• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.716-722
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• 2003

This study determined the optimum dosage for coagulation reactions of red tide organisms (RTO) using a combination of ignited oyster shell powder (10sp) and loess and examined the electrokinetic and rheological characteristics of their flocs. Two kinds of RTO, Cylindrotheca closterium and Skeletonema costatum, were sampled in Masan Bay and cultured in the laboratory. Coagulation experiments were conducted using various concentrations of IOSP, loess, IOSP+1oess, RTO, and a jar tester RTO cell numbers were counted for both the supernatant and RTO culture solution. The removal rates increased rapidly with increasing IOSP concentrations up to 50 mg/L and loess concentrations up to 800 mg/L. A removal rate of $100\%$ was reached at 400 mg/L of IOSP and 6,400 mg/L of loess. The highest increment $(16.7\%)$ of the rates of coagulation reaction occurred using both IOSP and loess (50+200 mg/L) in comparison with IOSP alone. The rate of coagulation reaction using both IOSP and loess (50+200 mg/L), $90.6\%,$ was similar to employing either IOSP of 150 mg/L or loess of 3,200 mg/L. All of the coagulation liquids for RTO, IOSP (200 mg/L), loess (200 ma/L), and IOSP+1oess (200+200 mg/L) revealed non-Newtonian fluid properties and therefore their shear rate vs. shear stress curves were non-linear. The coagulation liquids revealed elastic body properties at a lower shear rate increasing in the following order: RTO, IOSP (200 mg/L), loess (200 mg/L), and IOSP+1oess (200+200 mg/L. IOSP+1oess (200+200 mg/L) especially demonstrated plastic flow properties at a lower shear rate.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.42-48
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• 2020

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory condition which can be studied using phthalic anhydride (PA) to induce AD. Anti-inflammatory properties of bee venom (BV) wereinvestigated to determine whether it may be a useful treatment for AD. Methods: AD was induced by applying to pical PA to 8-week-old HR-1 mice (N = 50), then treating with (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 ㎍) or without topical BV. Body weight, ear thickness histology, enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (serum IgE concentrations), Western blot analysis [inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, IκB-α, phospho-IκB-α, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phospho-JNK, p38, phospho-p38, extra cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and phospho-ERK], and the pull down assay for immunoblotting (p50), were used to measure inflammatory mediators. Results: PA + BV (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 ㎍) significantly decreased ear thickness without altering body weight. IgE concentrations decreased in the PA + BV (0.5 ㎍)-treated groups compared with PAtreatment. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, phospho-IκB-α, phospho-JNK, p38, phospho-p38, and phospho-ERK, all decreased following treatment with PA + BV compared with the PA-treatment alone. p50 was upregulated in the PA + BV-treated groups compared with the PA-treated group. Furthermore, the number of mast cells decreased in the PA + BV-treated groups compared with the PA-treated group. Epidermal thickness was significantly lower in the PA + BV-treated group compared with PA treatment alone. Conclusion: BV maybe a useful anti-inflammatory treatment for AD.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.329-336
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• 1995

For the development of new antitumor antibiotics produced by microorganisms, Streptomyces sp. YBE-316 was isolated from soil. The productivity of the antitumor antibiotic from Streptomyces sp. YBE-316 gradually increased after 60 hours, and was maximum after 100 hours after inoculation in growth medium (2.0% sucrose, 1.0% soybean meal, 0.1% K$_{2}$HPO$_{4}$, pH 7.0) at 30$\circ$C, 150 rpm, 5 NL/min by 30 l jar fermentor. This antitumor antibiotic was present only in mycelium, and stable in pH 5.0-10.0 for 20 minutes at 100$\circ$C. Antitumor and antibiotic activities were maintained at neutral pH, and heat stability was low. This antitumor antibiotic was soluble in methanol and ethanol, and insoluble in water, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane. This antitumor antibiotic was sequentially purified by acetone extraction from mycelium, butanol extraction, and silica gel column chromatography. Antitumor activity was low against most tested cell lines, but antibiotic activity was high and low against yeasts and bacteria, respectivelv. The visualization test showed that this antitumor antibiotic had higher hydroxyl, ketone, amino, carboxyl groups, and sugar(s) in its structure. Instrumental analyses showed that this antitumor antibiotic was a pentaene in polyene class antibiotics. In pentaene class antibiotics, this was considered as an eurocidin or capacidin type antibiotics. The molecular weight of this antitumor antibiotic was higher than 683.0 daltons, and this antitumor antibiotic might be glycosylated by other sugar(s), instead of mycosamine or perosamine, an amino sugar.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.80-87
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• 2019

