangneung in Uncheon-ri, Paju, the former tomb of King Injo. The promoted of tomb was also promoted from Myo to Won. In addition, the storehouses and facilities used in Mapo Asodang were moved to Uncheon-ri, Paju, and reused. Newly constructed monuments, Biseog, Chimgak, Jemulgo, Subokcheong, Hongsalmun, and Wells according to the promoted of the Won. It was confirmed that there is a difference in the spatial composition of Won and Myo when looking at the difference in the composition of the ornament objects and the facility.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.56-77
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• 2019

Bi-Seok is a treasure trove of funeral rites and an important cultural asset that can shed light on the historical and social history of calligraphy, but research of the topic is still insignificant. In particular, research on the production method of Bi-Seok remains an unproven field. The production of Bi-Seok can be roughly divided into ma-jeong (refining stone), sculpture, and the Buk-chil (process of engraving letters) process. This article reveals some facts: First, performing ma-jeong to the Sang-Seok, Honyu-Seok, Bi-seok, which are known to be God's things. This process is needed because of the change in the perception of the Honyu-Seok due to the settlement and propagation of Confucian ceremonial rituals in the times of hardship in 1592 and 1636. As the crafting process of ma-jeong did not remain concrete, it was only possible to examine the manufacturing process of Bi-Seok through its materials and tools. Second, the rapid proliferation of Oh-Seok and Sa-jeo-chwi-yong (purchase of things made by private citizens) in the Yeongjo era has great importance in social and cultural history. When the Gang-Hwa-Seok of the commodity were exhausted, the Oh-Seok that was used by Sadebu (upper civil class) were used in the tomb of Jangneung, which made Oh-Seok popular among people. In particular, the use of Oh-Seok and the Ma-Jeong process could minimize chemical and physical damage. Third, the writing method of the Bi-seok is Buk-chil. After Buk-Chil of Song Si-Yeol was used on King Hyojong's tomb, the Buk-Chil process ( printing the letters on the back of the stone and rubbing them to make letters) became the most popular method in Korea and among other East Asian countries, and the fact that it was institutionalized to this scale was quite impressive. Buk-Chil became more sophisticated by using red ink rather than black ink due to the black color that results from Oh-Seok. Fourth, the writing method changes in the late Joseon Dynasty. Until the time of Yeongjo's regime, when inscribing, the depth of the angle was based on the thickness of the stroke, thus representing the shade. This technique, of course, did not occur at every Pyo-Seok or Shindobi, but was maintained by outstanding artisans belonging to government agencies. Therefore, in order to manufacture Bi-Seok, Suk-seok, YeonJeong, Ma-jeong, Jeong-Gan, ChodoSeoIp, Jung-Cho, Ip-gak, Gyo-Jeong, and Jang-Hwang, a process was needed to make one final product. Although all of these methods serve the same purpose of paying respects and propagandizing the great work of deceased persons, through this analysis, it was possible to see the whole process of Pyo-Seok based upon the division of techniques and the collaboration of the craftsmen.