Background: This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of bee venom (BV) through the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa beta ($NF-{\kappa}B$) expression in macrophages and keratinocytes. Methods: Cell viability assays were performed to investigate the cytotoxicity of BV in activated macrophages [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and keratinocytes [interferon-gamma/tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($IFN-{\gamma}/TNF-{\alpha}$)]. A luciferase assay was performed to investigate the cellular expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ in relation to BV dose. The expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitors ($p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, and p50 and p65) were determined by Western Blot analysis, and the electromobility shift assay. A nitrite quantification assay was performed to investigate the effect of BV, and $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitor on nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophages. In addition, Western Blot analysis was performed to investigate the effect of BV on the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in activated macrophages and keratinocytes. Results: BV was not cytotoxic to activated macrophages and keratinocytes. Transcriptional activity of $NF-{\kappa}B$, and p50, p65, and $p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ expression was reduced by treatment with BV in activated macrophages and keratinocytes. Treatment with BV and an $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitor, reduced the production of NO by activated macrophages, and also reduced $NF-{\kappa}B$ transcriptional activity in activated keratinocytes (compared with either BV, or $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitor treatment). Furthermore, BV decreased p38, p-p38, JNK, and p-JNK expression in LPS-activated macrophages and $IFN-{\gamma}/TNF-{\alpha}$-activated keratinocytes. Conclusion: BV blocked the signaling pathway of $NF-{\kappa}B$, which plays an important role in the inflammatory response in macrophages and keratinocytes. These findings provided the possibility of BV in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.40-48
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• 2022

Background: This study was performed to determine the effects of liposome-encapsulated bee venom (BV) treatment of inflammatory factors in atopic dermatitis (AD) compared with BV treatment. Methods: AD was induced by phthalic anhydride in mice and the effects of BV liposomes were measured. Using Leica Application Suite, thickened epidermis and dermis were measured after BV liposome treatment (0.05 and 0.1 ㎍/mL). The number of stained mast cells and the concentration of immunoglobulin (Ig)E were measured. Serum IgE concentration was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, and IL-6 inflammatory cytokines were measured. The levels of messenger ribonucleic acid expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, was analyzed on western blot. To measure the transcriptional activity (NF-κB inhibition by BV liposomes), western blots (p65, p-IκB, p50, and IκB) were also performed. Results: The weight of lymph nodes, serum IgE concentrations, morphological changes in the skins from the backs of the mice, and mast cell numbers in inflamed tissues were noticeably lower in the BV liposome treatment group compared with the BV treatment group. The concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-4, IL-6) and chemokines (TSLP, CCL22) were also reduced. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-ERK and p-p38), and transcriptional activity (p65, p-IκB, p50, and IκB) was strongly suppressed in the BV liposome group. Conclusion: BV liposomes may have a better therapeutic effect than BV for the treatment of AD.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2023

In this study, crystallization was effectively suppressed in Al-based metallic glasses (Al-MGs) during pulverization by cryo-milling by applying an extremely low processing temperature and using a surfactant. Before Al-MGs can be used as an additive in Ag paste for solar cells, the particle sizes of the Al-MGs must be reduced by milling. However, during the ball milling process crystallization of the Al-MG is a problem. Once the Al-MG is crystallized, they no longer exhibit glass-like behavior, such as thermoplastic deformation, which is critical to decrease the electrical resistance of the Ag electrode. The main reason for crystallization during the ball milling process is the heat generated by collisions between the particles and the balls, or between the particles. Once the heat reaches the crystallization temperature of the Al-MGs, they start crystallization. Another reason for the crystallization is agglomeration of the particles. If the initially fed particles become severely agglomerated, they coalesce instead of being pulverized during the milling. The coalesced particles experience more collisions and finally crystallize. In this study, the heat generated during milling was suppressed by using cryo-milling with liquid-nitrogen, which was regularly fed into the milling jar. Also, the MG powders were dispersed using a surfactant before milling, so that the problem of agglomeration was resolved. Cryo-milling with the surfactant led to D50 = 10 um after 6 h milling, and we finally achieved a specific contact resistance of 0.22 mΩcm² and electrical resistivity of 2.81 μΩcm using the milled MG particles.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.368-376
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• 2023

Background: Although bee venom (BV) has clinical benefits in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, it has not been tested as treatment for gouty arthritis. Moreover, in vitro, BV has been proven to exhibit anti-inflammatory and positive effects on osteoarthritis, but only limited evidence can confirm its beneficial effects on gout. Thus, this study aims to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of BV on monosodium urate (MSU)-induced THP-1 monocytes. Methods: THP-1 monocytes were differentiated into mature macrophages using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and pretreated for 6 hours with BV and a Caspase-1 inhibitor in a physiologically achievable range of concentrations (BV, 0.1-1 ㎍/mL; Caspase-1 inhibitor, 1-10 μM), followed by MSU crystal stimulation for 24 hours. The secretions of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-8, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nitric oxide (NO) were increased in the MSU crystal-stimulated THP-1 cells. Results: Caspase-1 inhibitors suppressed the production of all mediators in a dose-dependent manner. BV worked on equal terms with Caspase-1 inhibitors and showed more satisfactory effects on TNF-α, PGE2, COX-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Moreover, the western blot analysis revealed that BV regulated the transcriptional levels of these mediators via the suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway activation. Conclusion: The results of the present study clearly suggest that BV inhibits MSU-induced inflammation in vitro, suggesting a possible role for BV in gout treatment.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.644-649
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• 1998

저온에서 제조한 김치의 저장온도에 따른 발효특성과 내부온도의 변화를 보기 위해 $12{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서 김치를 제조하여 $17{\pm}1^{\circ}C$와 $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ 저장고에 저장하면서 이들의 경시적인 변화를 시험한 결과 $17{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ 저장처리구에서 4일째의 품질이 $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ 저장처리구에서는 48일만에 같은 수치를 보였으며 총균수와 젖산균수의 변화는 $17{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ 저장구에서 2일째 $1.5{\times}10^9\;cells/mL$과 $6.3{\times}10^8\;cells/mL$로 최대를, $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서는 저장 9일째 $2.0{\times}10^8\;cells/mL$과 $8.7{\times}10^7\;cells/mL$로 최대를 나타내었다. 김치의 용존 $CO_2$ 함량은 두 처리구 모두에서 9일째 $2,200{\sim}2,400\;ppm$ 정도의 최고치를 보인 후 감소하다가 다시 약간 증가하는 것을 관찰하였다. 내부온도는 초기 $17^{\circ}C$ 및 $4^{\circ}C$에 도달하기 위해 각기 25, 35시간이 소요되었다. 외국인, 특히 일본인들이 우리나라의 전통적 김치에 대한 관능적 기호도를 조사하기 위해 김치를 3가지 염농도별로 제조하여 pH가 $3.9{\sim}4.3$ 되었을 때 약 100 g을 $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서 관능요원에게 제공하고 외관, 조직감, 탄산미, 짠맛, 신맛, 매운맛 및 종합적 기호도를 7점 평점제로하여 평가하게 하였으며 그 결과를 SAS통계프로그램으로 처리하여 유의성을 검사하였다. 염농도가 2.03%인 김치가 1.07%, 2.63%의 김치보다 높은 평가치를 나타내었으며 외관, 조직감, 탄산미, 짠맛 및 신맛은 유의성이 없었으나 매운맛과 종합적 기호도는 P=0.05 수준에서 유의차가 있었다. 일본인의 우리나라 전통적인 김치에 대한 종합적인 기호도는 염농도 2.03%, 2.63%, 1.07%의 김치 순으로 아주 싱거운 김치는 선호하지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.249-254
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 탄소원 및 질소원의 이용 패턴과 mycophenolic acid의 생성 패턴을 확인하기 위하여 먼저 5 L 발효조에서 mycophenolic acid 발효의 경시적 변화를 조사하였다. 그 다음에는 여러 가지 탄소원들이 세포 생장과 mycophenolic acid 생산에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 과당이 mycophenolic acid 발효에 가장 좋은 탄소원이었지만, 값이 고가인 단점이 있어서, 과당을 지니고 있는 설탕이 주성분인 당밀을 탄소원으로 사용한 결과 mycophenolic acid의 산업적 생산에 가장 좋은 것으로 확인되었다. 당밀을 첨가한 실험구는 포도당을 탄소원으로 사용한 대조구에 비하여 발효 생산성이 2배 이상 증가하였다. 양호한 세포 생장과 높은 mycophenolic acid 생산을 얻기 위하여 다양한 무기질소원과 유기질소원에 대한 실험을 실시하였다. 무기질소원들 가운데 요소는 암모늄 형태의 질소원을 천천히 공급함으로써 생장과 mycophenolic acid 생산을 저해하는 배양액의 급격한 pH 하락을 일으키지 않았다. 요소를 첨가한 실험구는 질산암모늄을 첨가한 대조구보다 발효 생산성이 3.6배 증가하였다. 카제인, 펩톤, casamino acid 같은 우유 단백질 유래 유기질소원들은 대조구에 비하여 mycophenolic acid 발효 생산성을 최고 3.4배까지 증진시켰다. 카제인의 가수분해물인 펩톤과 casamino acid는 mycophenolic acid 발효 생산성뿐만 아니라 세포 생장도 촉진하였다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.76-83
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 생분해성 고분자인 poly(3-hydroxbutyrate) (PHB)의 생산 비용 절감을 위해, 탄소원으로 폐식용유(waste frying oil, WFO)을 사용하여 분리 균주 Pseudomonas sp. EML2의 최적 생장 및 PHB 생합성 조건을 확립하였다. WFO와 새 식용류(fresh frying oil, FFO)의 지방산을 분석한 결과 FFO의 지방산 함량은 불포화지방산 82.6%, 포화지방산 14.9%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났으나 WFO의 경우 불포화지방산 56.3%와 포화지방산 33.5%로 FFO와 비교할 때 지방산 조성의 변화를 확인할 수 있었으며, 이러한 불포화지방산의 조성 변화는 가열, 산화반응 및 가수분해에 의한 화학적, 물리적 특성의 변화 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 분리 균주 Pseudomonas sp. EML2의 최대 건조세포중량과 PHB 생합성량(g/l)을 확인하기 위해 플라스크를 이용하여 탄소원 농도, 질소원 종류 및 배양 pH와 온도 및 시간을 확립하였다. 그 결과 30 g/l의 WFO과 0.5 g/l의 $NH_4Cl$를 질소원으로 사용하여 pH 7 및 $20^{\circ}C$의 배양 조건에서 96시간 배양 시 최적의 건조세포중량과 PHB 생합성량을 확인하였다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 3 l jar fermenter를 이용하여 Pseudomonas sp. EML2의 생장 및 PHB 수율을 확인하였다. 그 결과 30 g/l의 WFO를 단일 탄소원으로 사용하여 96시간 배양 시 3.6 g/l의 건조세포중량을 얻었으며 73.0 wt%의 PHB 축적률을 확인하였다. 이 경우 PHB 생합성량 2.6 g/l로 나타났다. FFO를 대조군으로 사용하여 대량배양 한 결과 WFO를 사용한 경우와 비슷한 건조세포중량(3.4 g/l), PHB 축적률(70.0 wt%), 그리고 PHB 생합성량(2.4 g/l)을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 분리한 Pseudomonas sp. EML2는 WFO를 효과적으로 이용하여 PHB를 생합성 하였으며 이 균주와 WFO는 PHB의 산업적 생산을 위한 새로운 생산 후보자 및 탄소원으로서 이용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.